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2.1.Poetry:why? Eventhoughapoemmaybeshort, mostofthetimeyoucan’treadit fast. It’slikemolasses.Orketchup. Withpoetry,therearesomany thingstotakeintoconsideration. Thereistheaspectofhowit sounds,ofwhatitmeans,and oftenofhowitlooks. Insomecircles,thereisa certainaversiontopoetry. Someconsideritoutdated, toodifficult,ornotworth thetime. Theyask:Whydoesittake solongtoreadsomethingso short? Well,yes,itisifyouareused toTwitter,ornotusedto poetry. Thinkabouttheconnections poetryhastomusic.Couldn’t youconsidersomeofyour favoritelyricspoetry? 2Pac,forexample,wrote a bookofpoetrycalledTheRose thatGrewfromConcrete. Atmanypointsinhistory acrossmanycultures,poetry wasconsideredthehighest formofexpression. Whydopeoplewritepoetry? Becausetheywanttoandbecause theycan… (takingtheideafromFedericoGarcía Lorcaenhispoem“Lucía Martínez”: “porque quiero,yporque puedo”) Youaskyourself:WhydoIneedto readpoetry? Becauseyouaregoingtotakethe CLEPexam. Onceyoumovebeyondthat,itwillbe easier. Somereasonswhywe write/readpoetry: • Tobecomeaware • Toseethingsinadifferent way • Toputtogetheramental jigsawpuzzle • Tomovethesenses • Toprovokeemotions • Tofindorder 2.2.Poetry:how? Ifyouarenotfamiliar withpoetry,youshould definitelypractice readingsomebefore youtaketheexam. Herearesomeideasof whatyoucando: • Makealistofpoems youknow.Thiscanbe fromanythingfrom nurseryrhymesto songlyricstoclassic poems.Thinkabout whatmightlink them topoetryandwhat separatesthemfrom othertypesofwriting. • Findaclassicpoem unknowntoyou.Youcan selectoneoftheones mentionedinthisclassor onefromananthologyof poetry.Thereasonwhyitis recommendedthatyou takeonefromananthology isbecauseitsselectionof poemsismorelikelyto havemorethingstolookat. • Whatyoushouldlook forinthepoem: rhyme, punctuation,grammar, wordselection, rhetoricaltechniques, multiplemeanings. • Writeyourownpoem. Thinkaboutwhat makesiteasyorhard foryoutowriteit. Evenifyouhavehadlittle exposuretopoetryinthe past,myaimisthatas youreviewthismaterial multipletimes,youwill understandmoreabout poetryandrecognize poetsandpoemsinthe process. 2.3.Poetry:tone Thetone ofthepoemcanbelike thetoneofanythingelse,andonly afewwordscanswaythefeeling: RobertFrost,“TheRoadNot Taken” Ishallbetellingthiswithasigh Somewhereagesandageshence: HenryDavidThoreau,“Inspiration” Aclearandancientharmony Piercesmysoulthroughallitsdin DylanThomas,“NotFromThis Anger” Notfromthisanger,anticlimax after Refusalstruckherloinandthe lameflower Bentlikeabeasttolapthesingular floods Inalandstrappedbyhunger Shallshereceiveabellyfulofweeds Hafiz,“AlltheHemispheres” OpenuptotheRoof. Makeanewwater-markonyour excitement Andlove. Likeabloomingnightflower, Bestowyourvitalfragranceof Happinessandgiving Uponourintimateassembly. Thetone ofthepoemcanvary greatly. Checkouttheamountof differenttonesthepoemcan takeonintheCanadianPoetry inVoicewebsite! http://www.poetryinvoice.co m/teachers/lessonplans/tone-map/tone-list 2.4.Poetry:verseandrhyme Let’stakealookatallthese componentsofverseand rhyme: verse stanza rhymescheme endrhyme/internalrhyme slantrhyme masculinerhyme/feminine rhyme – freeverse – blankverse – – – – – – Verseandstanza: – Verse:averseisaline inapoem – Stanza:astanzaisa groupofverses,likea “paragraph”withina poem,manytimes withsomesortof meterandorder. Verseandstanza EmilyDickinson, “ABird,camedownthe Walk” ABird,camedowntheWalkHedidnotknowIsawHebitanAngleWorminhalves Andatethefellow,raw, Andthen,hedrankaDew FromaconvenientGrassAndthenhoppedsidewisetotheWall ToletaBeetlepass- Rhymescheme– arhymescheme isapatternthattherhymesina poemfollow.Hereareafew examples: ABABrhyme RobertFrost,“NeitherOutFarNor Deep” Thepeoplealong thesand Allturn andlookoneway. They turn their backontheland. They lookat thesea allday. Anotherexample: ABBArhyme JohnMilton,“OnHisBeingArrived totheAgeofTwenty-Three” Perhapsmysemblancemight deceivethetruth, ThatItomanhoodamarrivedso near, Andinwardripenessdothmuchless appear, Thatsomemoretimely-happy spiritsindu’th. InternalrhymeandEnd rhyme Internalrhyme: EdgarAllenPoe,TheRaven Onceuponamidnight dreary,whileIpondered, weakandweary, InternalrhymeandEndrhyme Endrhyme: WilliamBlake,“TheAngel” Idreamtadream!Whatcanitmean? AndthatIwasamaidenQueen GuardedbyanAngelmild: Witlesswoewasne'erbeguiled! Aslantrhyme(also calledhalfrhyme,near rhyme,imperfect rhyme,obliquerhyme) iswhenthestressed syllablesofthe consonantsmatchbut theprecedingvowels don’t: Slantrhyme: EmilyDickinson,“HopeIstheThing withFeathers” "Hope"isthethingwithfeathers Thatperchesinthesoul Andsingsthetunewithoutthewords Andneverstopsatall, Thisisnotonlyfoundinpoetry,but alsoinhip-hop.ArtistslikeNotorious B.I.G.andNas haveusedit. Masculineand Femininerhyme.These arenotmodernterms, butyoumayruninto theminyourstudies. Femininerhyme(double rhyme): arhyme thatmatchestwoormoresyllables.The finalsyllable(s)is/areunstressed, anditis usuallyattheendof theline. WilliamWordsworth, “London, 1802” Milton!thoushouldst belivingatthishour: Englandhathneedofthee:sheisafen Ofstagnantwaters:altar,sword,andpen, Fireside,theheroicwealthofhalland bower, HaveforfeitedtheirancientEnglishdower Masculinerhyme:arhymethatmatches onlyone syllable.Usually,thefinalsyllable is stressed,anditisusually attheendof theline.Thesearethemajorityofall rhymesinEnglish-language poetry. JohnDonne, “Deathbenotproud” Death,benotproud,though somehave calledthee Mightyanddreadful, forthouartnotso; Forthosewhomthouthink'st thoudost overthrow Dienot,poorDeath,noryetcanstthoukill me. Fromrestandsleep,whichbutthypictures be, Freeverse(fromvers libre inFrench) Itdoesn’tfollowaregular meterorrhythm.It’sthe closestformtoimitating conversation. Walt Whitman,“ANoiseless,PatientSpider” Anoiseless, patientspider, Imark’d,where,onalittle promontory,itstood, isolated; Mark’d how,toexplore thevacant,vastsurrounding, Itlaunch’d forthfilament, filament,filament,outof itself; Everunreeling them—evertirelessly speeding them. Blankverse Thisisaversethatdoesnotrhyme,written iniambicpentameter(10syllables).Itis usedinpoemsanddramas.Itisoftenused incharactermonologues. WilliamShakespeare,“Macbeth” Tomorrow, andtomorrow,andtomorrow, Creepsinthispettypacefrom daytoday, Tothelastsyllableofrecordedtime; Andallouryesterdayshavelightedfools 2.5.Poetry:meter