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The New
American
Imperialism
and the Rise
of AngloAmerican
Friendship
We are Anglo-Saxons, and must obey our blood and occupy new
markets, and, if necessary, new lands.
Senator Albert Beveridge (April 27, 1898)
Main Ideas
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American Foreign Policy 1865-1914
The 5Ds of American Expansionism
American Imperialism
Growing Anglo-American Friendship
Open Door Policy
American Foreign Policy (1865-1914)
and the 5 Ds of Expansionism
• Ever since the 1790s, U.S. foreign policy had been centered on expanding
westward, protecting U.S. interests abroad, and limiting foreign influences in the
Americas.
• Now in the late 19th century, America expanded its influence across the Pacific to
the Philippines and became a world power
 Dollars – need for raw materials; need for overseas markets; foreign investment of
surplus domestic capital
 Defense – oceans providing less protection; need to identify friends and enemies; need
for bases for refueling, encouraged by Alfred Thayer Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power
Upon History (1890)
 Deity – to spread Christianity; Josiah Strong advocated expansion to spread religious
values in his book, Our Country
 Destiny – Manifest Destiny; new expansionism was intended to meet needs of industry,
not agriculture
 Democracy – to promote democracy around the world
Seward, Alaska, and the French in
Mexico
William Henry Seward
was the 12th Governor
of New York, United
States Senator and the
United States Secretary
of State under Lincoln
and Johnson.
• A leading Republican of the 1850s and 60s,
William H. Seward of New York served under
Lincoln and Johnson as their secretary of state
• During the Civil War, Seward helped prevent
Great Britain and France from entering the war
on the side of the South
• He was a strong expansionist, but failed to
convince Congress to annex Hawaii or purchase
the Danish West Indies
• He did however achieve the annexation of
Midway Islands and gained the rights to build a
canal in Nicaragua
Seward, Alaska, and the French in
Mexico continued…
The signing of the Alaska
Treaty of Cessation on
March 30, 1867.
• Napoleon III had taken advantage of U.S.
involvement in the Civil War by sending
French troops to occupy Mexico
• After the Civil War, Seward invoked the
Monroe Doctrine and threatened military
action if France did not leave-Napoleon
backed down
• Shortly after the French removal, Seward
persuaded the Congress in 1867 to purchase
Alaska for 7.2 million from Russia
• Americans did not see the value initially and
called the acquisition sarcastically
“Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox”
The New Imperialism
“God has not been preparing the
English-speaking and Teutonic
peoples for a thousand years for
nothing. He has made us the
master organizers of the world to
establish system where chaos
reigns.”
-Albert Beveridge
• As the United States industrialized in
the late 19th century, it also intensified
its foreign involvement party because
of
(1) worldwide markets for its industrial
and agricultural surpluses
(2) sources of raw materials for
manufacturing
(3) many conservatives hoped that
overseas territories might offer an
outlet for unhappiness at home
Imperialism
The New American Empire
• America was not alone in its desire
to pursue a policy of imperialism
• Other nations across Europe, led by
Britain, France, Germany, and
Russia (Japan as well), were
involved in gaining possessions and
influence in weaker countries
• In the United States, advocates of
American expansion included the
following
(1) missionaries
(2) politicians
(3) naval strategists
(4) journalists
American Expansionists
The political thinker Brooks
Adams, in his influential 1896
book The Law of Civilization
and Decay, wrote that “the
time had come” when surplus
American products “must be
sold abroad,” especially in the
immense markets of Asia.
Missionaries:
-Reverend Josiah Strong wrote that people of
Anglo-Saxon stock were “fittest to survive”
and that it was their duty to spread
Christianity and Western civilization
Politicians:
-Congressional leaders such as Henry Cabot
Lodge of Massachusetts and Republican
governor of New York Theodore Roosevelt
were eager to build U.S. power
Naval Power:
-U.S. Navy Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote
The Influence of Sea Power Upon History
-Using his arguments, the Congress financed the
construction of modern steel ships (by 1900,
the U.S. was 3rd largest naval power)
American Expansionists continued…
Popular Press:
-Newspapers and magazine editors
found that they could increase
circulation by printing adventure
stories about distant places
-this increased public interest and
stimulated demands for a larger
U.S. role in world affairs
On the cover of Puck Magazine - the
National personification of the US —
preens herself with an Easter bonnet in the
form of a warship bearing the words "World
Power" and the word "Expansion" on the
smoke coming out of its stack.
U.S. Interests in Latin America
The Pan American
Union Building was
constructed in 1910,
on Constitution
Avenue, Northwest,
Washington, D.C.
