Download Science Knowledge Organisers

1 Animal cell
2 Cell
A cell. Contains 4 organelles: cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondrion and nucleus.
A microscopic building block that makes up all organisms.
An organelle. A thin skin that allows food, water and oxygen in. Lets waste out. Is
3 Cell membrane semi-permeable.
An organelle. A cell wall is around the cell membrane. Maintains the rectangular
4 Cell wall
shape of the plant cell. Made of cellulose. Keeps the plant upright.
5 Chlorophyll
A substance. A green dye which absorbs sunlight.
6 Chloroplast
An organelle. Only found in plants. Photosynthesis happens here.
An organelle. A jelly-like liquid. Contains organelles. Where chemical reactions
7 Cytoplasm
happen.
8 Duplicate
A process. To make an identical copy of something.
9 Genetic
The instructions for duplication. Hold information about the organism's
information
characteristics. Found in the nucleus.
A person. Born in 1635. Discovered that living organisms are made out of microscopic
10 Hooke (Robert) building blocks that look like rooms, which he named 'cells'.
Anything that can (MRS GREN) move, respire, (be) sensitive, grow, reproduce, excrete
11 Living organism and (get) nutrition.
Equipment. A tube containing lenses that can make microscopic objects like cells look
12 Microscope
larger.
13 Mitochondrion An organelle. Site of respiration. Releases energy. Plural: Mitochondria.
14 Multicellular
An organism. Made up of many cells. E.g. ant, tree.
organism
An organelle. The control centre of the cell. Holds genetic information, to allow cell
15 Nucleus
duplication. Plural: Nuclei.
16 Organ
Made out of many types of tissue. E.g. stomach, lungs.
17 Organelle
Makes up a cell.
18 Oxygen
A substance. Used by the mitochondrion during respiration.
19 Photosynthesis A process. Happens in the chloroplast. Sunlight converts into sugar.
A cell. Contains 7 organelles: cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoplasm,
20 Plant cell
mitochondrion, nucleus and vacuole.
A process. Happens in the mitochondrion. Oxygen and sugar convert into carbon
21 Respiration
dioxide and water (and energy).
22 Semi permeable Allowing some substances through.
23 Substance
A gas, liquid or solid.
24 Tissue
A collection of the same cells, working together. E.g. epithelial tissue.
25 Unicellular
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2
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Living organisms are made of cells,
Cells are made of organelles!
They’re the smallest things that replicate,
This helps them to duplicate!
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The cell membrane is a thin skin,
Allowing food, water and oxygen in,
The membrane lets waste out,
It’s semi-permeable there’s no doubt,
Allowing some substances through,
Saying no to others, like it ought to.
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12
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The nucleus is the control center,
The nuclear membrane decides what can enter.
Holding - genetic information,
To allow for cell reproduction!
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The cytoplasm is the jelly-like liquid,
It contains organelles that might have drifted,
The mitochondrion is the site of respiration,
Releasing energy for cell reproduction!
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Loving sunlight showers is the chloroplast,
Only found in plants, it’s having a blast,
Photosynthesis happens here,
And sunshine is the elixir!
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Plant cells also contain the vacuole,
Filled with sugary sap for the plant to grow,
A cell wall is around the cell membrane,
It’s rectangular shape it helps to maintain,
It’s made from cellulose which is strong,
It keeps the plant upright – it can do no wrong!
Unit 1 Organelles to Cells
Animal cell
Plant cell
organelles  cells  tissues  organs  organ systems  organisms
All living organisms…
Move
Respire
(be)
Sensitive
Grow
Reproduce
Excrrete
(get)
Nutrition
1 Acrosome
A substance. Penetrates zona pellucida to allow one sperm through.
A ball of over 32 cells at six days after fertilisation. The blastocyst implants onto
2 Blastocyst
the uterus lining.
3 Cervix
An organ. Connects the uterus and vagina.
An organelle. Found on the cell membrane of some epithelial cells. Cilia wave to
4 Cilium
move substances around the body. Plural: Cilia.
5 Ciliated epithelial A specialised cell. An epithelial cell with cilia on the outside of the cell
cells
membrane. Ciliated epithelial cells line the oviduct to move the ovum along.
