Download Chapter nine and ten notes

Chapter nine and ten notes:
Vocabulary:
NINE:
Controlled substance: A drug or other chemical compound whose manufacture,
distribution, possession, and use is regulated by the legal system.
Drug: A chemical substance that affects the processes of the mind or body; a
substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease; a substance
used recreationally for it’s effects on the mind or body , such as a narcotic or
hallucinogen.
Narcotic: An addictive drug, such as opium, that relieves pain, alters mood and
behavior, and causes sleep or feelings of mental numbness.
Poison: A naturally occurring or manufactured substance that can cause severe
harm or death if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin.
Toxicity: The degree to which a substance is poisonous or can cause injury.
Toxin: A poisonous substance naturally produced by certain plants, animals, and
bacteria that is capable of causing disease or death in humans; a subgroup of
poisons.
TEN:
Counterfeiting: The production of an imitation of currency, works of art, documents,
and name brand look-alikes for the purpose of deception.
Document analysis: The examination of questioned documents with known material
for a variety of analyses, such as authenticity, alterations, erasures, and
obliterations.
Document expert: A person who scientifically analyzes handwriting.
Exemplar: A stranded document of known origin and authorship used in
handwriting analysis.
Forgery: The making, adapting, or falsifying of documents or other objects with the
intention of deceiving someone.
Fraudulence: When a financial gain accompanies a forgery.
Questioned document: Any signature, handwriting, typewriting, or other written
mark whose source or authenticity is in dispute or uncertain.
Summary of nine:
Forensic toxicology seeks to identify poisons or drugs in criminals and victims and
their likely effects on those people.
The history of intentional poisoning goes back to ancient Greece. The chemical
analysis of poisons in the body began in the 19th century.
Poisoning is rare as a form of murder, but toxicology is important in studying cases
of drug overdoses and sporting violations.
Controlled substances fall into five groups: hallucinogens, narcotics, stimulants,
steroids, and depressants.
Poisons produced by living organisms include alcohol and bacterial toxins.
Heavy metals and pesticides are also common poisons found in humans.
Bioterrorism agents include ricin, a poisonous compound produced by the castor
bean plant, and anthrax, a bacterium that produces potent toxins.
Chapter 10 summary:
Fraudulence is attempting to get financial or other gain from forgery.
Handwriting analysis is the examination of questioned documents compared with
exemplars by document experts to establish the authenticity and/or authorship of
the documents.
Document experts use scientific tools and protocols to compare handwriting
characteristics of a questionable document to those of an exemplar to help identify
authors and detect any alterations, erasures, and obliterations.
Certain aspects of a person’s handwriting style, such as letter form, line form, and
formatting, can be analyzed to ascertain authenticity or authorship.
Handwriting analysis has become an important tool, especially for forensic
examiners. Handwriting experts help financial, legal, and governmental institutions,
as well as the general public, detect and prevent forgery, counterfeiting, and other
fraudulent crimes.
Technological advances, such as the biometric signature pad and the use of the
infrared spectroscope, have greatly enhanced the detection of forged documents.
Countries continue to refine methods to protect their currency from counterfeithers.