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International Evaluation of National Environmental Research Institute Denmark, August 2003
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Department of Arctic Environment (AM)
Vision
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AM carries out research and monitoring to the highest scientific standards. All department
activities are specifically targeted at providing the data and knowledge required by
administrations.
AM occupies a leading national and international position in applied research on marine
mammals.
AM maintains a trace element laboratory which meets the most demanding of international
quality requirements.
AM actively participates in interdisciplinary cooperation schemes in Denmark and
internationally, aiming at a more holistic outlook in research and consultancy activities.
AM is an attractive research partner and is much appreciated and respected for its high
professional standards, continuity, and ability to coordinate interdisciplinary research and
monitoring.
Objectives of AM activities
AM's research, monitoring, and consultancy activities are primarily aimed at providing the
Greenlandic community with the best possible basis for decision-making on issues relating the
environment. AM focuses on background research and environmental assessment in relation to raw
materials activities, and also contributes to establishing knowledge about sustainable use of
Greenland's natural resources.
AM takes part in wider international cooperation schemes with regard to monitoring and assessment
of the environmental state of the entire Arctic region. This work includes studies and monitoring of
long-range transport, levels and effects of chemical substances in biota and the impact of climate
changes on High-Arctic eco-systems.
Finally, AM studies and monitors marine mammals in Danish waters, particularly in relation to
human impacts, the impact of mass die-offs and population management.
AM's expertise focuses especially on population biology, eco-toxicology, chemistry, and physical
geography. Due to the wide scope of AM's activities and the increasing need for holistic
approaches, AM places great emphasis on interdisciplinary work. Such activities involve other
departments of the National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark (NERI) as well as a wide
range of Danish and international research institutions.
AM aims to develop and recruit new researchers regularly by attracting PhD scholars and
undergraduates working on their MA theses.
The AM staff publishes extensively in the form of scientific articles, reports, and popular science
publications. In the years to come, attention will be focused on increasing publication rates in wellrespected scientific journals with peer review.
AM activities and strategic objectives fall within four main themes: Impacts of raw material
activities in Greenland, Long-range transported chemical substances in the Arctic, Effects of
climate changes in Arctic eco-systems, and Marine mammals. These themes are described below.
1. Impacts of raw material activities in Greenland
The environmental problem
Raw material exploration and exploitation in Greenland (as regards minerals, oil, and gas in marine
and terrestrial environments) may cause environmental problems. In accordance with an agreement
between the Greenland Home Rule Government and the Danish Government, NERI (AM) carries
out environmental assessments, monitoring and supervision as regards raw material activities in
Greenland. This is to say that NERI is under an obligation to maintain the proper specialist
resources to provide integrated environmental consultancy services to the Greenlandic community
(1PC 1).
Sustainable use of the natural resources in Greenland is a topic which can give rise to some
disagreement and controversy. The advisor to the Government of Greenland is not NERI, but the
Greenland Institute of Natural Resources. Background studies carried out prior to raw material
activities and other studies prepared by AM will also be highly relevant in this context, and AM
cooperates with the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources on a number of projects regarding
species and area management.
Research
Background studies and pollution monitoring in connection with raw material activities in
Greenland include use of indicator organisms to assess environmental loads and the spread of heavy
metals (PC 77, 78), as well as studies of natural conditions with a view to assessing potential
conflicts of interest between raw material activities and natural resources. Methods regarding
hyperspectral satellite-based mapping of heavy-metal contamination/pollution in connection with
mines are being developed.
Background knowledge collected on animal populations and their sensitivity to raw material
activities is to facilitate ongoing improvements of the ecological knowledge basis for planning and
environmental assessment of activities associated with mineral and oil exploration and exploitation
(PC 76). It is important to identify bottlenecks and areas of particular importance to the animal
populations. Work is in progress to develop an integrated population-ecological analysis of
anthropogenic impact on animal populations. As part of these efforts, AM deploys satellite tracking
of birds and mammals, GIS-based analyses and models describing animal distribution over time and
space in relation to the resources available. Among other things, these analyses will serve as the
basis for extending the maps of sensitive coastal and terrestrial natural areas.
Additional competences need to be developed as regards models for the spatial distribution of
animal populations and their habitats based on surveys and remote sensing data.
