* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Research Papers-Cosmology/Download/5936
Corona Borealis wikipedia , lookup
Auriga (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Observational astronomy wikipedia , lookup
Cassiopeia (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Dark energy wikipedia , lookup
Dark matter wikipedia , lookup
Non-standard cosmology wikipedia , lookup
Physical cosmology wikipedia , lookup
Perseus (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Cygnus (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Star of Bethlehem wikipedia , lookup
Dyson sphere wikipedia , lookup
Type II supernova wikipedia , lookup
Modified Newtonian dynamics wikipedia , lookup
Corvus (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Stellar kinematics wikipedia , lookup
Aquarius (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Timeline of astronomy wikipedia , lookup
Dark matter, the pulsars and the neutron stars © Sergey G. Burago D.Sc., Prof. Email: [email protected] Site: http://buragosg.narod.ru/ Abstract In science is gaining the assumption that in the universe there are the two kinds of matter. One of them is ordinary an baryonic matter, and the other is a dark matter. . It is assumed that this the two kinds of matter do not interact together. In contrast to these views, we assume that the dark matter between the stars, the planets and other objects in the universe is in a gaseous state and is actively cooperating with a baryonic matter. The atoms baryonic matter continuously absorb the dark matter, increasing its a mass. As a result, nearly the all baryonic bodies, including the pulsars is implemented the radial flow directed to their centers. This view of the nature of the interaction of pulsars with a dark matter allowed to formulate a new condition in order to prevent the destruction of these stars by centrifugal forces. Now it is accepted that the periodic signals emitted by these stars is arise as a consequence of rapid rotation of the radiation source located on the surface of pulsar. In order to the centrifugal forces would not destroy the rotating stars the scientists had to admit that a pulsars are very dense neutron star with a radius of 10 km to 20 km. The neutron pulsars can not be measured. Therefore, their sizes and weight is represent the purely speculative. On the basis of the developed theory of the gaseous dark matter this paper is shows that the white dwarfs can be by pulsars. The existence of such objects in the universe is undisputed and more natural than the existence of hypothetical neutron pulsars. What do we know about the pulsars? The stars are called by pulsars , if they are sources of short periodic pulses of radio and X-rays. Most of pulsars, theirs are about 400, emit the pulses with a very short period of Т1s.. (in the range of (T = 1-3s). But also the short-period pulsars are known: PSR0835-45 with period T = 0,089s and PSR0531 + 21 c period T = 0,033s. The pulsar is situated in a center of Crab Nebula. The pulsar-рекорд with smallest period T = 0,00155s was discovered in 1982 in the constellation Vulpecula. The discovery of the pulsars has been awarded in 1972 the Nobel Prize. The frequency of radio signal is associated with the rapid rotation of neutron stars. It is believed that the star-the source of radiation is rotates like a lantern of lighthouse. It creates a discontinuity of radiation. In order to explain the smallest period T = 0,00155s 1 it assumed that star is rotating with a large number of revolutions n = 645 r/s. In this case, there is a danger that it will be broken by centrifugal forces. The force of gravity is opposes to the centrifugal forces. In order to prevent the destruction of stars, we have to assume that a radius of pulsar is less than 20 km. The matter density of such star is close to matter density of the atomic nucleis . These stars are called by neutron stars. Their a weight is estimated to range from 1,4 to 3 mass of the suns. The scientists have developed a theory of the neutron pulsars. They suggest that the substance is compressed to a high density. It is converted into a mixture of neutrons with small amount of protons and electrons. The internal structure of stars is described very roughly.The physics does not have the necessary knowledge about properties of neutrons, which are highly compressed. Nevertheless, it is believed that the neutron star is not a gas but a liquid sphere. Would otherwise have to assume that the gas in a center of star is compressed to more dense state than a substance of atomic nuclei. This, apparently, is beyond a scope of the most incredible fantasies. It is also believed that the neutron fluid is devoid of viscosity. We will develop the our an attitude towards the neutron stars. The discontinuity of radiation of pulsar is explained a rapid rotation of star. Only a force of gravity could to keep the star from destruction by the centrifugal forces. This is required