Download Energy Transformation — Cellular Respiration

Energy Transformation — Cellular Respiration
by CHED on June 18, 2017
lesson duration of 0 minutes
under General Biology 1
generated on June 18, 2017 at 10:25 pm
Tags: Cellular Respiration, Energy
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Generated: Jun 19,2017 06:25 AM
Energy Transformation — Cellular Respiration
( 8 hours )
Written By: CHED on July 11, 2016
Subjects: General Biology 1
Tags: Cellular Respiration, Energy
Resources
Biology 8th Edition.
Solomon, Eldra P. et al.,
al., (2008). Biology 8th Edition. China: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Campbell Biology 9th Edition.
Reece, Jane B. et al.,
al., (2011). Campbell Biology 9th Edition. San Francisco USA: Pearson Education, Inc.
Inquiry into Life 11th Edition
Mader, Sylvia S. (2016). Inquiry into Life 11th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill.
Biology 11th Edition.
Mader, Sylvia S. (2013). Biology 11th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill.
Biology 10th Edition
Mader, Sylvia S. (2010). Biology 10th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill.
Image PowerPoint
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0073403466/student_view0/chapter7/image_powerpoint.html
Photosynthesis
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0073525502/student_view0/chapter7/index.html
Biology Companion
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0073525502/information_center_view0/index.html
Mastering Biology
http://www.pearsonmylabandmastering.com/northamerica/masteringbiology/
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The Biology Corner
https://www.biologycorner.com/
Concepts in Biology 14th Edition.
Enger, Eldon D. et. al., (2012). Concepts in Biology 14th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill.
Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
1. ATP- ADP Cycle
2. Photosynthesis
3. Respiration
Performance Standard
Prepare simple fermentation setup using common fruits to produce wine or vinegar via microorganisms
Learning Competencies
The learners describe the role of oxygen in respiration and describe pathways of electron flow in the absence of
oxygen
The learners differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration
Introduction 5 mins
As part of learning by exploration, let your students define cellular respiration. To reinforce the concept, you can
facilitate the task by defining the term technically.
Cellular respiration by technical definition includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration processes. But today,
cellular respiration is often used to refer to aerobic processes.
Motivation 5 mins
To help your students analyze and identify the attributes and components of the mitochondrion, ask them the following
questions:
1. What are the major parts of the mitochondrion?
2. What is the function of each part?
3. What would happen if each part were missing?
4. What is your conclusion?
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Image courtesy of: Solomon, Eldra P. et al., (2008). Biology 8th Edition. China: Thomson Brooks/Cole (Retrieved
August 13, 2015).
Instruction/Delivery 360 mins
Activity 1: Metabolic Pathways
Materials needed:
needed: Redrawn/printed materials of metabolic pathways, individual paper and ball pen,
any updated biology textbook.
Procedure:
1. Determine and list the molecules that enter, and the molecules that leave, the metabolic pathways of aerobic
cellular respiration.
2. The pictures below can be redrawn or printed so that your students can visualize the metabolic pathways of the
glucose molecule.
3. Post the redrawn visual learning materials on the board. Tell them to work this out individually.
Metabolic Pathways
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Reactants and Products
Molecules that enter:
Molecules that leave:
Molecules that enter:
Molecules that leave:
Molecules that enter:
Molecules that leave:
Suggested answers:
answers:
Metabolic Pathways
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Reactants and Products
Molecules that enter:
Molecules that leave:
Molecules that enter:
Glucose, ATP, NAD+, ADP and Pi
Pyruvate, ATP, NADH
Acetyl CoA, H2O, NAD+, FAD, ADP
and Pi
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Electron Transport Chain
Molecules that leave:
Molecules that enter:
Molecules that leave:
CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP
NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP and Pi
ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD
Courtesy: Enger, Eldon D. et. al., (2012). Concepts in Biology 14th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill (Retrieved August 13,
2015).
Activity 2: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration: How are they Alike and Different?
Material needed: An outline of sample graphic organizer(s), Manila papers, markers
Procedure:
1. To extend and reinforce your students’ knowledge on cellular respiration, tell them to do the sample graphic
organizer below.
2. Fill out the table below and distinguish how the two types of respiration are alike and different. Then tell them to
write their conclusion based on the similarities and differences they have listed.
3. You may form three groups for this activity. Each group has to present the output(s) to the class using any kind
of visual learning materials.
Comparing Graphic Organizer
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
HOW ALIKE?
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
HOW DIFFERENT?
