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th 9 American History Mr. Sparks 1920s Crash - 1930s FDR Europe: Rise of Dictators WWII 1920’s Politics & Economy A REPUBLICAN DECADE 1921-1923 1923-1929 1929-1933 Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover Warren Harding Heart Attack “Silent Cal” DOMESTIC POLICY “The Chief Business of the American People is Business” Supported Wave of Prosperity CONSUMERISM Top 200 Companies: 1919 - $43 Billion 1929 - $81 Billion Per Capita Income: 1922 - $672 - $857 1929 1928 Presidential Election Continued to Ride Wave of Prosperity Herbert Hoover Alfred Smith Problems with Prosperity Uneven Prosperity 1929: 0.1% pop. - $100,000 or More 34% of Savings 71% pop.- less than $2,500 80% - NO SAVINGS Living Paycheck to Paycheck Installment plans = debt Personal Debt Supply and Demand Ford has to cut back on production: -labor cuts -Impacts other industries as well. Speculation in the Stock Market BULL Market John Raskob Market Value of Stocks: 1925 - $27 Billion 1928 - $38 Billion 1929 - $87 Billion “Everybody Ought to be RICH!” Some people began to buy stocks on margin, which is similar to installment buying. * Unquestioned faith in the bull market helped lead to the Great Depression! Businesses need $ to survive = loans from banks. People panic and withdraw their entire savings. Banks go bankrupt. Business can’t get loans, leads to more layoffs. Banks don’t have your money anymore, and now you don’t have a job either. 1932 Election Hoover runs for re-election. However, he is blamed for the crash and the poor economy (scape-goat). 1933-1945 Franklin Delano Roosevelt wins the election and creates a “New Deal” to get the US out of the depression. WWII ends the depression, not the New Deal. Mr. Sparks th 9 American History FDR End of WWII FDR Elected President 1932-1945 The New Deal • A series of government created projects designed to provide jobs as well as to create and improve infrastructure while providing stability in the economy. • Often referred to as “Alphabet Soup” – Student PPT Projects (FDIC, CCC, AAA) What Was the New Deal? Series of govt. legislation during FDR’s terms that transformed the role of govt. in the lives of Americans. 1st step: Get rid of Prohibition! Deficit Spending: Practice of spending money that doesn’t exist to stimulate the economy. How does FDR battle the Depression? FDR fights to end people panicking. Begins “Fireside Chats” over the radio to do this. The NRA: National Recovery Administration Uses Blue Eagle as mascot. Allowed price fixing and business mixes closer to government “advice.” The goal of the NRA is to show America that the govt. is doing something! The CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps. Puts people to work replanting trees, weeding farms creating irrigation, building parks TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority Creates modernization program in poor rural areas of Tennessee. Hydro electrical dams built. Govt. creates jobs where private business used to. Seen as socialism. “Take a method and try it. If it fails, try another.” -- FDR What were the drawbacks to the New Deal? 1. Govt. becomes bigger, therefore more expensive 2. No immediate results, no major drop in unemployment 3. AAA (Agricultural Agency) paid farmers not to farm 4. Creates an air of entitlement: people get something for nothing which exists today Did the New Deal Work? Unemployment barely dipped below 10% Dust Bowl made things worse Biggest impact: Psychological. Gave back optimism to the people. What did FDR accomplish in his first term? 1932-1936 1. Calmed the public down & kept faith in govt. 2. Expanded the govt. 3. Allowed the democratic process to survive instead of pushed aside as Hitler was doing in Germany How Did the Great Depression Bring Hitler to Power? The Dawes Plan: Charles C. Dawes, US economist comes up with plan to help ease German war repayments after WW I. Germany was forced to pay $32 billion to US, England & France after WW I. -Germany owes $$ to France & Britain. -France & Britain owe $$ to the US So… -The US loans $$ to Germany to pay France & Britain. France & Britain then pay back the US. What are the pros/cons of the Dawes Plan? Meet the Dictators Soviet Union Italy Germany Totalitarian Government • Totalitarian rule: – exerting total control over a nation – dominates every aspect of life in that country – power derived from the destruction of individuals – those who disagree are silenced, beaten, killed Fascism • Fascism – system of government marked by stringent social and economic control, a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator, and often a policy of belligerent nationalism – emphasizes