Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
CUSTOMER_CODE SMUDE DIVISION_CODE SMUDE EVENT_CODE Jan2017 ASSESSMENT_CODE MIT106_Jan2017 QUESTION_TYPE DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION QUESTION_ID 494645_1 QUESTION_TEXT Explain the software development methodology and software development process. Software Development Methodology is a series of processes that, if followed, can lead to the development of an application. Niklaus Wirth, the inventor of Pascal says: Algorithms + Data structures = Programs (2 marks) SCHEME OF EVALUATION The software development process: System development can be viewed as a process. Furthermore, the development itself, in essence, is a process of change, refinement, transformation, or addition to the existing product. The process can be divided into small, interacting phases – sub processes. Each sub process must have the following: A description in terms of how it works Specification of the input required for the process Specification of the output to be produced (3 marks) QUESTION_TYPE DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION QUESTION_ID 494646_2 Explain Structured programming methods QUESTION_TEXT SCHEME OF Structured programming EVALUATION It is a subset of procedural programming that enforces a logical structure on the program being written to make it more efficient and easier to understand and modify. Certain languages such as Ada, Pascal, and dBASE are designed with features that encourage or enforce a logical program structure. (2 marks) Structured programming frequently employs a top-down design model, in which developers map out the overall program structure into separate subsections. A defined function or set of similar functions is coded in a separate module or sub module, which means that code, can be loaded into memory more efficiently and that modules can be reused in other programs. After a module has been tested individually, it is then integrated with other modules into the overall program structure. (3 marks) QUESTION_TYPE DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION QUESTION_ID 494647_3 Explain the operating system concepts in detail. QUESTION_TEXT SCHEME OF EVALUATION An operating system (OS) is a platform that controls the implementation of an application program and acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware. The purpose of an OS is to provide an environment in which a user can execute programs in a convenient and efficient manner. The operating system must provide definite services to programs and to the users of those programs in order to make the programming task easier, these services will differ from one OS to another. It shields the user of the machine from the low-level details of the machine's operation and provides frequently needed facilities. There is no universal definition of what an operating system consists of. You can think of it as being the software which is already installed on a machine, before you add anything of your own. (2.5 marks) Generally the operating system has a number of key features: (i) Technical layer of software for driving the hardware of the computer, like disk drives, the keyboard and the screen; (ii) File system which provides a way of organizing files logically, and (iii) Simple command language which enables users to run their own programs and to manipulate their files in a simple way. Some operating systems also provide text editors, compilers, debuggers and a variety of other tools. Since the operating system (OS) is in charge of a computer, all requests to use its resources and devices need to go through the OS. An OS therefore provides (IV) legal entry points into its code for performing basic operations like writing to devices. (2.5 marks) QUESTION_TYPE DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION QUESTION_ID 494648_4 Explain the following functions of operating system i. Device Management QUESTION_TEXT ii User Interface Device Management: Device management controls peripheral devices by sending them commands in their proprietary command language. The software routine that deals with each device is called a "driver," and the operating system requires drivers for the peripherals attached to the computer. When a new peripheral is added, that device's driver is installed into the operating system. SCHEME OF EVALUATION (2.5 marks) User interface – The user interacts with the operating systems through the user interface and usually interested in the look and feel of the operating system. The most important components of the user interface are the command interpreter, the file system, on-line help, and application integration. The recent trend has been toward increasingly integrated graphical user interfaces that encompass the activities of multiple processes on networks of computers. (2.5 marks) QUESTION_TYPE DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION QUESTION_ID 494649_5 QUESTION_TEXT Write a note on Information Source and Channel with reference to data communication Information source: Information source is one in which information is generated. Source of information may be analog or digital. Source of information may be for example, human brain originating ideas and changes in the physical environment. If this information or message is not in the electrical form, then it has to be converted into electrical form. This is done by using a suitable input transducer which converts the message into electrical signal then it is fed to the transmitter. For example, input transducer could be a microphone which converts sound into electrical signal. This can be used in case the information source produces voice signal. (2.5 marks) SCHEME OF EVALUATION Channel: The medium which carriers the information signal is called transmission channel or simply channel. That is, the medium which the information coming from a transmitter actually propagates or travels to a particular receiver. This channel is used for sending the information from one place to another place. Some of the transmission channels are: Couple of wires coaxial cable Radio wave Laser beam Fiber optic While transmission each transmission channel produces some loss of energy. It is because when the distance increases cause the decrease in energy. (2.5 marks) QUESTION_TYPE DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION QUESTION_ID 494650_6 QUESTION_TEXT Write in detail about data Transmission methods. Data Transmission methods There are three methods of data transfer. These methods are discussed below: Simplex communication: In this type, data transfer occurs in only one direction, i.e., either from source to destination or destination to source machines. SCHEME OF