Download Anatomie en Fysiologie Vinyasa 300 TT deel 1

Anatomy en physiology
part 1
Sylvia Welsing-Schaefer 2014/2015
Why?
• To understand how a body is built up
– Bones
– Muscles
– Tendons / ligaments / (fascia)
– Tissues and organs
– Respiration / circulation / nervous system
• To understand how a body functions
• To learn to observe
• Anatomy: the study of the body structure
and the relationships among body parts
• Physiology: the study of the body
function, or how the body works
Basics
Requirements for life to exist
• Water: The body consists of +/- 60% water
• Food: plants or animals broken down into
chemical substances
• Oxygen: in order to oxidize fuel molecules
and obtain their energy
• Appropriate environmental temperature
• Suitable environmental pressure
Characteristics of human beings
• Movement
• (voluntary / involuntary)
• Metabolism and homeostasis
• Catabolism / Anabolism
• Maintain a constant internal environment
• Responsiveness
• Growth an development
• Cellular differentiation
• Reproduction
• Adaptation
• Bones, Brain, Larynx....
Levels of structural organisation
• Chemical level
• Atoms / molecules (H-H-O, H2O)
• Cellular level
• Tissue
• Muscle-, nervous-, connective-, epithelial tissue
• Organs
• Brain, stomach, heart
• Body system
• Circulatory system, digestive system
• Organism
• You yourself!
Levels of structural organisation
Organ / Body systems
• Integumentary
• Skin (glands), nails, hair
• Skeletal and muscular
• Bones, cartillage, tendons, ligaments
• Skeletal-, cardiac-, smooth muscles
• Nervous and endocrine
• Circulatory
• Cardiovascular, lymphatic
• Respiratory
• O2 en CO2
• Digestive
• Digestive tract and glands
• Urinary
• Kidneys and urinary tract
• Reproductive
Body systems
Skeletal system
• Bone: main supporting tissue of the body
–
–
–
–
–
Support
Protection
Transmission of forces / movement
(Hematopoiesis)
(Storage and release of minerals (Ca, P)
• Cartilage
• Tendons
• (Ligaments)
Skeletal system
• Form and shape reflects its function
– Long bones
• Leverage
– Flat bones
• Protection
– Short bones
• Weight bearing
Bone
• Compact bone
• Cancellous / spongy bone
Bone
• Periost
• “outer” Fibrous layer
• “inner” Osteogenic layer
– Osteoblasts
– blood vessels
– elastic fibers
• Where tendons / ligaments
attach
Bone
• Osteoblasts
•
•
•
•
•
Surfaces of developing and growing bone
Deposit collagen and ground substance
Entrapped withing lacunae
Calcification of the matrix
= osteocytes
• Osteoclasts
• Resorption / removal of bone
• Extracellular matrix
• 50% Inorganic salts (Ca-phosphate, Na, K, Mg)
• 50% Organic matrix
– (ground substance (glycosaminoglycans)
– collagen type I 90%)
Bone
• Epiphyse
• Diaphyse
• Metaphyse
Bone
•
•
•
•
•
Continuous and extensive remodeling
Growth
Change size / shape
Stress
Fractures
Cartilage
• (Flexible) Connective tissue
• Stiff
→
Flexible
• Bone
→
Cartilage
→
Muscle
• Chondrocyten
– Extracellular matrix
– (collagen, proteoglycan, elastin fibers)
• Elastic-, hyaline-, fibro-cartilage
Cartilage
• Cartilage
– Elastic:
• Ear, nose, eustachian tube,
epiglottis, trachea, larynx,
bronchial tubes
– Hyaline:
• joints
– Fibro:
•
•
•
•
Intervertebral discs / annulus fibrosis
Symphysis
Menisci
“shock absorbing
– NO BLOOD VESSELS
Skeleton
spine
•
•
•
•
•
Cervical 7
Thoracal 12
Lumbal 5
Sacral 5
Os coccyx (tailbone) 4 (3-5)
• Lordosis
• Kyfosis
spine
• Scoliosis
– Idiopathic
– Congenital
– Neuromuscular
Spine movements
•
•
•
•
Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion L/R
Rotation L/R
Anatomical planes
Anatomical directions
Pelvis
• Os Coxae
– Os ilium (SIAS, SIPS, crista iliaca)
– Os ischii (tuber ischiadicum)
– Os pubis
•
•
•
•
Os Sacrum
SI-joint
Acetabulum
(anteflexion pelvis 10-25°)
Pelvis
•
•
•
•
Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation
• (nutation)
• (counternutation)
Pelvis
Ligaments
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fibrous connective tissue
Links bone to bone at the joint
Stabilize
Allow mobility
Different size and shape
Different function
Ligaments
• Knee
– Short, stout
– Maintaining the
knee as a hinge
Ligaments
• SI
– Dense, broad, thick
– Limit movement of SI joint
• Pelvis / hip
– Thick, strong
– Weight bearing and stabilizing
Ligaments
• Shoulder
– Thin, band-like, confluent with the shoulder
capsule
– Allowing great range of motion
joints
• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial
Synovial joints
• Synovial cavity
• Synovial fluid
• Fibrous capsule
joints
• Hinge
– Knee, elbow (ulna)
• Ball and socket
– Hip, shoulder
• Gliding
– Carpals wrist
• Pivot
– Radio-ulnair joint
• Condoloid
– Radio-carpal joint
• Saddle
– Carpometocarpal, thumb, sternoclaviculair
Femur
•
•
•
•
•
Caput
Corpus
Trochantor major
Trochantor minor
Condylus medialis
– epicondylus
• Condylus lateralis
– epicondylus
Femur
•
•
•
•
•
•
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Internal rotation
External rotation
Tibia (knee)
• Flexion
• Extension
• (In 90° flexion 10-15° rotation)
fibula
