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Terrestrial Invasive Plant Species Habitat Workshop 2010 Carleton College An introduction to the issues and a few answers (it’s a big topic) Nancy Braker Arboretum Director – Carleton College Definition "Invasive species" by MN law, means a nonnative species that can naturalize and: 1) causes or may cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health; or 2) threatens or may threaten natural resources or the use of natural resources in the state. (M.S. 84D.01, Subd. 9a) Definition Species that have been introduced, or moved, by human activities to a location where they do not naturally occur and cause ecological or economic problems We live in a highly mobile world Definition Aggressive natives vs invasive species: • Native species can also invade a site • Ecological changes can cause native species to dominate areas where historically they have not Consequences of Invasive Species Ecology Recreation Economics Ecological Consequences • Changes in natural community structure and composition Ecological Consequences • Changes in nutrients or chemical composition of soils (allelopathic responses) Ecological Consequences • Changes in habitat for birds, amphibians, invertebrates, etc. Ecological Consequences • Changes in biodiversity Recreational Consequences Scenic and aesthetic changes Recreational Consequences Hiking and hunting Economic Consequences • Damage and control costs are estimated at $138 billion each year (USDA, 2000) • In FY09 MDNR Parks spent approximately $600,000 on 226 invasive species control projects • Average cost per acre for invasive species control is between $250 and $1500 depending on percent slope and infestation Economic Consequences Lost Revenue – Increased management cost • Herbicide treatments • Timber stand improvement cost – Loss of timber production • Invasive species may compete with desired natives – Loss of target species regeneration • Need to plant and not rely on natural regeneration Types of Pathways • Human activity – Intentional (nursery stock) – Non-intentional (ballasts, soil) • Animal activity – Feeding – Travel pathways (garlic mustard) • Abiotic activity – Floods/Storms – Wind Pathways Vehicles Seeds or vegetation in grill Mud in truck tires Seeds or vegetation stuck in various parts of vehicle Pathways Foot Traffic Material brought to site Pathways Recreation Horses, bikes, pets, and you can move species from one habitat to the next. Pathways Wildlife movement Ingesting seed or transporting plant materials in their fur or on their feet Planning Your Attack Survey and Map - Understand the problem • What invasive species do you have? • What is the scope of the problem? • Keep informed of and look for potential new problem plants Planning your Attack Mapping Simple to complex • Hand drawn map • Aerial photo with notes • GPS • Geographical Information System (GIS) Survey Example Black Swallowwort Planning your attack Develop a plan • What are your control options? • Where do you start? – Prioritize: small infestations may be more important then largest • What will you plant instead? – How will you fill the space that you just cleared out? Planning your attack Monitor • How will you keep track of your progress? • Are you making progress? • Do you need to try some other tactic? Identification A few of many! Woody Plants • Buckthorn • Bush Honeysuckles • Japanese Barberry • Black Locust • Amur Maple • Siberian Elm Herbaceous Plants • Garlic Mustard • Spotted Knapweed • Wild Parsnip • Reed Canary Grass • Thistles Identification Buckthorn • Native to Europe • Single- or multistemmed up to 20 ft • Forms canopies in forest understory • Impacts – Shades native species – Changes soil chemistry – Reduces regeneration of tree seedlings and herbaceous layer Common buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica Glossy buckthorn Frangula alnus Identification Buckthorn • Leaves sub-opposite • Twigs tipped with sharp thorn • Buds pressed to stem • Leaves with curved parallel veins • Berries black with several seeds Buckthorn Can be confused with: • Wild Cherry • Wild Plum • American Plum • Grey Dogwood • Red twigged dogwood Cherry Identification Common Buckthorn Glossy Buckthorn • prefers dry soils • open woods, savannas, clearings, roadsides, and disturbed areas, also invades prairies • prefers a wetter environment than Common Buckthorn • Bogs, fens, sedge wetlands, and disturbed areas Identification Bush Honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) – Native to Japan – Multi-stemmed, deciduous shrub – Up to 15 ft tall – Flowers in May or June – Cause declines in native plant species of woodland and forest communities Morrow’s Tatarian Bells Bell’s Identification Morrow’s Bush Honeysuckles • Open woodlands, abandoned fields, other disturbed areas; also invades forests, savannas and prairies • Prefers moister soils, but can be found in drier environments Tatarian Identification Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii) – Native to Japan – Small deciduous shrub 3-5 ft tall – Slightly curving branches with thin, straight spines. Bright yellow inner bark – Very small (0.5-1.5 in) green, blue-green, or reddish-purple leaves – Flowers in early May; bright red berries – Forms dense stands that displace natives Identification Japanese Barberry • Prefers well-drained soils • Oak savanna and oak forest, but grows and bears fruit in full sun to full shade; wetlands upland forests Identification Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) – Native to U.S. (Appalachian) – Deciduous tree up to 75 feet tall – Seed pods are 2-4 in long; flowers are fragrant and grow in elongated clusters – Flowers in May and June – Was commonly planted for erosion control – Alters nitrogen cycling and competes with native plants Identification Black Locust Invades woodlands, savannas, prairies, edge habitats, abandoned fields, and disturbed areas Identification Amur Maple (Acer ginnala) – Native to Asia – Small deciduous tree to 20 feet – Twigs are smooth and light – Turns bright red in fall – Fragrant flower clusters in May and June produce many seeds – Forms dense stands that displace native plants – Planted as an ornamental Identification Amur Maple • Grows best in moist, welldrained soils with full sun, but tolerates a wide variety of pH, soil, and shade conditions • Especially successful in open woods and savannas