EVALUATION Half-duplex communication: In this type, data transfer occurs in either directions, but not simultaneously. Full-duplex communication: In this type, data transfer occurs in either direction simultaneously. The protocol must also determine the number of logical channels per connection along with their individual priorities. Many networks provide at least two logical connections per channel, one for normal data, and one for urgent data. (5 Marks) QUESTION_TYPE DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION QUESTION_ID 494651_7 Explain the classifications of Computers QUESTION_TEXT Classification of Computers Computers are classified according to their data processing speed, amount of data that they can hold and price. Generally, a computer with high processing speed and large internal storage is called a big computer. Due to rapidly improving technology, we are always confused among the categories of computers. SCHEME OF EVALUATION Depending upon their speed and memory size, computers are classified into following four main groups. 1. Supercomputer 2. Mainframe computer 3. Mini computer 4. Microcomputer Supercomputer Supercomputer is the most powerful and fastest, and also very expensive. It was developed in 1980s. It is used to process large amount of data and to solve the complicated scientific problems. It can perform more than one trillions calculations per second. It has large number of processors connected parallel. So parallel processing is done in this computer. In a single supercomputer thousands of users can be connected at the same time and the supercomputer handles the work of each user separately. Super computer are mainly used for: Weather forecasting Nuclear energy research Aircraft design Automotive design Online banking To control industrial units Mainframe Computers Mainframe computers are also large-scale computers but supercomputers are larger than mainframe. These are also very expensive. The mainframe computer specially requires a very large clean room with air-conditioner. This makes it very expensive to buy and operate. It can support a large number of various equipment’s. It also has multiple processors. Large mainframe systems can handle the input and output requirements of several thousands of users. For example, IBM, S/390 mainframe can support 50,000 users simultaneously. The users often access then mainframe with terminals or personal computers. There are basically two types of terminals used with mainframe systems. 1) Dumb Terminal: Dumb terminal does not have its own CPU and storage devices. This type of terminal uses the CPU and storage devices of mainframe system. Typically, a dumb terminal consists of monitor and a keyboard (or mouse). 2) Intelligent Terminal: Intelligent terminal has its own processor and can perform some processing operations. Usually, this type of terminal does not have its own storage. Typically, personal computers are used as intelligent terminals. A personal computer as an intelligent terminal gives facility to access data and other services from mainframe system. It also enables to store and process data locally. Minicomputers These are smaller in size, have lower processing speed and also have lower cost than mainframe. These computers are known as minicomputers because of their small size as compared to other computers at that time. The capabilities of a minicomputer are between mainframe and personal computer. These computers are also known as midrange computers. The minicomputers are used in business, education and many other government departments. Although some minicomputers are designed for a single user but most are designed to handle multiple terminals. Microcomputer The microcomputers are also known as personal computers or simply PCs. Microprocessor is used in this type of computer. These are very small in size and cost. The IBM’s first microcomputer was designed in 1981 and was named as IBM-PC. After this many computer hardware companies copied the design of IBM-PC. The term “PC-compatible” refers any personal computer based on the original IBM personal computer design. (2.5 marks each point) QUESTION_TYPE DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION QUESTION_ID 494652_8 QUESTION_TEXT List and explain the categories of Microcomputers Microcomputers are further divided into following categories. SCHEME OF EVALUATION 1. Laptop computer 2. Workstation 3. Network computer 4. Handheld computer 1. Laptop computer Laptop computer is also known as notebook computer. It is small size (85- by-11 inch notebook computer and can fit inside a briefcase. The laptop computer is operated on a special battery and it does not have to be plugged in like desktop computer. The laptop computer is portable and fully functional microcomputer. It is mostly used during journey. It can be used on your lap in an airplane. It is because it is referred to as laptop computer. The memory and storage capacity of laptop computer is almost equivalent to the PC or desktop computer. It also has the hard disc, floppy disk drive, Zip disk drive, CD-ROM drive, CD-writer etc. It has built-in keyboard and built-in trackball as pointing device. Laptop computer is also available with the same processing speed as the most powerful personal computer. It means that laptop computer has same features as personal computer. Laptop computers are more expensive than desktop computers. Normally these computers are frequently used in business travelers. 2. Workstations Workstations are special single user computers having the same features as personal computer but have the processing speed equivalent to minicomputer or mainframe computer. A workstation computer can be fitted on a desktop. Scientists, engineers, architects and graphic designers mostly use these computers. Workstation computers are expensive and powerful computers. These have advanced processors, more RAM and storage capacity than personal computers. These are usually used as single-user applications but these are used as servers on computer network and web servers as well. 3. Network computers Network computers are also version of personal computers having less processing power, memory and storage. These are specially designed as terminals for network environment. Some types of network computers have no storage. The network computers are designed for network, Internet or Intranet for data entry or to access data on the network. The network computers depend upon the network’s server for data storage and to use software. These computers also use the network’s server to perform some processing tasks. In the mid-1990s the concept of network computers became popular among some PC manufacturers. As a result several variations of the network computers quickly became available. In business, variations of the network computer are Windows terminals, NetPCs and diskless workstations. Some network computers are designed to access only the Internet or to an Intranet. These devices are sometimes called Internet PCs, Internet boxes etc. In home some network computers do not include monitor. These are connected to home television, which serves as the output devices. A popular example of a home-based network computer is Web TV, which enables the user to connect a television to the Internet. The Web TV has a special set-top box used to connect to the Internet and also provides a set of simple controls which enable the user to navigate the Internet, send and receive e-mails and to perform other tasks on the network while watching television. Network computers are cheaper to purchase and to maintain than personal computers. 