• Stabilisation ankle joint
Foot / ankle
•
•
•
•
Dorsal flexion
Plantair flexion
Inversion
Eversion
• Pronation foot (passive)
• Supination foot (passive)
Humerus
•
•
•
•
•
•
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Internal rotation
External rotation
ulna
• Flexion
• extension
Radius / ulna
• Pronation
• Suppination
Wrist
•
•
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•
Dorsal flexion
Palmair flexion
Radial abduction
Ulnar abduction
• Pronation
• Suppination
Fingers / toes
•
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Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Internal rotation (passive)
External rotation (passive)
Shoulder
Shoulder
•
•
•
•
•
Clavicula
Elevation
Depression
Protraction
Retraction
Humerus
flexion
extension
ab- adduction
in- external rotation
•
•
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•
•
Scapula (thoracal)
Endorotation
Exorotation
Cranial / caudal translation
Lateral / medial translation
Together
anteflexion / retroflexion
abduction / adduction
exo- endorotation
Shoulder
Anatomical directions
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Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Anterior
Posterior
Superior
Inferior
Ventral
Dorsal
Craniaal
Caudaal
Movements anatomical planes
• (Mid)sagittal plane
– (flexion, extension)
• Transverse plane
– (rotation, pronation, supination)
• Coronal plane
– (abduction, adduction, lateral flexion)
Muscular system
• Skeletal or striated
– Voluntary
• Cardiac
– Involuntary
• Smooth
– involuntary
Muscular system
•
•
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•
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A bundle of many cells
Muscle fibers (myofibers)
Myofibrils
Actine
Myosine
Sarcomere = basic functional unit
(striated appearance)
Striated muscle
Striated muscle
Striated muscle
Origin and insertion
• Origin
– Bone
– Proximal
– Stable
• Insertion
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–
–
–
–
Bone/tendon
Structure it attaches to
Distal
Less mass
Greater motion
Form and shape
Muscle contraction
• Isometric
• Concentric
• Eccentric
Agonist - Antagonist
• Agonist
– ‘prime mover’
– Movement though contraction
• Antagonist
– Oppose a specific movement
– Controls, slows down
• Antagonistic pairs
– One muscle contracts, other relaxes
– Flexors-extensors
– Abductors-adductors
Antagonistic pairs
Synergist
• Synergist
– Helps perform the same joint motion as the
agonist
– (deltoid muscles and TFL and glutes)
Stretch reflex
• Stretch reflex
– Muscle contraction in response to stretching
(same muscle)
– Muscle spindles
• Reciprocal inhibition
– One side of a joint relaxes
– Other side of a joint contracts
propriocepsis
• “Awareness” of body position
– Spatial orientation
• Balance and movement
• Proprioreceptors
– Muscles, joints
• Cerebellum
• Visual information
• Vestibular system (evenwichtsorgaan)
Fascia
• Connective tissue
• Surrounds
– Muscles and groups of muscles
– Blood vessels
– Nerves
• Binds structures together
• Permits structures to slide smoothly
Fascia
• Dense regular connective tissue
• Bundles of collagen
– (elastin and reticular fibers)
– Varying amounts of elastin and collagen
• Flexibel
• Resist great tension
• Ligaments and tendons
Fascia
• It’s continuous
• Really thin
• Really thick (IT band)
• Extremely strong
Fascia
Fascia
• Makes muscles
“slide”
• 30% of the mass of
our muscle
• Muscle = myofascia
• Tubes, within tubes,
within tubes.......
Fascia
• Myofascia-tendon complex (MT complex)
• Where fascia becomes tendon
• Areas that are stronger / weaker
• MT junction = weakest link
Deep fascia
• Ground substances
• Living cells (fibroblasts)
• Everything is interconnected
• All the tissues work together
– Binds
– Transmits forces
– Lubricates
• It’s fascia that holds us together!!!!
Fuzz
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•
•
•
If fascia is too dry
Sliding surfaces “stick” together
Adhesions
“glue” → FUZZ
• Every night → fuzz
• Injured or immobile → ↓ ROM
• Scarr tissue → ↓ ROM
Modern meridian theory
• Dr. Motoyama
– (Japan, Shinto priest and double PhD scientist)
• CT and fascia form mechanical continuum
• Everything is ensheathed in CT
• All movements create tension, compression,
shear stress in every part
• Generating bio-electrical signals in the CT
• CT is a semiconducting communication network
• This electric network = meridian system
Modern meridian theory
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H.A. Hyaluronic Acid
→ 1000 x H2O
Liquid chrystals
Meridiens are in the CT
Meridians are water channels through the CT
“Water flow”
• Chi or Prana
bronnen
• Anatomie atlas
– Sobotta, thieme, anders...
• Ray long
– Key muscles
• Leslie Kaminoff
– Yoga anatomie
• Paul Grilley
– Yin yoga
• Bernie Clark
– Yin yoga
• Internet (wikipedia)
– ........................
Volgende keer
• CNS
– Autonome (motor – sensor)
– Periphere (sympatic - parasympatic
• Stress / burn out
– Fight-or-flight response
• Pregnancy and yoga