Meter: – meter – iambicpentameter – iambicmeter – iambicfoot – anapest – trochee Themeter isthepatternof stressedwordsinaverse.Reading aloudifpossibleisbetterthanin yourheadbecausethestressfalls onsyllables.Naturalspeechusually fallsonthestresspoints. Shakespeare,“Sonnet18” ShallI compare theeto asummer’s day? Ifthepatternisstressedthenunstressedin sequence, thenthatiscallediambic rhythm.Ifthewholeversefollowsthis structure,thenthat’sreferredtoasthe iambicmeter.Themostcommon ofthese istheiambicpentameter (five stresses,ten syllablesinall). JohnMilton, ParadiseLost Invokethyaidtomyadventuroussong, Thatwithnomiddleflightintendstosoar. Ifaniambicpentameterhas5 stressedsyllables,howmay stressesdothesehave?: • Hexameter • Diameter • Heptameter • Octameter • Tetrameter • Monometer • Trimeter Ifaniambicpentameterhas5 stressedsyllables,howmay stressesdothesehave?: • Hexameter- 6 • Diameter- 2 • Heptameter- 7 • Octameter - 8 • Tetrameter- 4 • Monometer-1 • Trimeter - 3 Othertypesofmeterare: Anapest – unstressed,unstressed, stressed: Twas thenightbeforeChristmas whenallthroughthehouse. Trochee – stressed,unstressed: Double,double,toilandtrouble; Fireburnandcauldronbubble. 2.6.1Poetry:form Form isthedesignofa poem. Closedform(fixedform) followsasetdesignin meterandverse.Poets mustfollowthepatterns andstructurewiththis form.Anexampleofthis isthesonnet (explained infutureslides): Openform poetry,asthename holds,doesnotfollowtherules ofestablishedpoeticstructures ofmeterandverse.Thereare noregularstanzastructures. Sometimestheycanbetricky becausetheymayhavesome elementsofpatterninsoundor words.Openformissometimes consideredfreeverse,but othersdisagreeandstatethat therearesomedifferences. Concretepoetry,also calledshapepoetry,is whenthepoemitself takesonaphysicalform. Thiscanhelpthereader understandmoreofthe poet’sthinking. Concretepoetry:Hereisan exampleofGuillaumede Apollinaire’sCalligrammes from1918. 2.6.2Poetry:typesofpoetry Differenttypesofpoems • sonnet • octave/sestet/quatrains/couplets • heroic couplet • alexandrine • mock-heroic • epic • ballads– ballad stanza,literary ballads • elegy • ode • villanelle • epigram • doggerel • limerick • Aubade 2.6.2.1Poetry:typesofpoetrySonnet Thesonnet isperhapsthe mostfamousofpoetry forms.Theyare14lines, usuallyiniambic pentameter. Thereare twotypesofmain sonnets,thePetrarchan sonnetandthe Shakespeareansonnet. ThePetrarchansonnet isapoemmadeuptwo majorsections,amajor groupof8lines(the octave)andaminor groupofsixlines(the sestet).Therhyme schemeisusuallyabba abba cde cde. Petrarchansonnet Milton,“OnHisBlindness” WhenIconsiderhowmylightisspent(a) Erehalfmydays,inthisdarkworldandwide,(b) Andthatonetalentwhichisdeathtohide,(b) Lodgedwithmeuseless,thoughmysoulmorebent (a) ToservetherewithmyMaker,andpresent(a) Mytrueaccount,lesthereturningchide;(b) "DothGodexactday-labor,lightdenied?"(b) Ifondlyask;butPatiencetoprevent(a) Thatmurmur,soonreplies,"Goddothnotneed(c) Either man'sworkorhisowngifts;whobest(d) Bearhismildyoke,theyservehimbest.Hisstate(e) IsKingly.Thousandsathisbiddingspeed(c) Andposto'erlandandoceanwithoutrest;(d) Theyalsoservewhoonlystandandwait."