a very small radius of star. It should be remembered that a density and a mass of these hypothetical stars no one and ever was not measured. This is a purely theoretical star. Its role in an implementation and a recognition of neutron pulsar has played the desire of number of influential scientists to materialize a theoretical model of neutron star. Therefore, we try to make up their own idea about these star. The such small sizes of these stars is real whether they? Can whether be the some of observed stars "white dwarfs" in order to act as pulsars? To answer this question we consider the most common period of rotation short-period pulsars T=1s. If a white dwarf Wolf-457 ( m = 1,01 ⋅ 10 30 kg , ro = 0,7 ⋅ 10 6 m ) revolved and radiated the radio frequency energy with such period, then a force of the gravity is five times higher than the centrifugal forces. Fтяж f ⋅ mo 6,7 ⋅ 10 −11 ⋅ 1,01 ⋅ 10 30 ≥ 3 2 = =5 Fцб ro ⋅ ω 6,28 2 ⋅ (0,7 ⋅ 10 6 ) 3 (1) This the example shows that some white dwarfs with the parameters close to Wolf457 may be by the short-period pulsars. The most common in nature a pulsation period, and hence a rotation period can not lead to destruction of their by the centrifugal forces. It should be emphasized that it is real and observable stars, rather than the invented stars The theory of gaseous dark matter of pulsars 2 Developed in [1,2,3] theory of gaseous dark matter makes us to doubt in the correctness of conventional explanations of blinking pulsars, their masses, densities and sizes (radii). According to this theory, a radii of neutron stars were much smaller of radii than the minimum radius of visible stars. The fact that star - pulsar, like any other star, is a sink for dark gas [1,2,3]. Dark gas flows to a center of star evenly along a radius. Therefore, a photons of light have to travel against radial flow a dark gas towards a center of star. It reminds a swimming of swimmer on a river against a current. If a speed of swimmer does not exceed the speed of water, you can go as long as you want, but no one meter does not move forward with respect to a banks. The radiation from pulsars is captured with instruments on Earth. Therefore, we believe, that a radial velocity of flow of dark gas [1,3] to star, was not exceed the speed of the light m / s, emitted by star Vro = α ⋅ mo <C 4πρ e ro2 (2) If this condition is violated a star could not be seen. Let us take as the parameters of pulsars a values: the radius ro = 20km = 2 ⋅ 10 4 m and the mass equal to the 3 solar masses mo = 6 ⋅ 10 30 kg . The density of gaseous dark matter ρ e = 1,19 ⋅ 10 9 kg / m 3 . According to [1,3] coefficient α = 1c −1 . The calculation of equation (2) gives a following values of radial velocity on surface of star Vro = α ⋅ mo 6 ⋅ 10 30 = = 1012 m / s 2 9 4 2 4πρ e ro 4 ⋅ 3,14 ⋅ 1,19 ⋅ 10 (2 ⋅ 10 ) (3) The calculation result of equation (2) shows that a velocity of jets of gaseous dark matter significantly (333 times) greater than a velocity of light. Consequently, the pulsars would have been impossible to see if, they have mass and size such, what they was rewarded by the astrophysics. The stars of this size are only suitable for the role of "black holes" [5]. From the equation (2) we can to write an expression for a minimum radius at which star is not visible ro min = α ⋅ mo = 4π ⋅ ρ e ⋅ C f ⋅ mo α ⋅C (4) The minimum radius of star with mass of Sun and with a decrease in which a star disappears from view according to expression (4) is 3 ro min = 668,6 км. As you can to see, this radius more than 30 times is greater than a maximum radius of neutron star. So, out of 400 known pulsars only three pose is a problem if you count their by white dwarfs. In this case the pulsars PSR0845-45 with the period T = 0,089s and PSR0531 + 21, with the period T = 0,033s and, especially, the pulsar in the constellation Vulpecula with period T = 0,00155s does not satisfy a criterion (1). Can not to ignore this. Therefore, you should to find another an explanation for observed phenomena. In modern astrophysics in order to explain this phenomenon had no other choice exept to reduce a radius of pulsars before 20 km. The reason for this was the idea that a space around star is empty. A radiation from other stars and the weightless electromagnetic fields there is around it. Only a gravity can to counteract a centrifugal forces. Therefore, the astrophysicists used a condition of equilibrium between centrifugal force and force of gravity acting at pulsar. In theory of gaseous dark matter, a neutron stars, as well as all the other stars, is surrounded by an enough dense dark gas. In a dark gas there is a high pressure and this pressure also is counteracts the tearing rotating stars. For the conventional gas-stars this effect is small and it can be neglected. It is noticeable, and even is a decisive factor if a star's surface is surrounded by a continuous layer of dense material. This is a continuous layer of dense material which