the importance of a nation, or ethnic group, and the supreme authority of a leader • Fascist Dictators – Adolf Hitler (Germany) – Benito Mussolini (Italy) Germany Year 1932 Fascist Leader Adolf Hitler – “Mein Kampf” Supporters Nazi Party – “brownshirts” Postwar Problems Hit Reasons for Public Support Inflation, by Depression People living in poverty unemployment Economic depression Unhappiness with Treaty of Versailles – appealed to citizens’ feelings of humiliation Italy Year 1922 Fascist Leader Benito Mussolini Supporters Fascist Party – “blackshirts” Postwar Problems Strikes, Reasons for Public Support High riots Economic problems unemployment Dissatisfaction with terms of Treaty of Versailles Mussolini – WWI Veteran Spain Year 1939 Leader Francisco Franco Supporters Fascist Party (Nationalists) Postwar Problems Civil Reasons for Public Support Liberal war – (ends in 1939) Nationalists backed by Germans; Republicans backed by Soviets Labor strikes reforms in 1931 constitution Intimidation German supports Spain. Italy and Germany support each other. As a result of this new government, and the previous Civil War in Spain, Spain will not play a large factor in WWII. Japan Emperor Hirohito Year Hideki Tojo 1926 Emperor Hirohito Semi-divine 1941-1944 Hideki Tojo Prime Minister Leader Military Leaders Supporters Militarists Postwar Problems Needed Reasons for Public Support Worsening natural resources to modernize economic problems Communism • Communism – A system of government based on the idea that all goods and land are owned by the society as a whole. The good of the community is placed above the good of the individual. • Although they share some similarities, communist and fascist leaders have historically been enemies -A Revolution is often needed. (Too much power held by too few) -Old ideas must be removed. -All must move forward, or none move forward (equality) -For true communism to work, it must spread throughout the world (Domino Effect). (Cold War, Korean War, Vietnam) Soviet Union Year 1924 Leader Stalin Supporters Communists Postwar Problems Economic Reasons for Public Support Reign failure People starving of Terror Great Purge Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republic USSR • Joseph Stalin – Took over after Lenin died (Lenin more moderate) – 1924 “One great leap forward” – a vicious brand of communism, reworked economy – Like fascism, communism relies on a strong dictator, and does not represent or preserve individual rights or freedoms (Big Brother, 1984) Red= Blood of the revolution (Workers/Farmers) Hammer= tools of the workers (Urban/Industry). Sickle = tools of the peasant (Agriculture). Star = Represents the Communist Party China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, Vietnam Stalin’s Reign of Terror • Political Domination via purges – “Purified” the Communist Party by removing opponents and anyone else he believed to be a threat to his power or ideas • Great Purge of 1939 – Stalin’s agents arrested >7 million people – >1 million executed, millions of others in camps – Purges successfully eliminated any resistance Fascism in Italy • Benito Mussolini – “Il Duce,” the leader – Fought and injured in WWI – Believed the Versailles treaty deprived Italy – Charismatic speaker, found supporters – Formed the revolutionary Fascist party, 1919 Fascism in Italy • Organized gangs of fascists developed around Italy – Vowed to end Italy’s economic problems – Blackshirts – thugs who control the opposition • By 1922, Mussolini had built so much power, he threatened to march on Rome – The king of Italy panicked and appointed him prime minister Fascism in Italy • Goal 1: to improve economic conditions – suspended elections, outlawed other political parties – Established a dictatorship – Firm control improved Italy’s economy • Other European nations commend him! Fascism in Italy • Goal 2: to build an empire – Dreams of a new Roman empire (Wants to control the Mediterranean Sea ) – Fascist slogan: “A country is nothing without conquest” • 1935, Italy invades Ethiopia – Overpowered Ethiopian resistance – Ethiopian emperor fled • Other European nations horrified! Ethiopia backfires: Europe turns its back on Mussolini & Italy. Mussolini sees Hitler as his only ally and begins dealing with him. Europe, Africa, Asia, Middle East Hitler’s Rise to Power • Served in WWI (wounded) • Furious with Germany’s part in the Versailles treaty – Stripped Germany of land and colonies – Huge burden of debt for war damage in Fr, Bel, GB – War-guilt clause which blamed Germany for starting WWI The Nazi Party • 1919, Hitler joins the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazi Party – Fascism with German