Monitoring and consultancy
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Numbers PC xx in the text refer to specific goals in NERI´s performance contract.
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Research and monitoring forms the basis for the advice offered to the Bureau of Minerals and
Petroleum in Greenland about the environmental aspects of mineral raw materials and oil/gas
exploration and exploitation. These consultancy services include environmental assessments
associated with licenses for exploration and exploitation, as well as monitoring of the environment
in connection with oil-related activities and mining (PC 78). The monitoring activities include
monitoring of selected animal populations that are sensitive to raw material activities (marine birds
and mammals) and monitoring of pollution around mines (PC 79).
GIS-based maps of West Greenland coastal zones and their level of sensitivity are currently being
prepared to facilitate more efficient responses to oil spills. The mapping activities will form the
basis for further development of a web-based database of important coastal and terrestrial natural
areas in Greenland (PC 79). AM will work towards the establishment of an integrated system in
close collaboration with Greenlandic research institutions and authorities. In the years to come,
maps of sensitive areas will be prepared for East Greenland and the National Park. These will
primarily be aimed at identifying areas which are sensitive to tourism developments.
Background studies of animal populations also support the scientific basis for long-term and
sustainable management of Greenlandic natural areas and populations of mammals and birds in the
terrestrial and marine environment. This work is carried out in close cooperation with the Greenland
Institute of Natural Resources with a view to providing consultancy services to the Greenland Home
Rule.
AM has a trace elements laboratory accredited for analyses of biological materials and sediments
(PC 7). The laboratory takes part in international calibration tests, e.g., QUASIMEME. AM will
strive to maintain its leading position as regards laboratory facilities and quality. AM maintains and
adds to a reference collection of biological materials from Greenland, as well as materials
concerning marine mammals from Denmark. This collection of samples constitutes a valuable tool
by providing references for descriptions of the state of pollution. It is also regularly used for
collaborative projects with research institutions abroad.
Competence development concerning spatial modelling of animal populations in relation to
environmental variables could improve the basis for assessing the impact of raw material activities,
other human activities and climate changes. AM is currently in the process of appointing a spatial
modeller.
AM's competences within raw materials issues and sensitivity mapping are applied in connection
with system export for environmental assistance projects in other countries and regions.
Key outputs, 1998-2003
Selected scientific publications:
Boertmann, D. & Mosbech, A. 1998: Distribution of Little Auk (Alle alle) Breeding Colonies in Thule District,
Northwest Greenland. - Polar Biology 19: 206-210.
Born, E.W., Riget, F.F., Dietz, R. & Andriashek, D. 1999: Escape Responses of Hauled Out Ringed Seals (Phoca
hispida) to Aircraft Disturbance. - Polar Biology 21: 171-178.
Born, E.W., Teilmann, J. & Riget, F. 2002: Haul-Out Activity of Ringed Seals (Phoca hispida) Determined from
Satellite Telemetry. - Marine Mammal Science 18(1): 167-181.
Dietz, R., Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Richard, P.R. & Acquarone, M. 2001: Summer and Fall Movements of Narwhals
(Monodon Monoceros) from Northeastern Baffin Island Towards Northern Davis Strait. - Arctic 54(3): 244-261.
Glahder, C.M. 1999: Spring Staging Areas of the Greenland White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons flavirostris) in West
Greenland. - Arctic 52(3): 244-256.
Glahder, C.M. 2003: Use of Local Knowledge to Mitigate Possible Conflicts Between Locals and a New Gold Mine in
South Greenland. In: Udd, J. E. & Bekkers, G. (eds): Mining in the Arctic. Proceedings of the 7th International
Symposium on Mining in the Arctic, Iqaluit/Nunavut/Canada/March 30-April 1 2003. Canadian Institute of Mining,
Metallurgy and Petroleum. Pp. 205-214.
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Johansen, P. & Asmund, G. 1999: Pollution from Mining in Greenland. Monitoring and Mitigation of Environmental
Impacts. In: Azcue, J.M. (ed.): Environmental Impacts of Mining Activities. Emphasis on Mitigation and Remedial
Measures. Springer. pp. 245-262.