4. Handheld computer In the mid1990s, many new types of small personal computing devices have been introduced and these are referred to as handheld computers. These computers are also referred to as Palmtop Computers. The handheld computers sometimes called Mini-Notebook Computers. The type of computer is named as handheld computer because it can fit in one hand while you can operate it with the other hand. Because of its reduced size, the screen of handheld computer is quite small. Similarly it also has small keyboard. The handheld computers are preferred by business traveler. Some handheld computers have a specialized keyboard. These computers are used by mobile employees, such as meter readers and parcel delivery people, whose jobs require them to move from place to place. (2.5 marks each point) QUESTION_TYPE DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION QUESTION_ID 494653_9 Explain in detail about Mac OS. QUESTION_TEXT Mac OS SCHEME OF EVALUATION Mac OS was named by the Apple company as "Mac System Software" in the beginning, a specially designed operating system only for 68K first Motorola processors with own Macintosh hardware, Mac OS takes up a special role in the world of desktop systems. The first version was "System 1" and appeared bundled with the Mac in 1984. The classic desktop is designed as a single user operating system and almost completely hides the full path to files and directories. The graphic representation is condensed to the essence. Whole interface is very easy to use and does not need the right mouse button for user interaction. Mac OS does not include a command line interface. (3 marks) Starting with System 3.0, the used file system HFS was used officially, which does not different between uppercase and lowercase letters. System 5.0 was the first release to run several programs with the integrated MultiFinder at the same time. The operating system was programmed up to system 6.0 mostly in assembler and partially in Pascal and used a 24-bit addressing mode. Cooperative Multi-tasking could optionally be enabled in System 6. System 7.0 first supported 32-bit addressing. Thus allow the operating system can use more memory and more powerful programs. Since 1994 System 7.5 supported for the first time the PowerPC architecture and is optimized with the following Mac OS versions further on this architecture. With System software 7.6 the name was changed to Mac OS in January 1997. (3 marks) The optimization of the operating system to the hardware has the disadvantage that the system software cannot be installed on every Mac. Application compatibility to the Mac systems may also vary with each version. 2006 MacOS X was presented for the first time publicly on x86 hardware, Apple allows the use of Mac OS X only on specific intelMacintosh systems. According to Steve Jobs Mac OS X have been developed since 2000 internally parallel for Intel and PowerPC processors. The version of Mac OS X 10.6.0 raised the optimization to Intel-based processors further, the new operating system is no longer available for PowerPC Macintosh or pure 32-bit Intel processors. In return the user receives a pure 64-bit operating system optimized for performance on multiple processors. Even the GPU computing power itself can be used with specific applications. The selection of software is focused on the creative industry and enables such as the professional graphic, audio and video editing. Office applications such as MacWrite, Microsoft Office, OpenOffice and 3D games are also available. The choice of browsers is large with iCab, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape, Opera and Mozilla Firefox. (4 marks) QUESTION_TYPE DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION QUESTION_ID 494654_10 Explain the features of Word Processor QUESTION_TEXT Word processor: It is a computer application used for the production (including composition, editing, formatting, and possibly printing) of any sort of printable material. A word processor may also refer to a standalone computer unit similar to a typewriter, but frequently including technological advancements such as a screen, advanced formatting and printing options, and the ability to save documents onto memory cards or diskettes. Word processors almost invariably allowed the user to choose between standard typing and word processing modes by way of a switch. Such word processors should not be confused with an electric typewriter. (3 marks) Word processors are descended from early text formatting tools (sometimes called text justification tools, from their only real capability). Word processing was one of the earliest applications for the personal computer in office productivity. Microsoft Word is the most widely used computer word processing system. There are also many other commercial word processing applications, such as WordPerfect. Open-source applications such as OpenOffice's Writer and KWord are rapidly gaining in popularity. SCHEME OF EVALUATION (3 marks) Word processing typically refers to text manipulation functions such as automatic generation of: Batch mailings using a form letter template and an address database (also called mail merging); Directories of keywords and their page numbers; Tables of contents with section titles and their page numbers; Tables of figures with caption titles and their page numbers; Cross-referencing with section or page numbers; Footnote numbering Other word processing functions include "spell checking" (actually checks against wordlists), "grammar checking" (checks for what seem to be simple grammar errors), and a "thesaurus" function (finds words with similar or opposite meanings). In most languages grammar is very complex, so grammar checkers tend to be unreliable and also require a large amount of memory. (4 marks)