Nationalism and Racial Superiority • Hitler becomes leader of Nazi Party – Powerful, fanatical public speaker – Focus on German’s national humiliation drew support • Failed attempt to overthrow German Gov’t – Hitler imprisoned, authors “Mein Kampf” “Mein Kampf” • “My Struggle,” composed in prison • Outlined Nazi philosophy – His views on Germany’s problems • Blamed minorities for weakening Germany – Notably, Jewish • Called for purification of the Aryan Race – Removal of undesirable races = mass extermination / genocide Germany turns to Hitler • Great Depression hits Germany, 1930’s • Nazi Party promises – National respect – economic stabilization – restored empire • 1932 elections, Hitler loses to Paul von Hindenburg – Hindenburg makes Hitler chancellor, head of German gov’t • Hitler as chancellor – Ends freedom of speech, – Violently silences critics using brownshirts, Nazi thugs Hitler is made Chancellor of Germany Jan. 30, 1933 Goal: Get Hitler as much control of the govt. until Hindenburg dies. What happened? Feb. 1933: Reichstag burns. The Nazis did it but it is a way to blame & get rid of communists The Reichstag burns to the ground after “communists” apparently torch it… Hitler declares state of emergency and and gets new laws passed giving him unlimited power and ability to get rid of any opposition. 1934: The SA has become too big and too uncontrollable. Rohm is becoming rebellious. Hitler needs the army, but Army hates Rohm & SA. Either Hitler gets rid of SA or army will get rid of Hitler. Hindenburg dies Aug. 2nd 1934. Hitler combines offices of Chancellor and President. Army allows this in exchange for rearming it. Hitler makes all soldiers take oath of loyalty to HIM not the army or govt.! He is called Fuhrer. The Third Reich has officially begun… 1935: Announces he is making a new air force just to see what happens. Nothing does. So…then he announces he is beefing up army from 100,000 men to 500,000. Nothing happens. THEN says he is rebuilding Navy with subs! Britain says OK with some restrictions. • 1936 • Nuremburg Party Rally – Adolf Hitler leads 180,000 in an “Oath to Germany” 1938 Man of the Year – Banners, flags, spotlights, stages – Grand spectacles essential to building power. – Increased size of the military – Rebuilds Navy including U-BOATS – Builds tanks and develops new weapons (V-2 Rocket) * Most importantly, he re-establishes PRIDE in Germany in the form of Nationalism. Why Did He Hate the Jews? Myth: Blamed Jewish doctor for Klara’s painful death from breast cancer. (Adolf’s mother) Fact: - Possibly 1/4 Jewish himself - Racial influences in Vienna (Austria) - Rejection from Vienna Academy - Racial purity What about the Swastika? Ancient symbol: Hinduism/Buddhism Hitler equates with racial superiority and sign of upcoming race war Begins Hitler’s racial policies against Jews. Germany retaliates for German ambassador assassinated by Jewish gunman. Jewish shops boycotted, synagogues burned, people humiliated. START OF WWII: EUROPE - Sept. 1, 1939: Nazis invade Poland - June, 1940: France Falls - July, 1940: Battle of Britain - June, 1941: Barbarossa - Nov., 1941: FDR & Churchill meet - Dec. 1941: Pearl Harbor Hitler’s Quest for New Territory The same routine is followed: - Create tension - Make unrealistic demands - Start an “incident” - Send in troops to “stop incident” - Occupy territory Germany invades Poland Sept. 1, 1939 England declares war to Hitler’s surprise. WW II has begun… What was going on in the US? - FDR declares US as neutral but watching carefully. - States allied nations may buy materiel in cash & transport on their own ships - FDR downplays US entering the war. “Europe’s fight” - Poland invaded. England & France mobilize - Nazis use BLITZKRIEG to invade Poland. Blitzkrieg: Lightning war. Strategy is to hit hard & fast before enemy can hit back. Poland falls in less than 4 weeks. Hitler tries to backpedal with Britain saying he will invade no more. England doesn’t buy it. USSR secretly carves up Poland with Nazis SS forms special squads called Einsatzgruppen. Kill all threats to German occupation: intelligentsia, Jews, resistors. Death camps begin construction in Poland Holocaust “Sacrifice by Fire” Hitler knows he must fight the West. Will revamp old Schliefen Plan into the Manstein Plan while England readies. Manstein Plan: Hit France first over Ardennes Mts. while planning fake attack in Belgium. The Maginot Line: Defensive fence built by France to keep Germany from invading again. 