Merkel, F.R., Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. & Grøndahl, L. 2002: Winter Seabird Distribution and Abundance off
South-Western Greenland, 1999. - Polar Research 21(1): 17-36.
Mosbech, A. & Boertmann, D. 1999: Distribution, Abundance and Reaction to Aerial Surveys of Post-Breeding King
Eiders (Somateria spectabilis) in Western Greenland. - Arctic 52(2): 188-203.
Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D., Grøndahl, L. (2003) Developing an environmental oil spill sensitivity atlas fot the West
Greenland Coastal Zone. In: Fisher, P. & Raper, J. (eds): Research Monographs in GIS. – Taylor & Francis Series (in
press).
Pedersen, C.E., Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A. & Tamstorf, M.P. 2003: Estimating colony area and population size of
little auks (Alle alle) at Northumberland Island using aerial images. - Polar Biology 26: 8-13.
Riget, F., Asmund, G. & Aastrup, P. 2000: Mercury in Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus) Populations from Greenland. The Science of the Total Environment 245(1-3): 161-172.
Riget, F., Johansen, P., Dahlgaard, H., Mosbech, A., Dietz, R. & Asmund, G. 2000: The Seas Around Greenland. In:
Sheppard, C.R.C. (ed.): Seas at the Millennium: an Environmental Evaluation. Pergamon. - Volume I Regional
Chapters: Europe, The Americas and West Africa : pp. 5-16.
Teilmann, J. & Dietz, R. 1998: Status of the Harbour Porpoise in Greenland. - Polar Biology 19: 211-220.
Teilmann, J., Born, E.W. & Acquarone, M. 1999: Behaviour of ringed seals tagged with satellite transmitters in the
North Water polynya during fast-ice formation. - Canadian Journal of Zoology 77(12): 1934-1946.
Aastrup, P. 2000: Responses of West Greenland Caribou to the Approach of Humans on Foot. - Polar Research 19(1):
83-90.
Aastrup, P. & Glahder, C.M. 2001: Environmental Regulation of Mineral Exploration in Greenland. In: Olsen, H.K.,
Lorentzen, L. & Rendal, O. (eds.): Mining in the Arctic. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on
Mining in the Arctic, Nuuk, Greenland, 28-31 May 2001. A.A.Balkema Publishers. pp. 3-9.
Aastrup, P., Tamstorf, M.P. & Tukiainen, T. 2001: MINEO. Use of Hyperspectral Data for Monitoring Pollution from
the Lead-Zinc Mine, Mestersvig, in Northeast Greenland. In: Olsen, H.K., Lorentzen, L. & Rendal, O. (eds.): Mining
in the Arctic. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Mining in the Arctic, Nuuk, Greenland, 28-31
May 2001. A.A.Balkema Publishers. pp. 25-28.
Oil spill sensitivity mapping outputs (GIS based maps) can be viewed at: www.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Miljoetilstand/3_natur/sensitivity_mapping/index.htm
Areas important to wildlife (sensitive areas) can be viewed at:
http://bmp.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_miljoe-tilstand/3_natur/bmp
2. Long-range transported chemical substances in the Arctic
The environmental problem
Chemical substances produced and emitted within the industrialised world are transported to the
Arctic environment through the atmosphere or via sea currents. Thus, elevated levels of chemical
substances in animal species have been detected, particularly at higher trophic levels. These
chemical substances constitute a health problem to people living in the Arctic, as traditional foods
remain an important part of their overall diet. The Arctic Council has adopted a circumpolar
strategy for environmental protection in order to monitor and assess pollution, assess the effects and
point to opportunities for reducing the problem of long-range transported chemical substances
(Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, AMAP).
Research
NERI plays a central part within the AMAP as regards research and monitoring of levels, trends,
and effects of long-range transported chemical substances (heavy metals and organic compounds) in
Greenlandic biota (PC 68, 69). Sources of human exposure to inorganic and organic contaminants
in Greenland are analysed in cooperation with other research institutions (Danish and Canadian) in
order to provide advice on diet (PC 70). This dietary advice needs to be balanced, so work is also
undertaken to analyse the positive aspects of the foods traditionally eaten in the area (fatty acid
composition). Impact studies have looked at the pathological effects of organic contaminants in
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polar bears and seals (PC 71). In the years to come these studies will be expanded in scope to
include controlled dose-response experiments on sledge dogs (started in 2003).