After the blastocyst stage, an organism before it is distinctively recognisable. 6
5 Embryo
days – 2 months after fertilisation.
6 Epithelial cell
A specialised cell. Lines organs. Protective function.
A process. The nuclei from the female and male gametes fuse together. This
7 Fertilisation
happens in the oviducts.
8 Fetus
An organism when it is distinctively recognisable (2 – 9 months after fertilisation).
9 Flagellum
An organelle. Helps the sperm to swim to the ovum.
10 Gamete
A specialised cell. Involved in reproduction. E.g. sperm, ovum.
11 Implantation
A process. When the blastocyst connects to the uterus lining.
12 Menstrual cycle The monthly (28 day) cycle.
A process. Begins on day 1 of the menstrual cycle. When the uterus lining breaks
13 Menstruation
down and a new ovum matures in the ovaries.
An organ. Where ova mature and are released. Females have two ovaries. Plural:
14 Ovary
Ovaries.
An organ. Lined with ciliated epithelial cells to move ova along. Females have 2
15 Oviduct
oviducts.
16 Ovulation
A process. On day 14 of the menstrual cycle. An ovum is released from the ovaries.
17 Ovum
A specialised cell. Produced and matured in the ovaries. Plural: Ova.
18 Penis
An organ. When erect, can enter and release sperm into the vagina.
An organ. Provides the embryo/fetus nutrients and oxygen and removes waste
19 Placenta
and carbon dioxide from the embryo/fetus.
20 Reproduction
A process. Making more of a cell or organism.
21 Sexual
A process. Allows ova and sperm to meet in the female body.
intercourse
A specialised cell. Produced in the testes, of which 180 million are released
22 Sperm
during each ejaculation.
23 Testis
An organ. Where sperm are produced. Plural: Testes.
24 Umbilical cord Tube that connects the embryo/fetus to the placenta.
An organ. Made out of stretchy muscle tissue. Where the blastocyst develops
25 Uterus
into a embryo/fetus.
26 Uterus lining
A layer of epithelial tissue. Lines the uterus and protects the fetus/embryo.
27 Vagina
An organ. Where the penis enters during sexual intercourse.
28 Zona pellucida An organelle. Guards the ovum. Only allows 1 sperm cell to penetrate it.
29 Zygote
A fertilised ovum.
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3
4
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Swim with flagellum to the ovum
Unit 1 Reproductive System
Penetrate zona pellucida with acrosome
Energy from mitochondria to swim
Reproduce with nucleus using half of the genetic information
Many – 180 million sperm!
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7
8
Energy from mitochondria to travel to the uterus
Growth from cytoplasm for the zygote to divide
Guarded by zona pellucida to allow only 1 sperm to penetrate.
Sperm
Day
Uterus lining
Ovum
Ovum
1menstruatio
n
Breaks down
Is maturing
10
Starts to
thicken
Is maturing
14 ovulation
Thickening
Released from
ovary
17
Fully
thickened
Travelling to
uterus
28 – if
fertilised
Stays thick
Implants onto
uterus lining
28 – if not
fertilised
Breaks down
New ovum is
maturing
Unit 1 Muscular System
1 Cardiac myocyte
2 Involuntary
muscle
3 Myocyte
A specialised cell. Makes up the walls of the heart. Contracts to pump blood
around our bodies. Involuntary myocyte.
A muscle that contracts automatically. We do not consciously tell these muscles
to contract.
A specialised cell. The scientific term for muscle cell.
cilia
epithelial cell
mucus
4 Skeletal myocyte A specialised cell. Contracts to move our joints. Voluntary myocyte.
A specialised cell. Makes up the walls of internal organs. Contracts to keep
organs working. Involuntary myocyte.
Cells may be specialised for a particular job. Their structure will help them to
6 Specialised cell
carry this job out.
7 Voluntary muscle We consciously tell these muscles to contract.
5 Smooth myocyte
Unit 1 Respiratory System
A structure. Tiny air sacs found in the lungs. They increase the surface area of
the lungs to allow more carbon dioxide to exit and more oxygen to enter the
blood stream. Plural: Alveoli.