is discarded to periphery by a centrifugal forces and compacted with a rapid rotation. We believe that this layer is able to perceive a pressure of surrounding gaseous dark matter and that a pressure of gaseous dark matter is counteracted to centrifugal forces. Based on these considerations, arising from theory of gaseous dark matter [1,2,3], we find a new condition of equilibrium of stars, rotating with high angular velocity. For this we turn to fig.1. We shall have to select the segment of star by unit width. The mass of this segment is dmo = ρ o ro2 dθ 2 (5) 2 ro from the axis of 3 rotation ω o = r ⋅ ω ), rotating with the angular velocity ω , centrifugal force is For this mass (the center of mass is located at a distance rcg = dFcg = U o2 ⋅ dmo ρ o ⋅ ro3 ⋅ ω 2 ⋅ dθ = 2 3 ro 3 (6) This force is balanced by external pressure, acting on a surface of segment dFp=perodθ (7) 4 In order to the segment of star was not taken out of star by centrifugal force, the inequality must be satisfied dFцб/dFp<1. (8) Substituting (6) and (7) in (8), we obtain dFцб dF p = ρ 0 ⋅ ro2 ⋅ ω 2 3 ⋅ pe ≤1 (9) The average value of density of a matter star can be estimated as a ratio of its mass to volume Fig.1 ρ o = 3 ⋅ mo / 4π ⋅ r 3 o (10) Substituting this value into (9), we obtain a condition of failure star by centrifugal forces m0 ⋅ ω 2 = ≤1 dF p 4π ⋅ ro ⋅ p e dFцб (11) The pressure [1,2,3] in a gaseous dark matter is . Further, we note that a density of stars to white dwarfs is located within interval ρ o = 0,4 ⋅ 10 8 kg / mo3 − 0,9 ⋅ 1012 kg / mo3 (12) For our the white dwarf we select a density ρ o = 10 8 kg / mo3 (13) When such a density the radius of pulsar can be determined from formula (10) ro = 3 3 ⋅ mo 4π ⋅ ρ o (14) We believe that condition (11) is holds for pulsar. We assume that an angular velocity of pulsar was considered by the same as that of most rapidly rotating pulsar in a constellation Vulpecula ωo = 2π 6,28 = = 4,05 ⋅ 10 3 s −1 T 0,00155 (15) 5 From a condition of destruction of stars from by centrifugal forces (11) we have mo 4π ⋅ p e 4 ⋅ 3,14 ⋅ 6,426 ⋅ 10 25 = = = 4,92 ⋅ 1019 кг/м 2 3 2 ro ω (4,05 ⋅ 10 ) We will replace in this expression determine its a mass mo = (16) a value of radius of pulsar (14) and then 3 (4,92 ⋅ 1019 ) 3 = 1,686 ⋅ 10 25 kg 4π ⋅ ρ o (17) From (16) we shall be to determine a radius of studied pulsar ro = 1,686 ⋅ 10 25 = 0,343 ⋅ 10 6 m = 343км 4,92 ⋅ 1019 (18) Thus, we have obtained the material object of universe with a density of white dwarf with mass mo = 1,686 ⋅ 10 25 kg and radius ro = 343км . This radius is exceeds in 15 times the radius recognized today a pulsars by the astrophysics ( ro ≤ 20km .). This is a visible object, but is not a black hole. This pulsar is spinning as fast as a pulsar in the constellation Vulpecula. Despite, what its have large size compared to size of neutron stars, the centrifugal forces can not break it. The sources of short periodic radio and X-ray pulsations Such a high speed of rotation of pulsar possibly was acquired during a collapse (disastrous compression) of large sparse space object. We can also to assume that a very bright spot on its surface is a volcano. A volcano is erupted parallel to surface. As a result this a jet was ejected and was action which is resulted to unwinding of pulsar. Whatever it was, it is clear that a theory of gaseous dark matter is expands an opportunity to explain a phenomenon of very rapid pulsations, which is observed by the astronomers in the constellation Vulpecula. Not necessarily, to come up the neutron stars, which can not be seen, which can not be measured, which can not be understood how they work. Besides, their the dimensions match the dimensions of the black holes. Therefore, they could not be seen. But the astronomers see them. Therefore they should not be sized smaller than the size of white dwarfs. Apparently, mainly in recognition of their to the real objects was a desire of number of the influential scientists to materialize a theoretical model of neutron star. It must be remembered that the pulsars-champions are extremely rare in a universe. This is an unusual star. It not easy to find in a nature of real space object, in order to it 6 rotates at speed n = 645 rps. But it was not torn by the centrifugal forces. These forces are large even for the terrestrial mechanisms which is made by the people from the most durable materials. It rotates with a number of revolutions .n=645 rps. But it can to withstand an action of centrifugal forces As an object of research we choose the cosmic body of type Jupiter. Jupiter is characterized by the following parameters: a weight range moю = 1,89 ⋅ 10 27 кг , radius roю = 7 ⋅ 10 7 м , a average density ρ ю = 1,32 ⋅ 10 3 kg / m 3 . Own an angular velocity of Jupiter is ω ю = 1,76 ⋅ 10 −4 s −1 ( full circulation around its axis Jupiter makes in just 9 hours 55 minutes). We suppose that a pulsar was formed due to explosion of cosmic body type Jupiter with same