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Summary
in which we continuously exchange
verbal and nonverbal messages and
share ­meanings.
• In an interpersonal transaction,
communicators encode and decode messages at the same time.
• The components of a transactional
communication model include all
seven elements of effective communication as well as message,
feedback, and noise.
1.1
Communication in Your Life
What is communication, and how does
it affect your everyday life?
• Communication is the process of
using verbal and nonverbal messages to generate meaning within
and across various contexts, cultures, and channels.
• Effective interpersonal communication helps you achieve your
personal, professional, educational, intercultural, intellectual,
societal, and ethical goals.
1.4
Communication Theories,
Strategies, and Skills
How do theories help you choose
effective interpersonal communication
strategies and skills?
1.2
Communication Principles
What do you need to know to become
a more effective communicator?
• Your choices of communication
strategies and skills are most effective when they are grounded
in theory. Without theory, you
may not understand when and
why to use a particular strategy or
skill to its best advantage.
• Effective communicators make
critical decisions about the seven
guiding principles of human
communication represented by
the key elements self, others, purpose, context, content, structure, and
expression.
• The four types of communication
context are psychosocial, logistical, interactional, and mediated.
• The three interactional contexts
are interpersonal, group/team, and
presentational communication.
• Make communication an enduring habit by knowing what to do
and why to do it (knowledge),
knowing how to do it (skills), and
wanting to do it (desire).
1.5
Communicating Ethically
Why is ethical decision
making essential for respectful
interpersonal communication?
• Questions of right and wrong arise
whenever people communicate.
Ethical communication is fundamental to respectful, responsible
thinking, decision making, and the
development of relationships and
communication within and across
contexts, cultures, and channels.
• The National Communication Association Credo for Ethical Communication endorses principles
of ethical communication for all
communicators.
1.3
How do communication models
help you address interpersonal
communication challenges?
• Unlike linear and interactional
communication models, the transactional model depicts communication as a simultaneous transaction
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M01_ENGL0384_02_SE_C01_pp002-019.indd 18
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chapter 1 | human communication
Communication Models
16/01/14 11:29 AM
TESTYOUR KNOWLEDGE
d. whether communication occurs
one to one, in groups, or between a
speaker and an audience.
e. interpersonal, group, and
presentational communication.
1.1 What is communication, and how does it
affect your everyday life?
2
The textbook defines communication
as the process of using verbal and
nonverbal messages to generate
meaning within and across various
contexts, cultures, and channels. Which
term in this definition refers to the
various physical and electronic media
through which we express messages?
a.messages
b.meaning
c.contexts
d.cultures
e.channels
Which of the following skills received
the lowest ranking in the study of skills
employers seek in college graduates?
a. computer skills
b. written communication skills
c. oral communication skills
d.leadership
e. proficiency in field of study
1.3 How do communication models help you
address communication challenges?
6
7
1.2 What do you need to know to become a
more effective communicator?
3
4
5
Which communication principle seeks
an answer to the following question:
How well do you suspend your personal
needs and attitudes when you listen?
a. Know Thy Self
b. Connect with Others
c. Determine Your Purpose
d. Adapt to the Context
e. Structure Your Message
Which communication principle seeks
an answer to the following question:
How can I adapt to the psychological
circumstances and physical setting of the
communication situation?
a. Know Thy Self
b. Select Appropriate Content
c. Connect with Others
d. Adapt to the Context
e. Structure Your Message
The logistical context of communication
refers to
a. the cultural environment in which
you live.
b. your emotional history, personal
experiences, and cultural
background.
c. the time, place, setting, and occasion
in which you will interact with
others.
M01_ENGL0384_02_SE_C01_pp002-019.indd 19
Linear models of communication
a. include the concepts of noise and
feedback.
b. function in only one direction: a
source creates a message and sends
it through a channel to reach a
receiver.
c. recognize that we send and receive
messages simultaneously.
d. illustrate the interrelationships
among the key elements of human
communication.
e. all of the above
The encoding process can be described as
a. the way you feel about others.
b. the process of minimizing internal
noise.
c. effective listening.
d. converting a “code” sent by
someone else into a meaningful
message.
e. the decision-making process you use
to create messages that generate
meaning.
1.4 How do theories help you choose effective
communication strategies and skills?
8
Stephen Covey defines a habit as the
intersection of
a. theories, strategies, and skills.
b. theories, methods, and tools.
c. knowledge, cognition, and
intellectual skills.
9
Theories answer why, strategies answer
what, skills answer how, and ethics
answers questions of
a.who
b.where
c.when
d.whether
e. all of the above
1.5 Why is ethical decision making essential
for effective communication?
10 Which principle in the NCA Credo for
Ethical Communication is violated if a
close friend shares your most intimate
secrets with people you don’t know or
don’t like?
a. We advocate truthfulness, accuracy,
honesty, and reason as essential to
the integrity of communication.
b. We strive to understand and respect
other communicators before
evaluating and responding to their
messages.
c. We promote access to
communication resources and
opportunities as necessary to fulfill
human potential.
d. We advocate sharing information,
opinions, and feelings when facing
significant choices while also
respecting privacy and confidentiality.
e. We are committed to the courageous
expression of personal conviction in
pursuit of fairness and justice.
Answers found on page 330.
Key Terms
Channels
Communication
Communication
models
Context
Culture
Decoding
Encoding
Ethics
External noise
Feedback
Group communication
Interactional context
Interactive communication
model
Internal noise
Interpersonal
communication
Linear communication
model
Logistical context
Mass communication
Media richness theory
Mediated context
Messages
Noise
Presentational
communication
Psychosocial context
Receiver
Skills
Source
Strategies
Structure
Symbol
Theories
Transactional
communication model
test your knowledge
1
d. knowledge, skill, and desire.
e. preparation, practice, and
performance.
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