Studies of selected contaminants (such as mercury) have been initiated in 2003 in cooperation with
other NERI departments and external partners. The objective is to develop models for the transport
and fate of such contaminants within Greenlandic eco-systems.
Monitoring and consultancy
AM coordinates the national AMAP monitoring work in Greenland, a scheme which involves
regular collection and analysis of selected organisms. Results and assessments are reported to the
Danish Environmental Protection Agency and the AMAP Secretariat. Results are included in the
national and international assessments of pollution in the Arctic, published every four years. The
results are also used in dietary advice given to the Greenlandic population.
Contributions from local sources of pollution are monitored and assessed. One example would be
leaching of environmental contaminants from waste dumps to the marine environment.
Key outputs, 1998-2003
Selected scientific publications:
Asmund, G. & Cleemann, M. 2000: Analytical Methods, Quality Assurance and Quality Control Used in the Greenland
AMAP Programme. - The Science of the Total Environment 245(1-3): 203-219.
Dietz, R., Riget, F. & Born, E.W. 2000: An Assessment of Selenium to Mercury in Greenland Marine Animals. - The
Science of the Total Environment 245(1-3): 15-24.
Dietz, R., Riget, F., Cleemann, M., Aarkrog, A., Johansen, P. & Hansen, J.C. 2000: Comparison of Contaminants from
Different Trophic Levels and Ecosystems. - The Science of the Total Environment 245(1-3): 221-231.
Johansen, P., Asmund, G. & Riget, F. 2001: Lead Contamination of Seabirds Harvested with Lead Shot - Implications
to Human Diet in Greenland. - Environmental Pollution 112: 501-504.
Johansen, P., Pars, T. & Bjerregaard, P. 2000: Lead, Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium Intake by Greenlanders from
Local Marine Food. - The Science of the Total Environment 245(1-3): 187-194.
Riget, F. & Dietz, R. 2000: Temporal Trends of Cadmium and Mercury in Greenland Marine Biota. - The Science of
the Total Environment 245(1-3): 49-60.
Riget, F., Asmund, G. & Aastrup, P. 2000: The Use of Lichen (Cetraria nivalis) and Moss (Rhacomitrium lanuginosum)
as Monitors for Atmospheric Deposition in Greenland. - The Science of the Total Environment 245(1-3): 137-148.
Riget, F., Dietz, R. & Cleemann, M. 2000: Evaluation of the Greenland AMAP Programme 1994-1995, by Use of
Power Analysis (Illustrated by Selected Heavy Metals and POPs). - The Science of the Total Environment 245(1-3):
249-259.
Sonne-Hansen, C., Dietz, R., Leifsson, P.S., Hyldstrup, L. & Riget, F. 2002: Cadmium Toxicity to Ringed Seals (Phoca
hispida): an Epidemiological Study of Possible Cadmium-Induced Nethropathy and Osteodystrophy in Ringed Seals
(Phoca hispida) from Quaanaaq in Northwest Greenland. - The Science of the Total Environment 295: 167-181.
Based on the national AMAP four-year assesment report (2002), NERI is currently editing a special issue of The
Science of the Total Environment (to be published late 2003/early 2004).
3. Effects of climate changes in Arctic eco-systems
The environmental problem
Global warming is expected to have dramatic impacts on Arctic biodiversity, eco-system functions,
CO2 exchange, and socio-economics. It is estimated that the High Arctic zone will become smaller
thereby causing biodiversity losses, whereas the Low Arctic and Sub-Arctic zones are expected to
grow larger and more productive. The Arctic Council has initiated a programme for monitoring the
effects of climate changes in the Arctic. The main Danish contribution to this monitoring concerns
an integrated terrestrial and marine monitoring programme in High Arctic Greenland (Zackenberg).