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SUMMARY and/or CONCLUSION:
Suggested answers:
answers:
Comparing Graphic Organizer
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
HOW ALIKE?
Both undergo glycolysis in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Both undergo substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis in producing ATP
molecules.
Both split the 6-carbon glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, the three-carbon molecule.
Both involve a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that take place in the cytoplasm.
Both use NAD+ (nicotinamide
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide),
dinucleotide), a redox coenzyme that accepts two electrons plus a hydrogen
(H+) that becomes NADH.
Both are performed by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
HOW DIFFERENT?
Maximum yield of 36 to 38 ATP molecules per glucose.
Maximum yield of 2 ATP molecules per
glucose for obligate anaerobes.
Complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water with the use of Partial degradation of glucose without
oxygen.
the use of oxygen (obligate
(obligate
anaerobes).
anaerobes).
Multiple metabolic pathways.
Single metabolic pathway
(infermentation
).
infermentation).
Pyruvate proceeds to acetyl formation in the mitochondrion.
Pyruvate is broken down to ethanol
and carbon dioxide or lactate
(infermentation
).
infermentation).
The presence of enough oxygen in the cell makes the cell perform its job
Causes burning sensation in the
smoothly without burning sensation.
muscle during strenuous exercise
(infermentation
).
infermentation).
More efficient in harvesting energy from glucose with estimated 39% energy Less efficient in harvesting energy from
efficiency (36-38 ATP) in eukaryotic organisms but much higher ATP
glucose with 2% energy efficiency (for
production (38 to 40 ATP) in prokaryotic organisms.
obligate anaerobes).
anaerobes).
Outputs are carbon dioxide, water and ATP.
Outputs are lactate, alcohol and carbon
dioxide (in fermentation);
fermentation); but reduced
inorganic compound in anaerobic
respiration.
Products produced are for biochemical cycling and for the cellular processes Produce numerous products with
that require energy.
economic and industrial importance
through fermentation.
fermentation.
Slow glucose breakdown.
Rapid breakdown of glucose.
Electrons in NADH are transferred to electron transport chain.
Electrons in NADH are transferred to
electron transport chain; but in
fermentation,
fermentation, electrons in NADH are
transferred to organic molecule.
Mechanism of ATP synthesis is by substrate-level and oxidative
Mechanism of ATP synthesis is by
phosphorylation/chemiosmosis.
substrate-level and oxidative
phosphorylation/chemiosmosis; but in
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fermentation,
fermentation, substrate-level
phosphorylation only during glycolysis.
O2 is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport system.
Brain cells in the human body can only live aerobically. They die if molecular
oxygen is absent.
In anaerobic respiration, inorganic
substances like NO3- or SO42- are the
final acceptor of the electron transport
system; but in fermentation,
fermentation, there is
no electron acceptor because it has no
electron transport system.
Some organisms like yeasts
(eukaryotic), many bacteria
(prokaryotic), and the human muscle
cells (eukaryotic) can make enough
ATP to survive in facultative anaerobes
(can live in the absence or presence of
oxygen). But under anaerobic
conditions, lactic acid fermentation
occurs. A facultative anaerobe needs
to consume the nutrient at a much
faster rate when doing the fermentation
or anaerobic process.
SUMMARY and/or CONCLUSION:
Aerobic respiration requires molecular oxygen to happen in the cells of most eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Here,
nutrients are split into a series of enzyme-controlled reactions producing an estimated 36 to 38 ATP per glucose
complete breakdown. Molecular oxygen is the final acceptor of the low-energy level electron at the end of the electron
transport system that results in the production of water. Anaerobic respiration, on the other hand, does not require
oxygen in splitting nutrients. Some prokaryotes that live in oxygen-free environments such as in water-logged soil, in
ponds where water does not flow, and in the intestines of animals transfer glucose to NADH, and then pass the
electrons down the electron transport chain that is joined to ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis. Nitrate and sulfate are
the final acceptors of electrons. The end products are carbon dioxide, reduced inorganic substances, and ATP. In
fermentation (as one type of anaerobic respiration), there is no electron acceptor because it has no electron transport
chain. Its products are either alcohol (and carbon dioxide) or lactate.
Activity 3: ETC: A Metaphor
Materials needed:
needed: Coloring materials, Manila paper(s), color papers, markers, pencil, and ruler.
Procedure:
1. To describe how the electron transport system performs its function along the cristae (folds) of the
mitochondrion, your students will have to prepare the materials mentioned above.
2. The learners will make an analogy or a metaphor on how the electrons are being passed on to electron
transport chain that results in the release of water.