(e) TheShakespearean sonnetisapoemmade upthreequatrains(a verseoffourlines)anda couplet(averseoftwo lines).Therhyme schemeusuallyisabab cdcd efef gg. Shakespeareansonnet Shalespeare, “SonnetIX” Isitforfeartowetawidow'seye Thatthouconsumest thyselfinsinglelife? Ah!ifthouissuelessshalthaptodie. Theworldwillwailthee,likeamakeless wife; Theworldwillbethywidowandstillweep Thatthounoformoftheehastleftbehind, Wheneveryprivatewidowwell maykeep Bychildren'seyesherhusband'sshapeinmind. Look,whatanunthriftintheworlddothspend Shiftsbuthisplace,forstill theworldenjoysit; Butbeauty'swastehathintheworldanend, Andkeptunused,theusersodestroysit. Nolovetowardothersinthatbosomsits Thatonhimselfsuchmurderousshamecommits. Octave – eightlinesofiambic pentameter(orof hendecasyllables– 11syllablesin the Italianstyle).Themost commonrhymeschemeisabba abba.It’sthefirstpartofa Shakespeareansonnet. Sestet – generallythesecond divisionofaShakespearean sonnet,whichconsistsof6lines. 2.6.2.2.Poetry:typesofpoetry– somemorestanzas Quatrain – thiscanbea stanzaoratypeof poemthatconsistsof4 lines. Couplet – twolines usuallywiththesame rhymeandmeter Fromthecouplettheheroic coupletemerged.Thisisa traditionalformforEnglishpoetry whichwasusedinnarrativeand epicpoetry.Youcanseethis exampleinGeoffreyChaucer’s CanterburyTales: Whan thataprill withhisshoures soote Thedroghte ofmarchhathperced totheroote, 2.6.2.3.Poetry:typesofpoetryEpicpoetry Theepicpoemisalong narrativepoemusually abouttheheroicdeedsof apersonornation,like Homer’sTheOdysseyor TheIliad.Thesearesuper long,soIwouldimagine youwouldonlybegiven anexcerpttoanalyze. Theepicpoemisusually intheformofacouplet withthesamerhyme structure,asthatwasthe easiestwayforthe travellingbardstosing themastheywentfrom towntotowninmedieval times. Themockepic(mock heroic)iswritteninheroic couplets,asweseehere withAlexanderPope’s, “theRapeoftheLock” Thislock,theMuseshall consecratetofame, Andmid’st thestars inscribeBelinda’sname! 2.6.2.4.Poetry:typesofpoetryBallads Anotheroldtypeofpoetryis theballad.Theseweresungin medievaltimesandhavebeen populareversince.Theyare usuallyanonymousandnot complicated.Theversesare generallyshortandnarratea personalstoryaboutlove, hate,knights,fantasy,etc.Like theepic,theygenerallyhold simpleformandrepetition. HereweseeanoldEnglishballad entitled “TheDouglasTragedy” "RISEup,riseup,now,LordDouglas," she says, "And putonyourarmour sobright; SweetWilliamwillhae LadyMargaretawi' Beforethatitbelight. "Riseup,riseup,mysevenboldsons, Andputonyourarmour sobright, Andtakebettercareofyouryoungestsistèr, Foryoureldest's awa'thelastnight." Fromtheballadtheredeveloped theballadstanza,whichisacbc rhymeoffourlines.Iand3have eightsyllablesand2and4have6. HerewehaveSamuelTaylor Cooleridge in“TheRimeofthe AncientMariner”: Allinahotandcoppersky! ThebloodySun,atnoon, Rightupabovethemastdid stand, NobiggerthantheMoon. 