Identification Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila) – Deciduous tree to 70 feet – Silver-gray twigs have a zig-zag shape with leaf bud at each turn – Leaves base only slightly uneven (compared to American elm with asymmetrical base) – Invades pastures, roadsides, and prairies Identification Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) – Native to Europe – First recorded in 1933 (UM herbarium records) – Biennial, herbaceous plant – Flowers May-June (white) – Causes declines in native plant species of the forest understory and bottom lands Identification Garlic mustard life stages Infestation Rosettes Flowering Plants Seed pods Identification Garlic mustard • Prefers disturbed areas; wet, shaded, deciduous woods, floodplain forests • Also spreads to upland forests and other habitats Identification Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) – – – – – Native to Europe and Asia Biennial or short-lived perennial 3-4 feet tall Small pale leaves Single thistle-like pinkish-purple flower – Tap root – Inhabits dry to wet sandy soils Identification Wild Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) – Monocarpic perennial – Rosette 6-12”, flowering stage 4’ tall – Alternate leaves with 5-15 leaflets on both sides of common stalk – Yellow flat-topped flower (parsley-like) – Flowers in June thru late summer Identification Wild Parsnip – Spreading widely in MN – mowing roadsides distributes seeds – May produce severe rash – Toxic response depends on prior damage to plant Identification Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) – Planted for forage, silage, and fodder – Invades wetland and floodplain communities, also found in crop field waterways – Perennial grass – Reproduces from rhizomes and seed – 2 – 6 feet high – Forms dense monocultures Identification • Thistles – Musk thistle • Biennial, 2-6’ tall • Multi-branched stem with nodding flowers – Canada thistle • Perennial, 2-4’ tall • Stems branch at top only • Fibrous taproot with spreading horizontal roots – Bull thistle • Biennial, 3-6’ tall • Alternate, coarsely lobed leaves with spines at each tip Mechanical Control • • • • • Pulling Cutting Mowing Grazing Fire Pulling • Most species can be pulled (works better for some) • Soil disturbance may harm native species or create seed bed for invasives • Take enough root with the pull (usually root crown) • Put plant in plastic bag or burn on site (when seed can germinate) Grazing • Can either promote or reduce weed abundance • Will not completely eradicate invasive plants • When combined with biological control or herbicides it may eliminate the species Fire • Will sometimes promote invasive vegetation • Timing and intensity are important • Most effective before flowering or seed set • Often used to reduce litter so herbicide will be more effective Mowing • Can be somewhat effective (most useful with species that spread through seed and not vegetatively) • Timing is important—before seed set is most effective • Like fire, may stimulate invasive species growth Chemical control • Type of chemical depends on the target species • Always follow directions & wear safety equipment • Broadcast, cut stump, or basal bark treatments • Research and know which is most effective, how it works, and how to use it Biological Control • Available for some species; research underway for others • Goes through extensive testing • Monitoring the target species and the bio-control agent is important • Host specificity testing – Taxonomically associated plants – Plant species growing in the same habitat as target weed – Important agricultural plant species (Smith and van den Bosch, 1967; Pearson and Callaway, 2003) Purple Loosestrife Biological Control • Releases (1992-2005) • 1735 releases – 800 sites – 80 million beetles • Evaluation (2005) – 320 sites visited – 31% significant defoliation Purple Loosestrife Biological Control Buckthorn Biological Control • Research began in 2001 • Potential agents identified – 5-10 species of interest • Host specificity testing 2003 present • 4-6 years of testing remaining (Gassman et al. 2002) Garlic Mustard Biological Control • Research began in 1998 • Potential agents – 4 weevil species • Host specificity testing near completion • First release in 2007 or 2008 • Implementation – – – – Establishing field sites Developing rearing methods Releases Evaluation C. scrobicollis Tree/Shrub Control Buckthorn-Honeysuckle-Barberry-Amur Maple-Elm Control measures include: – Pulling: be careful about soil disturbance – Chemical • Treat cut stump with: – Triclopyr—Garlon – Glyphosate—Roundup • Basal bark spray with: – Triclopyr—Garlon 4 – Burning: long-term management tool to reduce reinvasion Tree/Shrub Control Black Locust-Siberian Elm Control measures include: – Chemical • Treat cut stump with: – Triclopyr—Garlon – Glyphosate—Roundup • Basal bark spray with: – Triclopyr—Garlon 4 – Manual • Elm: girdle large trees, dig seedlings • Locust: mostly ineffective • Burning may reduce re-invasion (seek out and remove seed trees) Biennial/Short Lived Perennial Garlic Mustard-Parsnip-Spotted Knapweed Control measures include: – Pull plant or cut tap root (collect seed heads) – Cut/Mow before seed production (not effective with Knapweed) – Summer burn – Chemical: Treat areas of dense cover with broadleaf herbicide (non-target impacts a problem) – Burning: long-term management tool to increase native plant cover Biennial/Short Lived Perennial Garlic Mustard-Parsnip-Spotted Knapweed Develop a plan that Fall: plant Growing integrates plant season dies burn biology into the land management tools you use Seed reduction or elimination is key! Seed may be viable Mow/ Cut/dig for many years. 2nd Summer: Plant flowers and sets seed Spring: seeds germinate Herbicide 1st Summer: develops rosette and large root Winter: Plant dormant Dig Perennial Reed Canary Grass/Thistles Control measures include: – Dig if very small patch – Chemical treatment of small patches (non-target impacts a problem) – Cover with shade cloth – Cut/Mow before seed production – Mow multiple times/year – Mow followed by herbicide – Burn prior to herbicide These are difficult to control, and will take many years of treatment! Monitoring • Can be as simple as photo plots • Can be as complex as experimental designs testing different management techniques • Monitoring is key to understanding if we are accomplishing our management goals Before After