mass moю = 1,89 ⋅ 10 27 kg and same angular speed ω ю = 1,76 ⋅ 10 −4 s −1 . The radius is increased to values roю = 1,54 ⋅ 10 8 m . This is a real cosmic body, similar to Jupiter. We believe that an explosion of cosmic body led to a collapse of masses. The rest mass of the pulsar was mopul = 1,69 ⋅ 10 25 kg . As a result of explosion of pulsar a density is increased and is amounted the value ρ pul = 10 8 kg / m 3 . The radius of pulsar has become ropul = 0,34 ⋅ 10 6 m . From the law of conservation of angular momentum of pulsar we can calculate a new value of angular velocity. It is equal to angular velocity of pulsar in the constellation Vulpecula ω pul = moюω ю ro2ю 1,89 ⋅ 10 271,76 ⋅ 10 −4 (1,54 ⋅ 10 8 ) 2 = = 4,05 ⋅ 10 3 s −1 2 25 6 2 mopul ropul 1,69 ⋅ 10 (0,34 ⋅ 10 ) In resulting a pulsar density is increased and became as a density of white dwarfs. Therefore now a force of pressure on its surface is counteracted to destruction of pulsar by centrifugal forces. Therefore, we must have a implementation of equation (11). The calculation of this expression shows that a centrifugal force is less than a pressure force restraining a destruction. dFцб dF p = m0 ⋅ ω 2 1,89 ⋅ 10 27 ⋅ (4,05 ⋅ 10 3 ) 2 = = 0,25 4π ⋅ ro ⋅ p e 4π ⋅ 1,54 ⋅ 10 8 ⋅ 6,426 ⋅ 10 25 (17) Thus, we see that a high speed of rotation of pulsar in the constellation Vulpecula could be formed as a result of disastrous contraction (collapse) of real body such as Jupiter. In this case, the resulting pulsar is not broken by the centrifugal forces. An objection soon may be followed that Jupiter is not a star but is a planet However, it is known that Jupiter radiates into a space twice more a heat than is receives it from the sun. This is a sign of star and is unlikely to be challenged by a fact that over 4.5 billion years it is still hot. Too much time has passed. Studies have shown that Jupiter 7 as the sun is composed of hydrogen and helium. From this perspective, Jupiter is a little star. She did not self-luminous due to a fact that an energy of gravitational contraction was insufficient for an appearance in it to the stable thermonuclear reactions. Jupiter, like other a massive bodies of universe, eventually will be heats and in the future, increasing its a mass and an energy reserves, could erupt as brightly as the sun. We note in passing that a fairly large radio emission.there is from Jupiter. Jupiter was first recognized by radio-emitting object at beginning of 1955 years, when the members of Carnegie Institution B.F. Berk and F.L. Franklin have tied with Jupiter the strong periodic bursts of radio noise at wavelength of 13.5 m. A little later, a radio astronomer S.A.Shayn found that a frequency of bursts to radio emission is corresponds to period of rotation of Jupiter on its axis. This relationship is well within by an assumption of astrophysicists about interconnection of period of radio frequency of pulsars with a rotation period of star. A model of star has a right to exist and could to explain a nature of pulsar in the constellation Vulpecula with a record number of revolutions n = 645 rps. Similarly, the rapid rotation of two other anomalous pulsars PSR0845-45 and PSR0531 + 21, with the rotation periods 0,089s and 0,033s. is explained in a same way It can be argued that all the "white dwarfs" is rotated at high the angular velocities around their axes. If, for example, to compress the Sun (roС=7⋅108m, ωС=2,9⋅10-6s-1) to the size of star Wolf-457 (roВольф=0,7⋅106m), the period of rotation on the basis of law of the conservation angular momentum would Т= 2π 6,28 = =2,165с, ω 2,9 (19) tthat fits a most widespread range of rotation periods of pulsars Т=1÷3 s. Of course, it is difficult to imagine such a large reduction in size to value of 700 km. But even more difficult to imagine how these stars have shrunk to a size of 10-20 km, which today the astrophysics appropriated to neutron stars, or to a size of "black holes" less than 3 km. Although there is no limit of human imagination. For example, the theory of "big bang" implies that the entire universe was condensed into small elementary particle with a negligible dimensions Bibliography 1. Burago S.G. 2. Burago S.G. 3. Burago S.G. Gravity, dark, matter and dark energy balance. The General Science Journal. Astrophysics. 2014. April. Paper ISSN 1916-5382 pp. 20. Fundamentals of aetherodynamics of Universe. Hidden sense of formula E = mC 2 . The General Science Journal. Astrophysics. 2013. April. Paper N4841 6 pp. Aetherodynamics - the key to the mysteries of the Universe. Moscow: 8 4. Burago S.G. 5. Burago S.G. BookHous "Librokom", 2009. 232 pp (http://buragosg.narod.ru/papers/efirdin4.pdf). (ISBN 978-5-397-00099. [in Russian]). The interaction of a light with a dark matter of a interstellar space. The General Science Journal. Astrophysics. February 2, 2015. The Black holes in the universe, filled by the gaseous dark matter. The General Science Journal. Astrophysics. January 10, 2015 9