Lungs become inflamed and infected. This happens when tar in tobacco smoke
2 Bronchitus
damages the cilia that line the respiratory system.
3 Capillary
A small blood vessel that carries blood. Capillaries are around each alveolus.
A specialised cell. An epithelial cell with cilia on the outside of the cell
4 Ciliated epithelial
membrane. Ciliated epithelial cells line the respiratory system to move mucus up
cells
to the mouth.
Alveoli walls break down, reducing the surface area of the lungs. Is caused
5 Emphysema
from continuous coughing from smoking.
6 Excretion
A process. Waste leaving an organism. E.g. carbon dioxide.
A process. Breathing out. 17% of oxygen and 4% of carbon dioxide are
7 Exhalation
breathed out.
8 Gaseous
A process. Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the blood stream.
exchange
The respiratory system is lined with goblet cells, which contain mucus. Mucus
9 Goblet cells
traps dust, soot, pollen, bacteria and many other things that might harm us.
A process. Breathing in. 21% of oxygen and 1% of carbon dioxide are
10 Inhalation
breathed in.
11 Mucus
A substance. Thin, slippery, slightly sticky and wet.
A process. Happens in the mitochondrion. Oxygen and sugar convert into
12 Respiration
carbon dioxide and water (and energy).
13 Respiratory
An organ system. Made up of the trachea, left and right bronchus or plural:
system
bronchi, bronchiole and alveolus or plural: alveoli.
14 Trachea
An organ. Takes air from the throat to the beginning of the bronchi.
1 Alveolus
goblet cell
epithelial tissue
(where gaseous
exchange happens)
alveolus
capillary
Adaptations of the alveolus:
(good) Blood supply
for oxygen to enter and carbon dioxide to easily leave the blood
stream
(good) Large surface area
as there are around 300 million alveoli. This means more carbon
dioxide can exit and more oxygen can enter the blood stream
(good) Thin
the walls of the alveoli and capillaries are only one cell thick. This
makes it easy for oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass across.
1 Absorption
2 Acid
Digested food entering the blood stream.
A substance. pH number less than 7.
A continuous tube from the mouth to the anus,which also includes the
30 Protease
3 Alimentary Canal oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine and rectum. Made from smooth
31 Protein
muscle tissue.
32 Rectum
4 Alkali
A substance. pH number of more than 7.
33 Saliva
An enzyme. Digests starch into sugar. Produced by the salivary glands,
5 Amylase
pancreas and duodenum.
34 Salivary gland
6 Anus
The last sphincter of the alimentary canal.
35 Small intestine
7 Bile
A substance. Emulsifies lipids and neutralises gastric acid.
8 Corrosive
Strong acids and alkalis. A substance that is able to attack another substance.
36 Starch
9 Digestion
Breaking down food from larger, complex to smaller, simpler parts.
The first part of the small intestine. Produces amylase, lipase and protease and 37 Stomach
10 Duodenum
is involved in digestion. pH 8.
11 Emulsify
To make into a smooth mixture.
38 Villi
12 Enzyme
A substance. Digests food into smaller, simpler parts.
13 Epithelial tissue Lines organs. Protective function.
14 Excretion
A process. Waste leaving an organism. E.g. faeces.
15 Faeces
Undigested food and fibre.
16 Gall bladder
A gland. Stores bile. Injects bile into duodenum.
A substance. Strong acid produced by the stomach. Destroys bacteria on food.
17 Gastric acid
pH 2.
Organs that give out substances. E.g. gall bladder, liver, pancreas and salivary
18 Glands
gland.
The digestive system is lined with goblet cells, which contain mucus. Mucus
19 Goblet cell
helps food to glide down the alimentary canal and protects the stomach from the
corrosive gastric acid.
The second part of the small intestine. Involved in absorption and is covered with
20 Ileum
millions of villi.
21 Large intestine An organ. Absorbs water and useful salts back into the blood stream and forms
(colon)
faeces.
An enzyme. Digests lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Produced by the
22 Lipase
pancreas and duodenum.
Digests into fatty acids and forms a vital part of cell membranes and is used as a
23 Lipid
food reserve.
24 Liver
A gland. Produces bile.