Research
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NERI plays a central part as regards coordination, monitoring and research relating to the impact of
climate changes on Arctic, terrestrial and marine eco-systems and biodiversity (PC 80). AM is in
charge of the biological monitoring programme (BioBasis) and collaborates with the Institute of
Geography, University of Copenhagen, on geo-related monitoring (GeoBasis) of climate changes in
Zackenberg in High-Arctic North-East Greenland. This monitoring programme will be maintained
and expanded in the years to come, integrating terrestrial biological, abiotic, climatological, and
marine-ecological research and monitoring to the widest possible extent. By means of GIS, remote
sensing and other techniques, data and scenarios from Zackenberg will be expanded to develop
regional analyses of the impact of climate changes on CO2 exchange and biodiversity. There is a
need for better calibration between terrestrial primary production, greenness index and CO2
exchange, as well as for better knowledge of the impact of climate change on lower trophic levels,
particularly soil processes.
The studies of the impact of climate effects on terrestrial Arctic eco-systems includes an
international research project on the development of goose populations and the impact of their
grazing on tundra vegetation on Svalbard (FRAGILE under the Fifth EU Framework Programme).
In the years to come, emphasis will be placed on interdisciplinary work to establish models for the
effects on climate changes in Greenland. This will involve the integration of terrestrial and marine
research regarding carbon balance, biodiversity, and impacts on society.
Monitoring
The monitoring programme in Zackenberg involves coordinated work carried out by a number of
institutions. Results are reported to the Danish Environmental Protection Agency each year, and the
Agency then coordinates the Danish input to the climate assessment carried out by the Arctic
Council.
Key outputs, 1998-2003
Selected scientific publications:
Forchhammer, M.C., Post, E., Stenseth, N.C. & Boertmann, D.M. 2002: Long-Term Responses in Arctic Ungulate
Dynamics to Changes in Climatic and Trophic Processes. - Population Ecology 44: 113-120.
Klaassen, M., Lindström, Å., Meltofte, H. & Piersma, T. 2001: Arctic Waders are not Capital Breeders. - Nature
413(6858): 794.
Madsen, J., Frederiksen, M. & Ganter, B. 2002: Trends in Annual and Seasonal Survival of Pink-Footed Geese (Anser
brachyrhynchus). - Ibis 144(2): 218-226.
Meltofte, H. 2001: Wader Population Censuses in the Arctic: Getting the Timing Right. - Arctic 54(4): 367-376.
Schmidt, N.M., Berg, T.B. & Jensen, T.S. 2002: The Influence of Body Mass on Daily Movement Patterns and Home
Ranges of the Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus). - Canadian Journal of Zoology 80(1): 64-69.
The BioBasis programme is described in details on:
http://biobasis.dmu.dk
The Zackenberg programme is decribed on:
http://www.zackenberg.dk.
4. Marine mammals
The environmental problem
Danish marine mammals (mainly seals and harbour porpoise) are exposed to a number of
anthropogenic impacts: they are top predators, meaning they ingest and accumulate many
environmental toxins; porpoises drown in fishing nets; building and construction activities may
disturb the animals at their resting and feeding grounds. In addition to this, the population of
harbour seal has been affected by mass death which may have been exacerbated by other stress
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factors. Seals and porpoises fall within the scope of the EU Habitat Directive. Thus, there is a need
for basic data on the populations and their distribution, monitoring of the populations, and data on
their response to human impacts.
Research
Working in cooperation with other research institutions in Denmark and abroad, AM has built up
substantial expertise on marine mammals and their population biology, environmental impacts and
response to human activities (see also theme 1 above)(PC 62). All new methods and technologies
have been used as they become available and have been developed further to arrive at a combined
description of marine mammals' spatial and temporal use of their habitats. Population surveys are
carried out by ship and plane, migrations and population range are mapped by means of satellite
tracking and genetic analyses; activity patterns are studied by means of hydrophones and web
camera surveillance. The data established is used to identify sensitive areas and periods in relation
to human impacts, environmental impact assessment as well as for population monitoring (PC 66).
Attention is focused on studies of the effects of marine construction activities, by-catches, raw
material activities, population regulation, and mass deaths (most recently happening in harbour
seals in 2002).
In the years to come, AM will continue to expand this focus, e.g. in connection with international
offshore wind farm projects, and designation of offshore special protection areas. There is a need to
strengthen population dynamic and spatial modelling. AM has established a laboratory for age
determination of mammals by means of dental analyses and will continue to develop its
competencies within this area.
