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CST Prep- 8th Grade Astronomy Chapter 15 (Part 1) 1. The theory of how the universe was created is called the ____________________. 2. Which equation states that matter and energy are interchangeable? __________________ 3. All matter in the Universe today came from an original pin prick of limitless __________________. 4. Is the universe contracting or expanding? __________________ 5. Is the universe speeding up or slowing down? __________________ 6. Most of the matter in the universe is clumped together in large masses/clusters called __________________. 7. The color of a star tells you what its __________________ is. 8. A star is mainly in this state of matter: __________________. 9. What chemical reaction produces heat and energy in a star? ______________ ____________ 10. In the above reaction, four __________________ atoms come together to make one __________________ atom. 11. What is the hottest color of a star? __________________ 12. What is the coolest color of a star? __________________ 13. All of the frequencies of ______________ ____________ spectrum that we can see (all of the colors visible to the human eye) are called the ______________ ____________ 14. A spectrum with certain wavelengths missing is called an ______________ ____________. 15. A projection of only the wavelengths/colors that are emitted by a glowing element is called an __________________. 16. What is the most abundant element in the universe? __________________ 17. What magnitude is the brightest star we can see? __________________ 18. What magnitude is the dimmest star we can see? __________________ 19. The brightness of a star as seen from Earth is called its ______________ ____________. 20. The brightness of a star 32.6 lightyears from Earth is called ______________ ____________ 21. The unit of measurement of distances outside of our solar system (i.e. between stars) is called a ______________ ____________. 22. The apparent shift of position of a star in outer space due to observing it from different positions of the Earth is called a __________________. 23. The shapes of stars in outer space that make different figures (i.e. Orion) are called __________________. 24. A star in the process of being born is called a __________________. 25. Name the three stages, in order, of a star’s life: __________________, __________________, __________________ 26. When a star uses up all of its hydrogen and starts to die it may grow into a __________________. 27. If a star is not very big it will then shrinks down and become a ______________ ____________ 28. What is the name of Earth’s nearest star? __________________ 29. What is the size of our sun? Is it small, medium, large or extra large in size? __________________ 30. Will our sun super nova? __________________ 31. Will our sun create a black hole? __________________ 32. What will our sun end up as? ______________ ____________ 33. Huge, gigantic stars explode. What is this explosion called? __________________ 34. The core of huge stars collapse and shrink, tearing a hole in space-time. What is this hole called? ______________ ____________ 35. A graph that shows the relationship between the surface temperature and absolute magnitude is called a ______________ ____________ 36. Betelgeuse and Antares are both ______________ ____________ 37. If the core of a star collapses into a mass of neutrons it becomes a ______________ ____________ 38. If this mass of neutrons spins, projecting a stream of energy, it is called a ______________ ____________ 39. There is a ______________ ____________ at the center of every galaxy. 40. What is the name of our galaxy? ______________ ____________ 41. What is the width (in distance) of our galaxy? ______________________ 42. How many stars are there in our galaxy? ______________________ 43. How many galaxies are there in our universe? ______________________ 44. What type (shape) is our galaxy? ______________________ 45. An elliptical galaxy is also called a ______________ ____________ 46. A galaxy with no definite shape is called a __________________ galaxy. 47. A group of stars is called a star __________________. 48. Name the 5 main components of a galaxy: __________________, __________________, __________________, __________________. 49. The snow on your TV is caused by ______________ ____________ ____________ from the big bang. 50. How old is the universe? __________________ Chapter 15 (Part 2) 1. The brightest stars are ______________ ____________ stars. 2. The dimmest stars are ______________ ____________ stars. 3. In order to calculate a star’s __________________ magnitude, it is necessary to know its apparent magnitude and its distance from the Earth. 4. In order to calculate a star’s absolute magnitude, it is necessary to know its __________________ magnitude and its distance from the Earth. 5. The sun has a(n) __________________ magnitude of +4.8 and an apparent magnitude of 26.8. 6. In a(n) ______________ ____________ every color is present. 7. In a(n) ______________ ____________ the pattern of black lines identifies the elements in a star’s atmosphere. 