1940: USSR invades Finland. Hitler sends troops to Norway and Denmark to protect allied foothold. Britain beats Germany in Norway but Germany takes Denmark. By Feb. of 1940 Chamberlain resigns after loss of Denmark and Norway. Bad for Hitler because this paves the way for… WINSTON CHURCHILL Winston Spencer Churchill Former Admiral of Navy Veteran of Boer War Heavy Drinker Cigar Smoker Prone to depression Strong, arrogant & Hitler’s worst nightmare Becomes British Prime Minister 1940 after Chamberlain resigns Dunkirk British & French British & French Forces are pushed to the sea by Nazi advance to beaches of Dunkirk! Hitler orders his tanks & army to halt! Churchill takes the chance and orders giant evacuation of all troops! Sends every boat possible from England to rescue 400,000 men! The Miracle of Dunkirk: May, 1940. Allied forces trapped by Nazis in Belgium. Hitler’s first mistake of the war: He let the British & French escape from Dunkirk! Hitler smashes into France. French forces are crumbling. Within 9 weeks Germany is Paris and France sues for peace…WW I haunts them. French resistance force led by Gen. Charles DeGaulle escapes to North Africa. France is divided and humiliated by Hitler. Northern half is occupied France. Southern half is Vichy France. Wants to show England he is generous… Hitler’s 2nd Mistake: Bombed useless cities instead of strategic airfields and factories! Operation Sea Lion: Invade England. Goering wants Luftwaffe to soften up Britain before invading. Must knock out the Royal Air Force (RAF) The Blitz: All out air attack of England in fall of 1940. holds off the Nazis! What was the Lend-Lease Act? US will “lend” old battleships and weapons to England in exchange for bases in Iceland and payment later. England is close to bankruptcy. They NEED this! FDR is a master of making complex things seem simple. Lend-Lease gets through to Congress. What did the US “lend” to Britain?” Old tanks, airplanes, weapons, ships. FDR calls up the draft “just in case”. “If England falls, the United States will be staring down the barrel of a loaded gun.” -- FDR in his Fireside Chat to the People FDR slowly conditions Americans to get ready for war he knows is coming… 1937: US bans all sale of scrap iron and oil to Japan after US gunboat is accidentally bombed by Japanese in China. By 1941 after Japan invades Indochina, this includes gasoline. Japan is upset. A new military leader, Hideki Tojo has taken over the Japanese govt. Hitler fears Russia will try to grab too much land. Doesn’t trust Russia. Feels time is right to attack Russia! Hitler turns attention from Britain to Russia. Feels if Russia falls England will cave in with fear. - Sept. 1, 1939: Nazis invade Poland - June, 1940: France Falls - July, 1940: Battle of Britain - June, 1941: Barbarossa - Nov., 1941: FDR & Churchill meet - Dec. 1941: Pearl Harbor The Nazi invasion of Russia. June 22, 1941. Why did Hitler invade Russia? Thought it would scare Britain into surrender. Stalin believes the invasion is a mistake. Hitler believes it will be over by October. Stalin turns to Allies. FDR extends Lend-Lease to Soviet Union. 2 Things Screw Up Barbarossa: 1. Hitler has to bail Mussolini out of Greece 2. Yugoslavia turns its back on Hitler & he sends troops to crush it. Both of these delayed the invasion by months! Nov., 1941: Snow halts Nazi’s 30 miles from Moscow. 55 degrees below zero. December 7th, 1941 Japan wants oil fields of Indochina. Attacks Vietnam and other East Asian countries. US froze all assets & banned all oil, gas & scrap iron sales to Japan. Dec. 7th, 1941: Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Surprise dawn raid with air and mini subs. Majority of US fleet are old battleships and are destroyed. 2000 killed. 710 wounded. Results of Pearl Harbor: US abandons isolationism Germany declares war on US next day! US enters into a 2 front war…. What was the Atlantic Wall? Series of fortifications on beaches of France to keep out invasion attempts. France Russia: 1942-1943 Germans are pushed back. Lose Stalingrad. Stalin uses surprise 5 million men from Siberia and mounts new offensive. Nazis are surrounded at Stalingrad. Hitler enraged. World sees Nazis are not invincible. Churchill and FDR meet in Africa and Cairo to talk about a 2nd Front in Europe. Stalin wants one. What were the Nazi “Miracle Weapons?” - Atomic Weapons? - Jet Engines - V (Vengeance) Rockets Albert Einstein Sends his famous letter to FDR. So Where Did the Allies Land First? Italy! 