3. In their drawing, they have to illustrate the participation of NADH, FADH2, hydrogen proton ion, electrons and
oxygen along the electron transport system. Review to your students that the simultaneous cooperation of
these carrier molecules and hydrogen atoms are being used to run ATP production by chemiosmosis. They
have to show that ATP and water are two of the products of ETC.
4. To facilitate their understanding, you can give them metaphoric examples such as bucket relay for ETC and a
stair. Examples are given below for your reference.
5. Form four groups for this activity. Suggested rubric for this activity is shown below.
Standard
Correctness of
Excellent (7 points)
Content knowledge is
complete and accurate.
Good (5 points)
Fair (3 points)
Content knowledge is mostly Content knowledge is mostly
complete
incomplete
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science concepts
Originality in
organization of ideas
Contrast and intensity
of drawing
Blending of colors
Neatness
Individual participation
and accurate.
and inaccurate.
Exceptionally well- organized Generally well-organized and Fairly understandable.
and understandable.
understandable.
Shows exceptional artistic
and skillful color contrast;
and meaningful color
concentration.
Color mix is exceptionally
creative, appropriate,
Shows generally acceptable
artistic and skillful color
contrasts; and meaningful
color concentration.
Color mix is generally
creative, appropriate and
meaningful.
and meaningful.
Completely free from mess. Almost free from mess.
Teamwork is very much
Teamwork is evident.
evident.
Shows generally vague color
contrasts; and indiscernible
sense of color concentration.
Color mix needs
improvement.
Messy.
Teamwork is less evident.
in the group effort
Bucket Relay image courtesy of: Mader, Sylvia S. (2013). Biology 10th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill (Retrieved August
15, 2015).
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Stair image courtesy of: Mader, Sylvia S. (2013). Biology 10th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill (Retrieved August 15, 2015).
Activity 4: Pathways of Electron in the Absence of Oxygen
Materials needed: Enlarged pictures of pathways of electron in the absence of oxygen, individual paper and ball pen.
Directions: The pictures below describe the pathways of electron in the absence of oxygen. Analyze them by
arranging the seven metabolic pathways from numbers 1 to 7 provided for you in the opposite table. The same
procedure is followed in another table for fermentation with numbers 1 to 6.
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Image courtesy of: Mader, Sylvia S. (2013). Biology 11th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill (Retrieved August 17, 2015).
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Image courtesy of: Mader, Sylvia S. (2013). Biology 11th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill (Retrieved August 17, 2015).
Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic Pathways
Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis
Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis
(NOTE: This is not sequenced.)
(NOTE: Arrange the pathways in order from 1 to 7.)
1
Water is released as 3PG is 1
oxidized.
2
G3P is oxidized as NAD+
2
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receives high-energy
electrons coming from the
hydrogen atoms of
C6H12O6.
3
Substrate-level ATP
3
synthesis occurs.
4
Two pyruvate molecules
4
(3-carbon) are produced as
the end products of
glycolysis.
5
Splitting of the 6-carbon
5
sugar produces 3-carbon
molecules.
6
Substrate-level ATP
6
synthesis occurs (also called
as substrate-level
phosphorylation).
7
Two ATP molecules are used 7
to start glycolysis.
Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic Pathways
Outside the mitochondria: Fermentation
Outside the Mitochondria: Fermentation
(NOTE: This is not sequenced.)
(NOTE: Arrange the pathways in order from 1 to 6.)
1
G3P is oxidized as NAD+
1
receives high-energy
electrons coming from the
hydrogen atoms of
C6H12O6.
2
NAD+ is “freed” to return to 2
the glycolytic pathway to pick
up more electrons.
3
Two ATP molecules are used 3
to start glycolysis.
4
Two molecules of pyruvate 4
are converted to ethanol
(with CO2 as by-product) and
lactate.
5
Splitting of BPG into two
5
molecules of pyruvate is
coupled to substrate-level
ATP synthesis.
6
Splitting of the 6-carbon
6
sugar produces 3-carbon
molecules.