Blaine and the Pan-American Conferences:
-Secretary of State James G. Blaine established
closer ties with Latin American nations in 1889
(he wanted tariff reductions)
-The Pan-American Union was created to establish
international cooperation on trade and other
issues
-it continues today as the OSA (Organization of
American States)
Cleveland, Olney, and the Monroe Doctrine:
- In 1895-1896, President Cleveland and Secretary
of State Richard Olney insisted to arbitrate a
boundary issue (colony of Guiana) between Great
Britain and Venezuela
The Growing U.S.-British Friendship
An 1896 cartoon from an
American newspaper, following
Britain's agreement to go to
arbitration.
• The dispute over the boundary between
Venezuela and British Guiana brought the
most serious crisis in relations since the
Civil War.
• The British capitulated because:
(1) trade with the U.S. was very important
(2) there were British concerns over
threats to its world position
(3) the U.S. threatened possible military
measures
• British capitulation in the Venezuelan
boundary dispute enormously enhanced
U.S. prestige and strengthened the Monroe
Doctrine.
The Convergence of U.S. and British
Interests
Punch cartoon after the conclusion
of the Tribunal of Arbitration.
PEACE AND PLENTY. Lord
Salisbury (chuckling). "I like
arbitration — In the PROPER
PLACE!"
• Most interests were identical or
complementary:
-In the Caribbean, the British wanted
only to hold on to what they already
had, not to expand
-The U.S. had no interests in Africa,
where the British dominated
-In China, both the U.S. and Britain
favored open access to trade by all
nations.
-The coming war between the U.S. and
Spain would influence U.S.-British
relations.
Open Door Policy in China
John Milton Hay was
an American statesman,
diplomat, author,
journalist, and private
secretary and assistant to
Abraham Lincoln.
• Europeans were further impressed by U.S.
involvement in global politics as a result of
Secretary of State John Hay’s policies toward
China
• In the 1890s, Russia, Japan, Great Britain,
France, and Germany had established spheres of
influence that led to their dominance in trade and
investment
• To prevent the U.S. from losing access to China,
Hay dispatched a note in 1899 to nations holding
spheres of influence
• He requested an Open Door Policy (the press
hailed the initiative)
Boxer Rebellion, 1900
A French political cartoon
depicting China as a king
cake is about to be carved up
by Queen Victoria (Britain),
Wilhelm II (Germany),
Nicolas II (Russia),
Marianne (France), and a
samurai (Japan) while a
Mandarin official helplessly
looks on.
• Nationalism and xenophobia were on the
rise in China
• A secret society of Chinese nationalists-the
Society of Harmonious Fists, or Boxers-did
the following:
(1) Attacked foreign settlements
(2) Murdered dozens of Christian missionaries
-To protect American lives, the U.S. sent troops
(international force) into Beijing and
quickly crushed the rebellion
Hay’s second round of notes:
-Hay feared that the expeditionary force in
China might attempt to occupy the country
and destroy its independence
Hay’s Response
Troops of the Eight nations alliance
in 1900.
Left to right: Britain, United States,
Australian, British India,
Germany, France, Austria-Hungary,
Italy, Japan
• In 1900, Hay wrote a second note
to the imperialistic powers stating
U.S. commitment to:
(1) preserve China’s territorial
integrity
(2) safeguard “equal and impartial
trade with all parts of the Chinese
empire
• Hay’s Open Door Policy greatly
influenced the McKinley and
Roosevelt administrations as well
as the U.S.’s policy toward China
and Japan in the 1930s
Timeline
• 1895 - Venezuela Boundary dispute
- U.S. v. E. C. Knight Co.
• 1896 - William McKinley elected twenty-fifth president
- Plessy v. Ferguson
• 1897 - Diesel engine invented
• 1898 - Battleship Maine sunk
- Spanish-American War
- Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward published
• 1899 - Open Door Policy announced
Key Names, Events, and Terms
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William Seward
Napoleon III
Mexico
Alaska purchase 1867
Josiah Strong, Our Country
Alfred Thayer Mahan, The
Influence of Sea Power Upon
History
Pan-American Conference 1889
James Blaine
Richard Olney
Venezuela boundary dispute
John Hay
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Spheres of influence
Open Door Policy
Xenophobia
Boxer Rebellion
Question
Which of the following statements best defines the Open
Door policy?
(a) The U.S. would encourage greater immigration from
Europe and Asia.
(b) The U.S. would seek spheres of influence in China.
(c) Japan would not be permitted to trade in China.
(d) All nations should have equal trading rights in China.
(e) All nations should have equal trading rights in all
parts of the world.
Answer
D: All nations should have equal trading rights in
China.