Monitoring and consultancy
AM is responsible for monitoring seals in Denmark and provides data to the ‘Fagdatacenter for
Biodiversitet’ (Center for Biodiversity). An international inventory of populations of small
cetaceans in the North Sea and eastern Atlantic is scheduled for 2004–05. AM is responsible for
Denmark's contribution.
AM provides advice for the Danish Forest and Nature Agency on issues concerning marine
mammal management and protection, both within national contexts (management plans, ad-hoc
consultation) and international contexts (ASCOBANS under the Bonn Convention, ICES).
Key outputs, 1998-2003
Selected scientific publications:
Teilmann, J., Miller, L.A., Kirketerp, T., Kastelein, R.A., Madsen, P.T., Nielsen, B.K. & Au, W.W.L. 2002:
Characteristics of Echolocation Signals used by a Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in a Target Detection
Experiment. - Aquatic Mammals 28(3): 275-284.
Teilmann, J. 2003: Influence of seastate on abundance estimates of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). – Journal
of Cetacean Research and Management 4 (2) (in press).
Teilmann, J., Tougaard, J., Kirketerp, T., Anderson, K., Labberté, S. & Miller, L. 2003: Harbour porpoises (Phocoena
phocoena) habituate to pinger-like sounds. Marine Mammal Science (in press).
See also Theme 1 for selected publications.
Cooperation and networks
AM cooperates with a number of research institutions in Denmark, Greenland, and internationally.
The most important partners are mentioned below.
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AM's most important external partner is the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources in Nuuk. A
formal agreement has signed on project cooperation, data exchange, staff exchange, and chartering
of research ships. The scope of the cooperation primarily centres on marine birds, marine and
terrestrial mammals, and collection of environmental samples.
AM also cooperates with the Canadian Wildlife Service, the Icelandic Institute for Nature
Conservation and the Norwegian Polar Institute on research on and monitoring of Arctic birds and
marine mammals.
Mapping of sensitive coastal areas is carried out in collaboration with the Geological Survey of
Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), the Greenland National Archives, the Greenland Institute of
Natural Resources, and others.
A formal cooperation agreement has been entered into between the department of Arctic
Environment, the Department of Atmospheric Environment (NERI), and the Institute of
Environmental Medicine at the University of Aarhus. The objective of this agreement is to expand
the scope of cooperation and to work towards an integration of the biological/chemical and the
human health disciplines within the AMAP initiatives.
The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme also involves cooperation with Environment
Canada, the Norwegian Polar Institute, RISØ National Laboratory in Denmark, and others.
Research and monitoring in Zackenberg is carried out in close collaboration with the Institute of
Population Biology and the Institute of Geography (University of Copenhagen), ASIAQ
(Greenland), the Department of Marine Ecology (NERI) and the Danish Polar Center. AM has
entered into a formal cooperation agreement with the Institute of Geography at the University of
Copenhagen on the abiotic monitoring programme (GeoBasis) in Zackenberg. This will help
promote better integration between the individual sub-programmes.
Other climate-related research is carried out in cooperation with the Norwegian Institute for Nature
Research (NINA), the Institute of Nature Conservation (Belgium), the Netherlands Institute of
Ecology, the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (UK), UNIS (Svalbard), University of Groningen (the
Netherlands), and others.
Studies of marine mammals in Denmark are carried out in cooperation with Hedeselskabet (a
consultancy firm), the University of Southern Denmark, the Danish Institute for Fisheries Research,
the Danish Fisheries and Maritime Museum, Stockholm's Museum of Natural History, the
University of Gothenburg in Sweden, ALTERRA (the Netherlands), and others.
Within the National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark, AM actively collaborates on
projects with most of the other departments
Higher education
In 2003, AM staff will act as external study directors for five PhD students (two from the University
of Copenhagen, two from the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University (KVL), and one from
the Technical University of Denmark (DTU)) and six undergraduate students working on their
M.Sc. theses (from the University of Copenhagen, Uiversity of Southern Denmark and the Royal
Veterinary and Agricultural University).
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During 1998-2003, AM has successfully finalised 9 M.Sc. and 7 PhD projects in collaboration with
various universities.
Members of AM staff hold courses at the University of Copenhagen (Arctic biology) and Roskilde
University (Environmental assessment). Members of AM staff frequently act as external examiners
in connection with M.Sc. and PhD theses.
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