1. Explain how NAD+, pyruvate, oxygen and ATP are involved in aerobic cellular respiration.
2. What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
3. What are the members of the chain in the electron transport system?
4. What do the cristae (or folds) in the mitochondrion contain?
5. What happens to the hydrogen ions (H+) carried by NADH and FADH2?
6. Contrast the energy-investment step with the energy-payoff step of glycolysis.
7. How is aerobic cellular respiration different for prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?
8. What happens during electron transport and what it has to do with a proton pump?
9. Using arrows, show in simple diagram the metabolic pathway for glycolysis.
10. Explain how ATP can continue to be produced in the absence of oxygen.
Suggested answers:
answers:
1. NAD+ accepts electrons and delivers them to the ETS. Pyruvate is the product of glycolysis. It is converted to
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
acetyl-CoA and transferred to the Krebs cycle. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport
chain/system and combines with hydrogen to form water. ATP is used in glycolysis to get the process going,
and after the process of aerobic respiration, an estimated 36 to 38 ATP molecules are produced.
Oxygen molecule is the final acceptor of electrons from ETC. It receives the low energy electron from the last
of the carriers (that is, cytochrome oxidase). After receiving electrons, the oxygen molecule combines with
hydrogen ions, and water is formed.
The members of the chain in sequence are the following: NADH-Q reductase, coenzyme Q, cytochrome
reductase, cytochrome c, cytochrome oxidase. These are the members of the chain which accept high-energy
level electrons which they pass from one molecule to another.
The cristae (infoldings) contain the chain members (carrier molecules and protein complexes), ATP synthase
complex and ATP channel protein (bulk of ATP is produced by chemiosmosis).
The complexes of the ETC use the released energy to pump these hydrogen ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space of mitochondrion.
If you want to earn, you really need to invest, and therefore, you need a capital of some amount. During the
energy-investment step, 2 ATPs are used to split glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules. The split of glucose
produces a gross of 4 ATPs and 2 NADH. 4 ATP- 2 ATP = 2 ATP net in the glycolysis.
Prokaryotic organisms do not have mitochondria. These organisms use a slightly different way to perform the
Krebs cycle and ETC that results in slightly more ATP than what is produced by eukaryotic organisms.
The electron transport chain consists of a series of molecules which accept electrons and transfer them from
one molecule to another. As electron is passed on along the series, energy is released to run ATP production.
As this happens, protons are pumped from one location to another in the mitochondrion. Protons begin to build
up in their new location. This creates a chemical gradient producing a bulk of ATP by chemiosmosis. These
ATP molecules can be used by the cell to do cellular work.
Glucose ? G3P ? BPG ? 3PG ? PEP ? pyruvate
ATP can still be produced without oxygen. This can be done through anaerobic fermentation. A net of 2 ATP
molecules is produced during glycolysis. Glucose enters through the glycolytic pathway, producing pyruvate.
This process “frees” NAD+ and it returns to the glycolytic pathway to pick up more electrons to become NADH
again.
Enrichment 80 mins
Directions:
Directions: This is a modified true or false activity. Write the word TRUE if the underlined word/phrase being referred
to is correct. If it is false, change the word/phrase to make the whole statement correct based on the concept of
cellular respiration. Write your answer on the space provided before each number.
_________1. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable the cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen.
_________2. The term cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes.
_________3. Fermentation is a complete degradation of sugars or other fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen.
_________4. An electron transport system consists of a number of molecules, majority are proteins, located in the
matrix of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of aerobic prokaryotes.
_________5. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport chain and
chemiosmosis are the metabolic stages reserved for cellular respiration.
_________6.The
_________6.The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide is completed in the electron transport chain.
chain.
_________7.ATP
_________7.ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes the bulk of the ATP from ADP and Pi by chemiosmosis.
_________8. ATP synthase uses the energy of an existing hydrogen ion gradient to power ATP synthesis.
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_________9. Phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores at least 14.6 kcal per molecule of ATP.
________10. Citric acid cycle generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present or not, whether the conditions are aerobic
or anaerobic.
Suggested answers:
answers:
1. True 2. True 3. Partial or incomplete 4. Cristae or folds 5. True 6. Krebs cycle 7. 8. True 9. 7.3 kcal 10. Glycolysis.
Directions:
Directions: Accomplish the table below by comparing aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Factors
Main function
Site of Reaction
Production of ATP
Sustainability
Production of lactic acid
Oxygen requirement
Recycling of NADH
Participating cells
Suggested answers:
answers:
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Factors
Main function
Site of Reaction
Production of ATP
Sustainability
Production of lactic acid
Oxygen requirement
Recycling of NADH
Aerobic Respiration
Production of ATP from food such as
carbohydrate, lipid and protein
Cytoplasm and mitochondrion
36 to 38 ATP per glucose molecule
Long-term
Does not produce
Yes
Through the electron transport system
Participating cells
Most cells
Anaerobic Respiration
Production of ATP without the use of
oxygen
Cytoplasm
2 ATP per glucose molecule
Short-term
Produces
No
In lactic acid fermentation (i.e.,
(i.e., muscle
cells; in alcohol fermentation (pyruvate
is converted to carbon dioxide and
ethanol)
Yeast, other fungi, prokaryotes, muscle
cells
Directions: Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration by accomplishing the Venn diagram below.