25 Mucus
A substance. Thin, slippery, slightly sticky and wet.
26 Neutral
A substance. pH number of exactly 7.
27 Oesophagus
An organ. This is long (25 cm) tube connects the mouth to the stomach.
28 Pancreas
A gland. Produces amylase, lipase and protease.
A process. When the smooth muscle tissue of the alimentary canal wall
29 Peristalsis
contract and relax in wave-like motions, pushing food along.
Unit 1 Digestive System
An enzyme. Digests protein into amino acids. Produced by the pancreas,
stomach and duodenum.
Digests into amino acids. Gets built up again as proteins for growth and repair.
An organ. Stores faeces.
A substance. Mostly water and contains amylase.
A gland. Produces saliva and amylase. pH 7.5.
An organ. Split into two halves; the duodenum and the ileum. Narrow and long to
increase the time that food spends there, so more nutrients are absorbed.
Digests into sugar. Sent to mitochondria to respire to produce energy.
An organ. Stores food, churns food, breaks down protein and produces gastric
acid to destroy bacteria on food.
Millions of folds that cover the inside of the small intestine. Villi increase the
surface area of the small intestine. Singular: Villus. Each villus a good blood
supply.
Unit 1 Digestive System
1
2
Stomach
Scorpions Stores food
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9
Can
3
Be
a meal will stay in your stomach for 3-5 hours after you have eaten it.
Churns food
the food is churned by the muscular wall of the stomach until it is liquid.
Breaks down protein
protease is made by the stomach wall and begins to produce amino acids.
Dangerous
Destroys bacteria
the gastric acid is strong and thus, corrosive that it kills bacteria.
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Saliva is a substance,
produced by the salivary glands.
Saliva is mostly water,
and contains amylase, which
begins to break down starch!
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Bile is a substance,
produced by the liver,
stored in the gall bladder.
Bile emulsifies lipids,
and neutralises gastric
acid.
1 Aphelion
2 Atmosphere
Furthest from the Sun in its orbit.
The layer of clouds and greenhouse gases that are around some planets.
An irregularly shaped object made of rock left over from the birth of our Solar
3 Asteroid
System. These objects orbit the Sun. Asteroids are smaller than planets.
4 Asteroid belt
Millions of asteroids found between the inner and outer planets.
5 Astronomy
A science. Investigates the stars, planets and other objects in space.
An imaginary line through the middle of a planet. The planet rotates around the
6 Axis
axis.
An object made of ice which orbits the Sun, mainly beyond Neptune. Can melt as
7 Comet
they pass the Sun. This causes a huge tail of gas and dust to form. Smaller than
planets.
8 Constellation
A named ‘shape’, which is made by grouping stars together into a pattern.
9 Copernicus,
Polish astronomer born in 1473. Accused of heresy because he believed in a
Nicolaus
heliocentric Solar System.
10 Daytime
The part of Earth which is facing the Sun is experiencing daytime.
An inner planet. Nearly three-quarters of Earth is covered in water. Earth is the
11 Earth
only known planet with life on it.
12 Elliptical orbit
When the orbit path of an object is not a perfect circle.
Italian astronomer born in 1564. Accused of heresy for supporting Copernicus.
13 Galilei, Galileo
Discovered Jupiter’s 4 largest satellites.
14 Geocentrism
Belief in an Earth-centered Solar System/Universe. E.g. Ptolemy (silent ‘p’).
15 Greenhouse
A process. The clouds and greenhouse gases in the planet’s atmosphere trap
Effect
heat from the Sun, which keeps the planet warm.
English astronomer born in 1656. Predicted when Halley’s comet would next
16 Halley, Edmond
reach its perihelion.
17 Heliocentrism
Belief in a Sun-centered Solar System/Universe. E.g. Copernicus.
18 Heresy
A belief which goes against religion or a major belief. E.g. geocentrism.
19 Herschel,
German astronomer born in 1738. Discovered 2,400 stars and Uranus.
William
20 Inner planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are all solid and rocky.
An outer planet. Named after the king of the Roman Gods. Has rings.
21 Jupiter
The largest planet in our Solar System (around 300 times larger than Earth). Has
67 moons. Galileo discovered 4 of its moons.