8. Astronomers use an instrument called a(n) __________________ to separate a star’s light into a spectrum. 9. Gas or dust from a nearby star that falls into a(n) ______________ ____________ gives off X=-rays. 10. One of the most powerful energy sources in the universe is a(n) __________________. 11. According to the ___________ ___________ ___________, at one time all of the contents of the universe were compressed into a very small volume. 12. A small, hot, dim star that no longer generates energy by nuclear fusion is called a(n) ______________ ____________ 13. A black hole is difficult to locate because it is so massive and dense that light cannot escape its __________________. 14. Unlike spiral galaxies, __________________ galaxies stopped making stars more than 10 billion years ago. 15. Galaxies with no definite shape, like the Large Magellanic Cloud, are called __________________ galaxies. 16. In one year, light travels over a distance called a(n) __________________. 17. The sun is in the longest stage of its life, called the ______________ ____________ 18. How bright a star is as seen from Earth is called ______________ ____________ 19. The position of a star may seem to shift because of __________________. 20. A star’s ______________ ____________ does not depend on its distance from Earth. 21. After the big bang, __________________ caused the matter to be distributed in every direction as the universe expanded. 22. According to the Big Bang Theory, ______________ ____________ _______________ was distributed in every direction as the universe expanded. 23. An object so massive and dense that not even light can escape its gravity is called a(n) ______________ ____________ 24. A highly concentrated group of stars formed at the same time from the same nebula is called a(n) ______________ ____________ 25. Astronomers learn about the composition and temperature of a star by separating the star’s light into a(n) __________________. 26. Describe the three main types of galaxies classified by their shapes: __________________, __________________, __________________ 27. How can astronomers use absorption spectra of stars to find out which elements are in a particular star? 28. Many scientists believe that the expansion rate of the universe will continue to increase. If it does, what will happen to the universe? 29. Describe the temperature and brightness of the star marked with an X. 30. Explain how the apparent movement of the stars in the night sky different from the movement of the stars within a constellation. 31. What information is plotted on the H-R diagram (x-y axis)? 32. What is a supernova? 33. How does a neutron star differ from a pulsar? 34. What is a nebula? 35. What are open clusters and where are they found? 36. What is cosmic background radiation? 37. Approximately how old is the universe? 38. Where are globular clusters found? 39. Describe the role of hydrogen in a main-sequence star. 40. Why are blue stars so hot? 41. Why do blue stars have short lives? 42. If you traced the paths of the stars in the night sky over a few hours, why would they all appear to circle around Polaris, also called the North Star? 43. The sun is about 1.5 x 1011 m from Earth. If the sun suddenly burned out, about how many minutes would elapse before people on Earth would know? (Hint: The speed of light is about 3 x 108 m/s). Show your work below: CST Prep- 8th Grade Astronomy Chapter 16 (Part 1) 1. A ______________ ____________ is a system of one or more stars, its planets and their satellites. 2. Giant clouds of gas are called __________________. 3. A cloud of gas that gives birth to a star is called a ______________ ____________ 4. What force pulls matter together? __________________ 5. What pushes matter apart? __________________ 6. The center of a star is called its __________________. 7. The visible part of the sun that we can see from Earth is called its __________________. 8. The sun’s outer-most atmospheres are called the __________________. 9. Combining four hydrogen atoms to create helium is how the sun produces its energy. This process is called __________________. 10. The process above (#9) requires extreme ______________ ____________ and ______________ ____________ 11. The distance from the sun to Earth is called one ______________ ____________ 12. Name the planets, in order, starting closest to the sun: __________________, __________________, __________________, __________________, __________________, __________________, __________________, __________________ 13. Name the 4 inner/rocky planets: __________________, __________________, __________________, __________________ 14. Name the 4 outer/gas giants: __________________, __________________, __________________, __________________ 15. Which outermost “planet” is no longer a planet? __________________ 16. Number “15 above” is now called a ______________ ____________ 17. What two things balance each other out, keeping planets in orbit around their stars or moons/satellites around their planets? __________________, __________________ 18. Which one from #17 is a centripetal force? __________________ 19. Sketch a planet and its moon. Draw and label two arrows representing both from #17 above. 