3 successful invasions start with taking of Sicily. Hitler sends in German troops to resist. Italians losing heart for the war. Mussolini has puppet govt. in N. Italy but it is weak. “The Italians never lose a war no matter what side they are on because they are always on the winning side in the end…” -- Hitler’s remarks on Italian resolve. Italy declares war on Germany Sept. 9, 1943 New Italian President Badaglio Operation Overlord June 6, 1944 Hitler realizes there will be a major invasion of Europe now. Calls Rommel home from Africa and Italy to stop it. Allies will invade from England across English Channel into Britain. England English Channel Holland Belgium Where will D-Day happen? Hitler believes at Calais, shortest distance between England France and France… D-Day will focus on invading Hitler’s Atlantic Wall. D-Day means “zero hour”. It does NOT mean Doomsday. It is simply a term for time of attack. D = day, H = Hour Rommel believes it will happen at Normandy. England English Channel Holland Belgium Hitler refuses to believe this. Operation Overlord: Largest amphibious assault to this time. 4000 invasion ships, 600 warships 10,000 planes, 175,000 men France Normandy divided into 5 beaches: Gold& Swordfish: British Juno: Canada Omaha & Utah: US June 6th, 1944: Begins after midnight. Fake attack at Calais but major thrust is Normandy The July, 1944 Plot: Operation Valkyrie Goal: Kill Hitler Who’s Involved? Top Nazi Brass including Rommel! Does it work? No. Gen. Klaus von Stauffenburg on day of plot… Survival of assassinations convinces Hitler he is destined to win. Brings Mussolini to see the damage… Mussolini caught with mistress trying to flee Italy. It ain’t pretty… shot, publicly hung upside-down, spit on, humiliated. The Big 3 at Yalta Near Crimea (Russia) April 12, 1945: FDR dies of cerebral hemorrhage at Warm Springs, GA with Lucy Mercer with him. Hitler and Goebbels rejoice. The nation grieves for a president it had for 12 years… Harry Truman, FDR’s VP from MO is sworn in as President… April 12, 1945. FDR hoped to raise a Dime from every American for Polio Research US and Russian troops meet at the Elbe River. Germany split in half. Ike allows Russians to take Berlin for revenge. COLD WAR Foreshadowing Hitler orders all factories & utilities destroyed. Scorched earth. Speer disobeys orders and prevents total destruction… Hitler marries Eva Braun (mistress) and 24 hours later, 4/30/45 kill themselves. By May, 1945 it is over in Europe. Hitler is dead. Russian, British & US troops occupy all of Germany. Head of Army Alfred Jodl signs the German surrender May 7, 1945 Victory in Europe (VE) Day By May, 1945 Germany has surrendered and Japan is teetering on defeat. The US is closing in and bombing Japan on a regular basis, including massive firebombing. WWII: Pacific Theatre & The Atomic Bomb The US leapfrogs small islands toward the mainland of Japan By 1944 Japan’s Tojo govt. has fallen. Japan is being firebombed regularly. Harry Truman (US), Josef Stalin (USSR), Winston Churchill (England) meet in Potsdam, Germany. Truman issues the Potsdam Declaration: Calls for complete Japanese surrender or face total destruction. President Harry Truman announces that the US has a super weapon. As US gets closer to Japanese main island, Japanese fight harder. What will they do to defend their home? Iwo Jima Feb-March, 1945 More casualties here than during the Battle of Normandy (D-Day invasion). Mount Suribachi, Iwo Jima 22,000 Japanese: .9% surrender The Atomic Bomb project was known as the Manhattan Project. Originated with Albert Einstein and supervised by Dr. Robert Oppenheimer Dr. Robert Oppenheimer Oppenheimer and team test it July, 1944 at 4:45AM. A success… Dr. Albert Einstein Remember Einstein’s letter... 2 Bombs created: Fat Man and Little Boy. To be delivered to Pacific by June, 1945 and dropped on Japan. Hiroshima Vs Nagasaki • • • • • Little Boy Uranium Gun Method 15 kilotons (kt) August 6, 1945 • • • • • Fat Man Plutonium Implosion Method 21 kiloton (kt) August 9, 1945 1st Atomic Bomb delivered over Hiroshima, Japan by US Plane Enola Gay. August 6, 1945 After Hiroshima, Japanese are told to surrender. They refuse, not believing such a weapon exists. Nagasaki is bombed 3 days later. Hundreds of thousands dead from the blast and subsequent radiation poisoning from fallout… Japanese sign surrender on USS Missouri - China & USSR suffer perhaps the most - Germany divided into 2 parts: Free and Communistic - Japan loses everything. Army for defense only & occupied by US even today - 12 million exterminated in Europe by Final Solution America becomes 1st world superpower President Truman REVIEW QUIZ II Operation Sea Lion Operation Barbarossa Operation Overlord Operation Valkyrie Manhattan Project Trinity Little Boy & Fat Man [Hiroshima & Nagasaki] VE Day, VJ Day Winston Churchill Dr. Oppenheimer Albert Einstein Harry S. Truman Gen. Alfred von Stauffenburg RAF The Blitz Blitzkrieg The Holocaust Maginot Line Manstein Plan The Atlantic Wall Start of WWII -Sept 1, 1939 Pearl Harbor Attack -Dec 7, 1941 D-Day Invasion-June 6, 1944