2.6.2.5.Poetry:typesofpoetryLyricalpoetry Aristotlepointedout threebroadcategories ofpoetry:dramatic, narrativeandlyrical.We havediscussednarrative poetrytoacertain extent,asseeinepic poetry.Let’stakealook nowatlyricalpoetry. FromGreektimesto moderntimes,lyrical poetryhasbeenpopular withmanypoetsbecause itinvolvesemotionsand feelings.Itismore personalthanother typesofpoetryandis mostlyinfirstperson. Onetypeoflyricalpoemis theelegy.Itisasadpoem usuallywrittentopraiseor weepforsomeonewho haspassed.Itissimilarto theeulogy,whichisa speechforsomeoneata funeral.Elegiescanalsobe aboutalostloveoralost time. Anothertypeoflyrical poemistheode,similar totheelegy,butusually topraisesomeoneor something.Itisnot limitedtothethemeof deathorloss.Itcanhave complexstanzaforms andtherearemany typesofodes. HerewehavepartofJohn Keat’s,“OdetoaNightingale”: Myheartaches,andadrowsy numbnesspains Mysense,asthoughof hemlockIhaddrunk, Oremptiedsomedullopiateto thedrains Oneminutepast,and Lethe-wardshadsunk: 'Tis notthroughenvyofthy happylot, Anotherpoeticformisthe villanelle.Ithasnineteen linesoffivetercets (a stanzaofthreelines) followedbyaquatrain (a stanzaoffourlines). Therearetworefrains (a linerepeatedinverse) andtworepeatinglines. Thisisafixedverseform. Hereisanexampleofthevillanelle. ThisisSylviaPlath’s“MadGirl’sLove Song” Ishutmyeyesandalltheworlddrops dead, Iliftmylidsandallisbornagain. (IthinkImadeyouupinsidemyhead) Thestarsgowaltzingoutinblueand red, Andarbitrarydarknessgallopsin. Ishutmyeyesandalltheworlddrops dead. 2.6.2.6.Poetry:typesofpoetrySestina Evenmoreconfininginits formthanthevillanelleisthe sestina.Itisaclosedformof sixstanzasofsixlineseach, followedbythreelines.The endwordsofeachverseof thefirststanzaarethenused toendsubsequentstanzas, rotatedinapattern Hereisthepatternofthe sestina: • • • • • • • 123456 615243 364125 532614 451362 246531 (62)(14)(53) Here isanexample ofthesestina inW.H.Auden’s “Paysage Moralisé” (firsttwostanzasonly): Hearingofharvestsrottinginthevalleys, Seeingatendofstreetthebarrenmountains, Roundcornerscomingsuddenlyonwater, Knowingthemshipwreckedwhowerelaunchedfor islands, Wehonour foundersofthesestarvingcities Whosehonour istheimageofoursorrow, Whichcannotseeitslikenessintheirsorrow Thatbroughtthemdesperatetothebrinkof valleys; Dreamingofeveningwalksthroughlearnedcities Theyreinedtheirviolenthorsesonthemountains, Thosefieldslikeshipstocastawaysonislands, Visionsofgreentothemwhocravedforwater. 2.6.2.7.Poetry:typesofpoetry– others TheAlexandrineverseis aclassicFrenchverse fromthe12th century thathasbeenusedover timebyotherpoets. Mostalexandrinesare madeupoftwo hemistich sections(these arehalflines)ofsix syllableseach. Thesetwosectionsarebroken upbyacaesura (awordbreak orasyntacticbreak).Theyare rareinEnglish,buttheydo exist.HereisoneinFrenchby NicolasBoileau,inL’Art poétique: Que toujours, dans vos vers lesens coupant les mots, Suspende l'hémistiche,enmarquelerepos. Anepigram isashort, wittysayinginversewith asatiricaltwistatthe end.Famouspoetssuch asJohnDonne,Alexander Pope,LordByron,Ezra Pound,Voltaire,William ButlerYeats,among others,wrotethem.Here isonebyTaylor Coleridge: Sir,Iadmityourgeneral rule, Thateverypoetisa fool, Butyouyourselfmay servetoshowit, Thateveryfoolisnota poet. Adoggerel isapoem thathasanirregular rhythmandrhyme, sometimesonpurpose, sometimesnot. Adoggerelexample.ByWilliamMcGonagall’s“TheTay BridgeDisaster”: Itmusthavebeenanawfulsight, Towitnessintheduskymoonlight, WhiletheStormFienddidlaugh,andangrydidbray, AlongtheRailwayBridgeoftheSilv’ry Tay, Oh!ill-fatedBridgeoftheSilv’ry Tay, Imustnowconcludemylay Bytellingtheworldfearlesslywithouttheleastdismay, Thatyourcentralgirderswouldnothavegivenway, Atleastmanysensiblemendosay, Hadtheybeensupportedoneachsidewithbuttresses, Atleastmanysensiblemenconfesses, Forthestrongerweourhousesdobuild, Thelesschancewehaveofbeingkilled. Adoggerelwrittenonpurposeisthe limerick.Thisisastanzaoffivelines. Thefirst,secondandfifthlines rhyme.Hereisananonymousone: Thereoncewasayoungladynamed bright Whosespeedwasmuchfasterthan light Shesetoutoneday Inarelativeway Andreturnedonthepreviousnight. Somepoetrystyles connectedwiththetimeof dayaretheaubade andthe serenade.Theaubade isa morninglovesong/poem,or oneaboutloversin separationatthathour.The serenade istheeveninglove song/poem.Hereisan excerptofJohnDonne’s aubade “TheRisingSun”: Aubade Busyoldfool,unrulysun, Whydostthouthus, Throughwindows,andthrough curtainscallonus? Musttothymotionslovers' seasons run? 2.7Poetry:meaning Denotation –thedirect meaningofawordor expression.Itisthe explicitandliteral meaningofthatword. Connotation – the indirectmeaningofthe word,whatisimplied. Denotationand connotation Thinkaboutthe differencebetweenthese words: House/home Expensive/pricey Slender/thin/skinny Denotationandconnotation GustavoAdolfoBécquer,“RimaVII” Inthedarkcorneroftheroom, perhapsforgottenbyitsowner, silentandcoveredwithdust, onecanseeaharp. Howmanynotessleepinitscords, likethebirdthatsleepsinthe branches, waitingforasnowywhitehand thatcanawakenthem! Symbol – whenthe wordsrepresenta concept,relationshipor object. Somestocksymbolsare easilyrecognizable:the rose,aflag,askull,white, etc. Thenextlevelis observingsymbolsin poetry,Checkoutthis poem“PoeticArt”by VicenteHuidobro: Verseislikeakey Thatopensathousanddoors Apageturns,somethingtakesflight Howmany believingeyeslook Andthehearingsoulremainstrembling Inventnewworldsandcarefortheirword Theadjective,whenitdoesnotgivelife,kills Weareinacycleofnerves Themusclecluster, LikeIremember, inthemuseums; Nomoredobutwehavelessforce; Thetruevigor Residesinthemind Whydoyoutherose,ohpoets! Itwillflourishinthepoem Onlyforus Liveallthingsunderthesun Thepoetisasmallgod. Think,forexample, about: • Denotation • Connotation • Symbol Fortheword“Table” 2.8Poetry: moreonconstruction Whatmakesapoema poem?Mostofall languageandhowitis used.Atthebeginningof allthis,Isaidthatpoetry waslikemolasses,or ketchup.Thatwouldbe anexampleoffigurative language. Wealwayshavetothink aboutdiction (wordchoice) andsyntax (grammar). Dictionisalwaysimportant. Modernpoets,however, havehadmoreflexibilityin manipulatingsyntax becausetheyarenot restrictedbyclosedform. Checkoutthispoem“To Roosevelt”byRubénDarío ItiswiththevoiceoftheBible,ortheverseofWaltWhitman, thatIshouldcometoyou,Hunter, primitiveandmodern,simpleandcomplicated, withsomethingofWashingtonandmoreofNimrod. YouaretheUnitedStates, youarethefutureinvader