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Chapter 24 Cold War 1945-63
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"Long
Telegram"
An influential 5,000 word missive by diplomat
Kennan that outlined why America needed to
develope an aggressive foreign policy aimed at
containing Soviet expansionist impulses.
Bay of Pigs
Operation
Failed attempt to use an amphibious invasion
by Cuban exiles to overthrow the Cuban
dictator Fidel Castro.
Berlin Airlift
Americans and British used planes to resupply
West Berlin to stymie the Soviet Union
blockade of the city.
4.
Berlin Wall
The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushev,
erected this to keep people from fleeing from
the communist controled side, after Kennedy
asked for an increase in defense funds to
counter Soviet aggression
5.
Containment
The label affixed to multiple American foreign
policy initiatives meant to prevent the Soviet
Union from expanding its influence around
the globe.
Cuban
Missile
Crisis
A showdown between the US and the Soviet
Union over Khrushev's decision to place Soviet
missiles aimed at American in Communist
Cuba.
Dixiecrats
Southern Democrats disgruntled over the
strong civil rights proposals of the Democrats'
1948 National Convention. Formed the States'
Rights Democratic Party and nominated
Thurmond (governor of South Carolina) for
president.
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Eisenhower
Doctrine
Executive
Order 9981
Iron Curtain
Israel
This authorized the use of U.S. military forces
to intervene in any country that appeared
likely to fall to communism. Used in the
Middle East.
In July 1948, Truman issued this establishing
a policy of racial equality in the Armed Forces
"be put into effect as rapidly as possible." He
also created a committee to ensure its
implementation.
Winston Churchill's characterization of the
military and ideological barrier erected by the
Soviet Union that separated Western and
Eastern Europe into free and dominated
halves.
In 1947 the UN General Assembly had
approved the creation of a Jewish homeland
by ending the British mandate in Palestine
and partitioning it into two states: one Jewish
and one Arab. On May 14, 1948, the Jews
proclaimed the State of Israel, and all of the
surrounding Arab nations declared war and
invaded. After a short war, the Israelis gained
control of the country.
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John Foster
Dulles
As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle
against Communism as a classic conflict
between good and evil. Believed in
containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.
Julius and
Ethel
Rosenberg
Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed
in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to
commit espionage by passing plans for the
atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.
Korean War
After WWII, it had been partitioned along the
38th parallel into a northern zone governed
by the Soviet Union, and a southern zone
controlled by the U.S. In 1950, the North
invaded the South. The U.N. raised an
international army led by the U.S. to stop the
North. It was the first use of U.N. military
forces to enforce international peace. Called a
limited war, because the fighting was to be
confined solely to the Korean peninsula,
rather than the countries involved on each
side attacking one another directly.
Limited Test
Ban Treaty
Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and US
signed this banning atmospheric and
underwater testing of nuclear weapons.
Marshall
Plan
Aimed to restore European's faith in
capitalism by sending $13 billion overseas to
rebuildEurope's ruined roads, bridges,
factories, and farms.
McCarthyism
The government's anti-communist crusade
named for the Senator from Wisconsin, who
along with the HUAC, spearheaded numerous
governmental investigations into communist
activities, many of them spurious.
National
Security Acts
This law created the cabinet post of Secretary
of Defense, the CIA, and the National Security
Council in 1947.
North
Atlantic
Treaty
Organization
A post-World War II military alliance
between the US and Western European
powers.
Sino-Soviet
Treaty
Result of Mao Zedong winning the Chinese
Civil war, the Soviets offered assistance and
in 1950 signed a pledge of mutual assistance
in the event of an enemy attack.
Sputnik I
The first artificial satellite sent into space,
launched by the Soviets in October 1957. In
response, the Americans created NASA to
counter the Soviets advance in space.
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Suez Crisis
Egypt's dictator, Abdul Gamal Nasser, nationalized this in 1956, and was attacked by British, French and Israeli forces.
The U.S. intervened on behalf of Egypt. Damaged Britain and France's standing as world powers.
Truman
Doctrine
A foreign policy initiative that gave the US an active role in stopping the global spread of communism by supporting
"free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."
TrumanMacArthur
Controversy
President removed this General from command in Korea as punishment for his public criticism of the U.S.
government's handling of the war. Intended to confirm the American tradition of civilian control over the military, but
his decision was widely criticized.
Warsaw Pact
To counter the NATO buildup, the Soviets formed this military organization with the nations of Eastern Europe. Also
gave Russia an excuse for garrisoning troops in these countries.