* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download middle ages
Survey
Document related concepts
England in the Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Medieval music wikipedia , lookup
Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe wikipedia , lookup
Myth of the flat Earth wikipedia , lookup
Scotland in the Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Post-classical history wikipedia , lookup
Early Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Economy of Scotland in the High Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Wales in the Early Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Medievalism wikipedia , lookup
European science in the Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Dark Ages (historiography) wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
MIDDLE AGES Early Middle Ages (476-1000) High Middle Ages (1000-1300) Late Middle Ages (1300-1500) EARLY MIDDLE AGES - POLITICS • 476 – Last Roman Emperor dismissed! • Feudalism – Manorism • The Fief (grant of land) – land was of extreme importance • Vassalage – Bond between rulers and vassals (inferiors) • Private justice – taxes, law and punishment were in the hands of the local lord • Oaths of loyalty in exchange for land and military service (knights…) • Decentralization – led to weaker kings and a grewing nobility EARLY MIDDLE AGES - ECONOMY • Latifundias – huge land estates • Landed nobility • Set of rights and obligations between landed nobility and serfs • Self-sufficient communities producing a variety of goods • International trade limited EARLY MIDDLE AGES - RELIGION • • • • • • Meeting in Nicae 325 Augustinus – ”The City of God” Christianity as a unifying force Power of people’s everyday lives Monopoly of education Involved in politics EARLY MIDDLE AGES - EVENTS • Germanic Migration: Huns (Attila) – Visigoths – Vandals – Burgundians – Franks – Ostrogoths – Angles – Saxons – Jutes… • Merovingians – France • Clovis Charles Martel ”The Hammer” Charlemagne • Treaty of Verdun 843 • European crisis: • Arab expansion 622-750 • Magyars 896-100 • Vikings 793-1066 EARLY MIDDLE AGES - PEOPLE • • • • • • • King Arthur (late 5th Century – a myth?) Clovis – Louis I (481-511) – Unified Gaul Attila the Hun (433-453) Prophet Muhamad (570-632) – Arabic expansion Charles Martel (Battles of Poitiers and Tours 732/733) Charlemagne (768-814) – French Empire Otto I (936-973) – First German Empire HIGH MIDDLE AGES - POLITICS • Feudalism • Chivalry developed • Display courage and valor in combat • Devotion to a feudal nobleman and the heavenly lord (God) • Respect toward women… HIGH MIDDLE AGES - ECONOMY • Landed wealth of the nobility • Agricultural revolution • Putting-out system • Technological development • Urban development • Growing international trade • Italian City States • Hanseatic League HIGH MIDDLE AGES - RELIGION • Problems between the Church and rulers • Problems within the Church – led to reforms • SPLIT – between the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church 1054 • Crusades 1095-1291 • Universities founded – 1100-1200’s HIGGH MIDDLE AGES - CRUSADES • The Crusades started by Pope Urban II • Religious reasons: Stop the arabic expansion – reconquer Jerusalem • Economical reasons: Trade • Political reasons: To strengthen the Roman Catholic Church (and weaken the Holy German Empire) • A tradition… HIGH MIDDLE AGES - EDUCATION • Universities – started in South Europe in the 1100’s • Scholasticism – medieval teaching, especially the art of analyzing logic relationships among propositions in a dialogue or discourse (dialectic) • Arsistotle – a revival of Aristotelian philosophy (adjustment between the Aristotelian reason and Christian beliefs) • Geocentric view • Philosophy and science… HIGH MIDDLE AGES – EVENTS • Climate change – Medieval Climate Optimum (made the farming season longer and increased the yield) • Population increase – from around 38.5 million people in the year 1000 to 73.5 million in 1340 • RUSSIA – The Kievan State before 1223 • RUSSIA – After Genghis Khan crushed Kiev 1223 a new small principality became important – Moscow! HIGH MIDDLE AGES - PEOPLE • Pope Urban II (1042-1099) • Saladin (1137-1193) • Richard Plantagenet (the ”Lionhearted” – 1157-1199) • Genghis Khan (1162-1227) • Marco Polo (1254-1324) • Dante (1265-1321) LATE MIDDLE AGES – POLITICS • Feudalism weaker in Western Europe • Growing National States – Centralized Monarchies • Peasant risings • Nobility advances (Magna Carta 1215) LATE MIDDLE AGES – ECONOMY • High inflation and a stagnation of the economy • Problems within agriculture • Problems within international trade LATE MIDDLE AGES – RELIGION • CRISIS • Avignon Exile (the ”Babylonian Captivity” 1308-1377) • Great Schism (1378-1417) • Economic problems within the Church • Raised funds from forced tithes and the grant of indulgences • Economic/political appointments of Bishops • Fall of Constantinople 1453 LATE MIDDLE AGES – EVENTS • Climate change – ”Little Ice Age” – shortened the growing season • Hundred Year’s War (1337-1453) • Bubonic Plague (1347/1348 ) – killed ⅓ to ¼ of the European population • War of the Roses (1455-1485) but also… • The printing Press – Gutenberg • European exploration… LATE MIDDLE AGES - PEOPLE • Joan of Arc (1412-1431) • Medici (Florence – 1300-1400’s) • Johann Gutenberg (1400-1468) MIDDLE AGES – WOMEN ? EARLY MODERN TIME • Renaissance & Humanism • Reformation • Scientific Revolution