Download middle ages

MIDDLE AGES
Early Middle Ages (476-1000)
High Middle Ages (1000-1300)
Late Middle Ages (1300-1500)
EARLY MIDDLE AGES - POLITICS
• 476 – Last Roman Emperor dismissed!
• Feudalism – Manorism
• The Fief (grant of land) – land was of extreme importance
• Vassalage – Bond between rulers and vassals (inferiors)
• Private justice – taxes, law and punishment were in the
hands of the local lord
• Oaths of loyalty in exchange for land and military service
(knights…)
• Decentralization – led to weaker kings and a grewing
nobility
EARLY MIDDLE AGES - ECONOMY
• Latifundias – huge land estates
• Landed nobility
• Set of rights and obligations between
landed nobility and serfs
• Self-sufficient communities producing a
variety of goods
• International trade limited
EARLY MIDDLE AGES - RELIGION
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Meeting in Nicae 325
Augustinus – ”The City of God”
Christianity as a unifying force
Power of people’s everyday lives
Monopoly of education
Involved in politics
EARLY MIDDLE AGES - EVENTS
• Germanic Migration: Huns (Attila) – Visigoths – Vandals – Burgundians – Franks – Ostrogoths – Angles – Saxons
– Jutes…
• Merovingians – France
• Clovis
Charles Martel ”The Hammer”
Charlemagne
• Treaty of Verdun 843
• European crisis:
• Arab expansion 622-750
• Magyars 896-100
• Vikings 793-1066
EARLY MIDDLE AGES - PEOPLE
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King Arthur (late 5th Century – a myth?)
Clovis – Louis I (481-511) – Unified Gaul
Attila the Hun (433-453)
Prophet Muhamad (570-632) – Arabic expansion
Charles Martel (Battles of Poitiers and Tours 732/733)
Charlemagne (768-814) – French Empire
Otto I (936-973) – First German Empire
HIGH MIDDLE AGES - POLITICS
• Feudalism
• Chivalry developed
• Display courage and valor in combat
• Devotion to a feudal nobleman and the heavenly lord (God)
• Respect toward women…
HIGH MIDDLE AGES - ECONOMY
• Landed wealth of the nobility
• Agricultural revolution
• Putting-out system
• Technological development
• Urban development
• Growing international trade
• Italian City States
• Hanseatic League
HIGH MIDDLE AGES - RELIGION
• Problems between the Church and rulers
• Problems within the Church – led to
reforms
• SPLIT – between the Roman Catholic
Church and the Greek Orthodox Church
1054
• Crusades 1095-1291
• Universities founded – 1100-1200’s
HIGGH MIDDLE AGES - CRUSADES
• The Crusades started by Pope Urban II
• Religious reasons:
Stop the arabic expansion – reconquer Jerusalem
• Economical reasons:
Trade
• Political reasons:
To strengthen the Roman Catholic Church
(and weaken the Holy German Empire)
• A tradition…
HIGH MIDDLE AGES - EDUCATION
• Universities – started in South Europe in the 1100’s
• Scholasticism – medieval teaching, especially the art
of analyzing logic relationships among propositions in a
dialogue or discourse (dialectic)
• Arsistotle – a revival of
Aristotelian philosophy
(adjustment between the Aristotelian reason and
Christian beliefs)
• Geocentric view
• Philosophy and science…
HIGH MIDDLE AGES – EVENTS
• Climate change – Medieval Climate Optimum
(made the farming season longer and increased the yield)
• Population increase – from around 38.5 million people
in the year 1000 to 73.5 million in 1340
• RUSSIA – The Kievan State before 1223
• RUSSIA – After Genghis Khan crushed Kiev 1223
a new small principality became important – Moscow!
HIGH MIDDLE AGES - PEOPLE
• Pope Urban II (1042-1099)
• Saladin (1137-1193)
• Richard Plantagenet
(the ”Lionhearted” – 1157-1199)
• Genghis Khan (1162-1227)
• Marco Polo (1254-1324)
• Dante (1265-1321)
LATE MIDDLE AGES – POLITICS
• Feudalism weaker in
Western Europe
• Growing National States –
Centralized Monarchies
• Peasant risings
• Nobility advances
(Magna Carta 1215)
LATE MIDDLE AGES – ECONOMY
• High inflation and a
stagnation of the economy
• Problems within agriculture
• Problems within international trade
LATE MIDDLE AGES – RELIGION
• CRISIS
• Avignon Exile (the ”Babylonian Captivity” 1308-1377)
• Great Schism (1378-1417)
• Economic problems within
the Church
• Raised funds from forced tithes and the grant of indulgences
• Economic/political appointments of Bishops
• Fall of Constantinople 1453
LATE MIDDLE AGES – EVENTS
• Climate change – ”Little Ice Age”
– shortened the growing season
• Hundred Year’s War (1337-1453)
• Bubonic Plague (1347/1348 )
– killed ⅓ to ¼ of the European population
• War of the Roses (1455-1485)
but also…
• The printing Press – Gutenberg
• European exploration…
LATE MIDDLE AGES - PEOPLE
• Joan of Arc (1412-1431)
• Medici (Florence – 1300-1400’s)
• Johann Gutenberg (1400-1468)
MIDDLE AGES – WOMEN
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EARLY MODERN TIME
• Renaissance & Humanism
• Reformation
• Scientific Revolution