ofthenaiveAmericathathasIndianblood, thatstillpraystoJesusChristandstillspeaksSpanish. Youaretheproudandstrongexemplarofyourrace; youarecultured,youareskillful;youopposeTolstoy. Andbreakinghorses,ormurderingtigers, youareanAlexander-Nebuchadnezzar. (YouareaprofessorofEnergy astoday'smadmensay.) Youthinkthatlifeisfire,t hatprogressiseruption, thatwhereveryoushoot youhitthefuture. No. TheUnitedStatesispotentandgreat. Whenyoushakethereisadeeptremblor Gettingbacktotalking aboutrhymes,theseare twowordsyoushould learn: Assonance and Consonance Assonance istherepetition ofvowelsoundssothat thereisinternalrhymingin verses.Hereisanexample byE.E.Cummings: Onaproudroundcloudin whitehighnight Consonance isthe repetitionofidenticalor similarconsonants.Thisis thecounterpartof assonance.Hereisan examplefromWilliam Blake’s“TheChimney Sweeper” WhenmymotherdiedIwas veryyoung, Andmyfathersoldme whileyetmytongue Couldscarcelycry"'weep! 'weep!'weep!'weep!" SoyourchimneysIsweep& insootIsleep. 2.9Poetry: Rhetoricaltechniques Metaphor– afigureof speechthatrefersto onethingby mentioninganother. “Alltheworld’sastage” “Pig”(deadmetaphor) Simile– a comparisonusing “like”or“as”. “Yourteetharelike pearls” Allusion – afigureof speechthatmakes referencetoanevent,a placeoraperson. “ThatisherAchilles’heel.” “WhatanEdenthatplace was.” Personification– giving humancharacteristicsto athingoranabstraction. “Thewindcarriedme home” “Thesuncreptthrough theshades.” Alliterationisthe repetitionofsimilar sounds(likewesawin consonanceand assonance) “Shesellsseashellsby theseashore” Apostropheiswhenawriter detachesherselffromrealityand talkstoanimaginarycharacter, likewiththisexamplefrom Macbeth: IsthisadaggerwhichIseebefore me, Thehandletowardmyhand? Come,letmeclutchthee! Ihavetheenot,andyetIseethee still. Hyperbole– an exaggeration (overstatement). “I’mstarving” “Iwasgoing1000miles anhourtogethereon time” Irony– whenintended meaningisdifferent formactualmeaning. Whensomeoneputs theirhighbeamsin yourface,yousay, “Great,nowIcansee better” Metonymy – whena thingorconceptisnot calledbyitsnamebut ratherbyametonym. “Dish” “IvyLeague” Onomatopoeia– the formationofwordsthat soundliketheobjectto whichtheyrefer. “Chickadee” “Bobwhite” “Buzz” “Cuckoo” Oxymoron– whena seeminglyselfcontradictoryeffectis produced. “Prettyugly” “Jumboshrimp” “Darklight” Paradox – anotherselfcontradictorystatement, butonethatmightexpress atruth.Forexample,from GeorgeOrwell’sAnimal Farm” "Allanimalsareequal,but somearemoreequalthan others" Sarcasm - theuseofwords thatmeantheoppositeof whatyouwanttosay,usually toshowirritationorbefunny. “IworkaroundtheclocksoI canbepoor” “Notthesharpesttoolinthe shed” Synecdoche– when thepartistakenforthe whole,orviceversa. “Nicewheels” “Askforherhandin marriage” Answerthesegeneralquestionsonpoetry(fromthe sametext) • https://clep.collegeboard.org/exam/literature/questio ns/6 • https://clep.collegeboard.org/exam/literature/questio ns/7 • https://clep.collegeboard.org/exam/literature/questio ns/8 • https://clep.collegeboard.org/exam/literature/questio ns/9 Answerquestions6-10(whichareallfromthe sametext)onpoetryfromtheCLEP2016 ExaminationGuideonAnalyzingand InterpretingLiterature. Answerquestions1-10ofthe“20supplemental questions”