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Tissue: The Living Fabric Use notes and Ch. 4 from textbook in class to complete and use as a study guide A. simple columnar epithelium B. simple cuboidal epithelium C. simple squamous epithelium D. stratified columnar epithelium E. stratified cuboidal epithelium F. stratified squamous epithelium 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 10. 8. 11. 9. 12. A. B. C. D. E. F. simple columnar epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium simple squamous epithelium stratified columnar epithelium stratified cuboidal epithelium stratified squamous epithelium A. cardiac muscle B. skeletal muscle C. smooth muscle 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. A. cardiac muscle B. skeletal muscle C. smooth muscle Four classes of connective tissue A. Connective tissue proper B. Cartilage C. Bone tissue D. Blood ___________________________ E. Nervous Tissue A. cardiac muscle B. skeletal muscle C. smooth muscle Function: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control. Location: The walls of the heart. 22. 25. Location: In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin. 23. 19. Function: Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control. Location: Mostly in the walls of hollow organs. 26. 24. 20. Function: Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control. 21. 27. Connective tissue proper loose connective tissue A. areolar B. adipose dense connective tissue C. regular D. irregular 28. 30. 29. 31. Connective tissue proper 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. loose connective tissue A. areolar B. adipose C. reticular 37. 37. 38. 39. 40. dense connective tissue D. regular E. irregular F. elastic 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions Around kidneys and eyeballs Attaches bones to bones; Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; Dermis of the skin Insulates against heat loss Its macrophages phagocytize bacteria Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen) Plays important role in inflammation Primarily parallel collagen fibers Provides reserve food fuel Supports and protects organs Tendons, most ligaments Under skin in the hypodermis; Walls of large arteries Widely distributed under epithelia of body Within abdomen and in breasts Withstands great tensile stress when applied in one direction Wraps and cushions organs Cartilage Tissue A. Hyaline B. Elastic C. Fibro Connective tissue proper 53. 56. 50. loose connective tissue D. areolar E. adipose F. reticular dense connective tissue G. regular H. irregular I. elastic 54. 57. 55 58. 51. 52. Skeletal Cartilages 1. Hyaline cartilages 59. • • Provide support, flexibility, and resilience Most abundant type 60. 2. Elastic cartilages • Similar to hyaline cartilages, but contain elastic fibers 3. 61. Fibrocartilages • Collagen fibers—have great tensile strength A.Elastic B.Fibro C.Hyaline Cartilage in external ear Cartilage in Intervertebral disc Cartilages in nose Articular Cartilage of a joint Costal cartilage D. Appendicular E. Axial Pubic symphysis Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint) Articular cartilage of a joint ?62. ?63. A. Elastic B. Fibro C. Hyaline ?64. ?65. ?66. Figure 6.1 The following slides are notes that could be used as a study guide and help filling in answers to previous slides. Figure 4.8a Connective tissues. (a) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar Description: Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells. Elastic fibers Function: Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid. Collagen fibers Location: Widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries. Fibroblast nuclei Epithelium Lamina propria Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Photomicrograph: Areolar connective tissue, a soft packaging tissue of the body (300x). Figure 4.8b Connective tissues. (b) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose Description: Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet. Function: Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs. Nucleus of fat cell Location: Under skin in the hypodermis; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts. Vacuole containing fat droplet Adipose tissue Mammary glands Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Photomicrograph: Adipose tissue from the subcutaneous layer under the skin (350x). Figure 4.8c Connective tissues. (c) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular Description: Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network. Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages. White blood cell (lymphocyte) Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen). Reticular fibers Spleen Photomicrograph: Dark-staining network of reticular connective tissue fibers forming the internal skeleton of the spleen (350x). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8d Connective tissues. (d) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular Description: Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast. Collagen fibers Function: Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction. Location: Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses. Nuclei of fibroblasts Shoulder joint Ligament Photomicrograph: Dense regular connective tissue from a tendon (500x). Tendon Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8e Connective tissues. (e) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular Description: Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast. Nuclei of fibroblasts Function: Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength. Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract. Fibrous joint capsule Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Collagen fibers Photomicrograph: Dense irregular connective tissue from the dermis of the skin (400x). Figure 4.8f Connective tissues. (f) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, elastic Description: Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers. Function: Allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration. Elastic fibers Location: Walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes. Aorta Heart Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Photomicrograph: Elastic connective tissue in the wall of the aorta (250x). Figure 4.8g Connective tissues. (g) Cartilage: hyaline Description: Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae. Function: Supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress. Location: Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx. Chondrocyte in lacuna Matrix Costal cartilages Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Photomicrograph: Hyaline cartilage from the trachea (750x). Figure 4.8h Connective tissues. (h) Cartilage: elastic Description: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix. Function: Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility. Chondrocyte in lacuna Location: Supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis. Matrix Photomicrograph: Elastic cartilage from the human ear pinna; forms the flexible skeleton of the ear (800x). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8i Connective tissues. (i) Cartilage: fibrocartilage Description: Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate. Function: Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock. Location: Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint. Chondrocytes in lacunae Intervertebral discs Collagen fiber Photomicrograph: Fibrocartilage of an intervertebral disc (125x). Special staining produced the blue color seen. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8j Connective tissues. (j) Others: bone (osseous tissue) Description: Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized. Central canal Function: Bone supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis). Lacunae Lamella Location: Bones Photomicrograph: Cross-sectional view of bone (125x). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8k Connective tissues. (k) Others: blood Description: Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma). Plasma Function: Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances. Location: Contained within blood vessels. Neutrophil Red blood cells Lymphocyte Photomicrograph: Smear of human blood (1860x); two white blood cells (neutrophil in upper left and lymphocyte in lower right) are seen surrounded by red blood cells. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.9 Nervous tissue. Nervous tissue Description: Neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonirritable supporting cells (not illustrated). Neuron processes Axon Nuclei of supporting cells Cell body Dendrites Cell body of a neuron Function: Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity. Neuron processes Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Photomicrograph: Neurons (350x) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.10a Muscle tissues. (a) Skeletal muscle Description: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations. Striations Function: Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control. Location: In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin. Nuclei Part of muscle fiber (cell) Photomicrograph: Skeletal muscle (approx. 460x). Notice the obvious banding pattern and the fact that these large cells are multinucleate. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.10b Muscle tissues. (b) Cardiac muscle Description: Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs). Striations Intercalated discs Function: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control. Location: The walls of the heart. Nucleus Photomicrograph: Cardiac muscle (500X); notice the striations, branching of cells, and the intercalated discs. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.10c Muscle tissues. (c) Smooth muscle Description: Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets. Function: Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control. Location: Mostly in the walls of hollow organs. Smooth muscle cell Nuclei Photomicrograph: Sheet of smooth muscle (200x). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.