22 Luminous
An object that gives out light, e.g. the Sun.
An inner planet. Named after the Roman God of war.
23 Mars
For many years, Mars was thought to be the only planet other than Earth, to have
life on it because it has ice caps on its poles.
An inner planet. Named after the speedy messenger of the Roman Gods.
24 Mercury
The fastest moving planet. Can get hot when facing the Sun and cold when
facing away from the Sun. No atmosphere.
An object made of rock which orbits the Sun. If a meteoroid lands on Earth, it is
25 Meteoroid
called a ‘meteorite’. Meteoroids are smaller than asteroids and comets.
Unit 2 Astronomy
26
27
28
29
Moon
Natural satellite
Neptune
Nighttime
Earth’s only natural satellite.
An object that orbits another object in space. E.g. the Moon orbits the Earth.
An outer planet. Named after the Roman God of the sea. Has rings.
The part of Earth which is facing away from the Sun is experiencing nighttime.
An object that does not give out light, e.g. the Moon. Instead, it must reflect the
30 Non-luminous light from a luminous object.
31 Obliquity
No planets’ axis is perfectly vertical. Earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5⁰.
32 Orbit
The path that an object takes to move around another object in space.
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are mainly made of liquid and gas, and
33 Outer planets
have rings around them.
34 Perihelion
Nearest to the Sun in its orbit.
35 Poles
The two opposite ends of the axis (there is a north and south pole).
36Proxima Centauri The second closest star to Earth. It is a faded star (red dwarf).
37 Rotation
A process. When an object moves around it’s axis.
An outer planet. Named after the Roman God of harvest. Has rings.
38 Saturn
The second largest planet in our Solar System. Has 53 moons.
39 Solar eclipse
A process. Moon passes between Sun and Earth, blocking the Sun.
Spring, Summer (21st June), Autumn and Winter (21st December) in the
40 Seasons
Northern Hemisphere. Earth and Mars are the planets that experience 4 seasons.
41 Solar System
The asteroids, comets, meteoroids, planets and satellites that orbit the Sun.
42 Summer solstice A process. North Pole tilts toward the Sun. Northern Hemisphere receives
(21st June)
more Sun and light. Summer in the Northern Hemisphere.
Closest star to planet Earth. Lies at the center of our Solar System. A huge ball of
43 Sun
gas, which gives out a constant supply of energy.
44 Star
A seemingly motionless object found in space. Luminous and extremely hot.
An outer planet. Named after the Greek God of the sky. Has rings.
45 Uranus
Discovered by William Herschel. The only planet to be named after a figure
from Greek mythology.
An inner planet. Named after the Roman Goddess of love and beauty.
46 Venus
Has thick atmosphere of white acid clouds and greenhouse gases.
47 Winter solstice A process. North Pole tilts away from the Sun. Southern Hemisphere receives
(21st December) more Sun and light. Winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
Mr
Mercury
The inner planets are solid and rocky,
Victor
Venus
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars!
Eats
Earth
Mary’s
Mars
Jelly
Jupiter
The outer planets are liquid and gassy,
Sitting
Saturn
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune!
Under
Uranus
The outer planets have rings around them,
Niagara Falls
Neptune
La la la la la la la la…
1 Andromeda
The nearest major galaxy to our galaxy, the Milky Way.
NASA’s third human spaceflight program, which landed the first 12 humans on
2 Apollo program
the Moon from 1969-1972.
1
2
3 Artificial satellite A man-made object launched by rockets into space, orbits planets. E.g. ISS.
3
4 Astronaut
The pilot or crew member of a spacecraft.
4
A theory. States that the Universe began from a very small initial point 13.8
5 Big Bang
billion years ago and is still expanding.
5
Landed on Mars in 2012. A robotic car filled with scientific instruments and
6 Curiosity rover
cameras to learn about Mar’s rocks, soil and atmosphere.
6
7 Gagarin, Yuri
Russian astronaut born in 1934. The first person to travel into space in 1961.
7
8 Galaxy
Clusters of billions of stars. There are billions of galaxies in the Universe.
8
Started to orbit Jupiter in 1995. Discovered the natural satellite Io has
9 Galileo spacecraft
volcanoes and Europa may be covered in ice.