Venn Diagram of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
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Connecting the Concept with the Nature of Science
Scientists who research athletic performance may focus their investigations on ways to manipulate energy
metabolism.
Understanding energy metabolism like respiration may have positive effects, such as helping people with
chronic fatigue, or negative effects, such as overconsumption of substances like energy drinks.
Ongoing research in cellular respiration may produce new medicines that help patients better cope with the
negative side effects of diseases like cancer.
Select several persons who differ in physical stature and exercise conditioning. Allow them to exercise
vigorously for several minutes; then determine heart rate and the length of time before breathing rate returns to
normal (indicates extent of oxygen debt).
If there is a brewery or winery nearby, arrange for a field trip. Brew masters and winemakers generally are
happy to conduct a tour through the facilities and explain the processes involved.
Adapted from: Mader, Sylvia S. (2011). Biology 11th edition. USA: McGraw-Hill.
Evaluation 30 mins
Directions: Compare fermentation with anaerobic and aerobic respiration by analyzing the diagram below.
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Diagram courtesy of: Enger, Eldon D. et. al., (2012). Concepts in Biology 14th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill (Retrieved
August 13, 2015).
1. What are the three kinds of enzyme-controlled reactions so that the chemical-bond energy from a certain
nutrient is released to the cell in the form of ATP?
2. What are the hydrogen electron acceptors for aerobic and anaerobic respiration as well as in fermentation?
3. What are these by-products of aerobic respiration that are considered low-energy molecules?
4. What are the outputs produced by anaerobic respiration? What about in fermentation?
5. What are two general metabolic mechanisms by which certain cells can oxidize organic fuel and generate ATP
without the use of oxygen?
Suggested answers:
answers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation.
Aerobic respiration - molecular oxygen, anaerobic respiration - nitrate or sulfate, fermentation – pyruvate
Water and carbon dioxide.
Anaerobic respiration - ATP, water reduced acceptor (nitrate or sulfate), fermentation, ATP, carbon dioxide,
alcohol or lactate.
5. Anaerobic respiration and fermentation.
Directions: This is a multiple-choice task. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Majority of the CO2 is released during
1.
2.
3.
4.
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
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are called
2. Cellular respiration processes that do not use O2
1. heterotrophic organism
2. anaerobic organism
3. aerobic organism
4. Anabolic
3. The positively-charged hydrogen ions that are released from the glucose during cellular respiration eventually
combine with _________ ion to form ______
1. another hydrogen, a gas
2. a carbon, carbon dioxide
3. an oxygen, water
4. a pyruvic acid, lactic acid
4. The Krebs cycle (also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid) and ETC are biochemical pathways
performed in which eukaryotic organelle?
1. nucleus
2. ribosome
3. chloroplast
4. mitochondrion
5. Anaerobic pathway that oxidizes glucose to generate ATP energy by using an organic molecule as the ultimate
hydrogen acceptor is called
1. fermentation
2. reduction
3. Krebs cycle
4. Electron pumps
6. When skeletal muscle cells function anaerobically, they accumulate the compound________, which causes
muscle soreness.
1. pyruvic acid
2. malic acid
3. carbon dioxide
4. lactic acid
7. Each molecule of fat can release ______ of ATP, compared with a molecule of glucose.
1. smaller amounts
2. the same amount
3. larger amount
4. only twice the amount
8. In complete accounting of all ATPs produced in aerobic respiration, there a total of ________ATPs: ______
from the ETC, _____ from glycolysis, and _______ from the Krebs cycle.
1. 36, 32, 2, 2
2. 38, 34, 2, 2
3. 36, 30, 2, 4
4. 38, 30, 4, 4
9. The chemical activities that remove electrons from glucose result in the glucose being
1. reduced.
2. oxidized.
3. phosphorylated.
4. hydrolyzed.
10. Which of the following is NOT true of the citric acid cycle? The citric acid cycle
1. includes the preparatory reaction.
2. produces ATP by substrate-level ATP synthesis.
3. occurs in the mitochondria.
4. is a metabolic pathway, as is glycolysis.
Suggested answers:
1. b 2.b 3.c 4.d 5.a 6.d 7.c 8.a 9.b 10. a
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