10 Lemaître,
Belgian astronomer born in 1894. Introduced the Big Bang theory.
Georges
11 Herschel,
Female German astronomer born in 1750. Catalogued over 3,500 nebulae.
Caroline
Sister to William Herschel.
12 Hoyle, Fred
English astronomer born in 1915. Strong critic of the Big Bang theory.
13 Hubble, Edwin American astronomer born in 1889. Found that the Universe was expanding.
14 International
The largest artificial satellite in space. Is a space laboratory where astronomers
Space Station (ISS) can carry out experiments.
15 Local Group
The group of galaxies that includes the Milky Way and Andromeda.
One light year means 6 trillion miles. This is because light can travel 6 trillion
16 Light Year
miles in one year.
17Milky Way
A galaxy. Where our Solar System is found.
galaxy
The United States’ government agency founded in 1958 responsible for space
18 NASA
research.
19 Nebulae
Clouds of dust and gas that are between stars.
Two scientists who discovered radiation, present everywhere in the Milky Way
20 Penzias, Arno
galaxy. This radiation is believed to have been created when the Universe exploded
and Wilson, Robert
13.8 billion years ago.
A reusable spacecraft built by NASA and used between 1981-2011 to deliver
21 Space shuttle
scientific equipment or work on satellites.
22 Sputnik 1
First artificial satellite. Launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.
23 Steady State
A theory. States that the Universe had no beginning, has no end and is
theory
expanding.
24 Universe
Everything that exists, including myself, planets and stars.
This spacecraft reached Venus in 2006 and sent back photos and information
25 Venus Express
suggesting Venus has volcanoes, lightning and hurricanes.
26 Vostok 1
The spacecraft that took the first human into space (Yuri Gagarin) in 1957.
27 Voyager 2
This space probe left Earth in 1977 and has passed Neptune.
Unit 2 Astronomy
At the middle of the Solar System is the Sun, 9
10
It’s the closest star by a long run,
11
This discovery was made by Copernicus,
12
Disagreeing with the Bible caused a fuss.
All of the stars seem motionless,
They are also known as luminous,
Luminous objects give out light,
Some stars do not shine so bright.
Proxima Centauri is the second closest star,
You’ll need a telescope – it seems afar,
The reason why it seems so faded?
Is because it’s a red dwarf – it is jaded.
Unit 3 Matter
1 Alchemist
2 Aristotle
3 Atom
4 Boyle, Robert
5 Chemical
property
6 Combustibility
7 Dalton, John
8 Democritus
9 Indivisible
10 Mass
11 Matter
12 Physical
property
13 Rust
14 Tarnish
15 Volume
Group of people who worked from 1400-1650 AD who wanted to find the elixir of
life and turn cheap metals into gold.
Ancient Greek philosopher, thought everything was made out of a mixture of
earth, air, water and fire.
The tiny building block of all matter; living, non-living and man-made. Atom
means 'indivisible' in Greek. Although, we now know that atoms can be divided.
In 1661, this man discovered that gases can be pushed into smaller spaces.
Describes how matter can change into another type of matter. Chemical
properties include combustibility, ability to rust and ability to tarnish.
Describes how well an object can burn. Wood is very combustible.
Born in 1766, his theory was that everything was made out of atoms, which were
tiny, indivisible (incorrect) building blocks.
Ancient Greek philosopher, thought everything was made out of atoms, which
could not be destroyed, were always moving and have different shapes/sizes.
Cannot be divided into any smaller parts.
Measure of how much matter an object contains, measured in kilograms (kg)
or grams (g).
Anything that has volume and mass. Light and sound are not matter.
Characteristics of matter that can be observed without changing the identity
of the matter. Physical properties include the colour, shape, size, texture,
volume and mass of matter.
When the metal iron and oxygen react to produce a substance called iron
oxide, which is red and powdery.
When the surface of a metal tarnishes. Silver and copper have the ability to
tarnish.
The amount of space that matter takes up in a three-dimensional object. The
volume of solids is measured in cm3 or m3 and the volume of liquids is
measured in mL or L. The formula for calculating volume is V = lwh.