20. What word means “hard, rocky, dirt surface?” __________________ 21. Which two planets have no moons? __________________, __________________ 22. Which planet has one moon? __________________ 23. Which planet has two moons? __________________ 24. Which planet has the most moons? __________________ 25. What is another name for “moon?” __________________ 26. Which planet is called “Earth’s Twin?” __________________ 27. Earth’s twin has a very dense and heavy __________________. 28. Which two acids are in Venus’ atmosphere? ______________ ____________ 29. Counter clockwise is __________________ rotation of the planets. 30. Clockwise is __________________ rotation of the planets. 31. Earth is the only planet with liquid __________________. 32. What color is Mars? __________________. It is this color because it has lots of __________________ on its surface. 33. Mars has a very thin __________________. 34. Satellites (moons) and small planets have little or no atmosphere because they are too small and have insufficient __________________ to hold and maintain an atmosphere. 35. On Mars water is frozen at the __________________. 36. The largest volcano in the solar system is on Mars, what is its name? ______________ ____________ 37. The longest and deepest trench is on the solar system is on Mars, what is its name? ______________ ____________ 38. Jupiter’s big red spot is a giant __________________. 39. How many earths can fit in Jupiter’s big red spot? __________________ 40. What planet is so light it would float in a giant bathtub of water? __________________ 41. What interstellar objects are made of dust and ice? __________________ 42. What interstellar objects are made out of solid rock and metal? __________________ 43. Will Saturn’s rings last forever? __________________ 44. Name Jupiter’s 4 largest moons: __________________, __________________, __________________, __________________ 45. Name Saturn’s 3 largest moons: __________________, __________________, __________________ 46. What planet is knocked over on its side? __________________ 47. What planet has the big dark spot? __________________ 48. Name a moon of Uranus: __________________ 49. Name a moon of Neptune: __________________ 50. Name Pluto’s moon: __________________ 51. What lies between Mars and Jupiter? __________________ 52. The theory that something large hit Earth (a small planetoid) is how our __________________ was created. 53. The dark spots on the moon are called __________________. 54. A full moon is a fully lit moon, an unlit dark moon is called a __________________ moon. 55. A word that describes the moon as getting brighter and bigger is __________________. 56. A word that describes the moon as getting smaller and less bright is a __________________. 57. Where is the moon positioned during a solar eclipse? _____________________________ 58. Where is the Earth positioned during a lunar eclipse? _____________________________ 59. The tail of a comet always points __________________ from the sun. 60. This is because the sun projects a ______________ ______________. 61. Bits of asteroid or comet fragments that break off in outer space are called __________________. 62. When these bits enter our atmosphere they burn up as __________________ (also known as “shooting stars”). 63. Bits of outer space material that strike the Earth’s surface and can be found intact are now called __________________. 64. The “hole” left in the ground from an asteroid impact is called a __________________. 65. There are two types of comets, what are they? __________________, __________________ 66. Does our solar system extend beyond the planets? __________________ 67. The __________________ cloud, beyond Pluto, is where our comets originate. 68. Draw the planets, in order, relative to their “sizes.” 69. Do other solar systems (planets revolving around stars) exist in our galaxy? Chapter 16 (Part 2) 1. Small bodies of ice and cosmic dust are called __________________. 2. The outer planets that have massive gas atmospheres are called ______________ ____________ 3. Except for Mercury and Venus, all the planets have natural __________________ called moons. 4. The glowing trails that result when meteoroids burn up in Earth’s atmosphere are called __________________. 5. The cloud of gas and dust that formed our solar system is the ______________ ____________ 6. A planet that appears to spin in a clockwise direction when viewed from above its North Pole has ______________ ______________. 7. The average distance between the sun and Earth is called a(n) ______________ ____________ 8. A planet that appears to spin in a counterclockwise direction when viewed from above its North Pole has ______________ ______________. 9. When the shadow of one celestial body falls on another, a(n) __________________ occurs. 10. Unlike most planets, Venus has __________________ rotation, which means that it appears to spin in a clockwise direction when viewed from above its North Pole. 11. Natural or artificial bodies that orbit larger celestial bodies such as planets are called __________________. 12. Because they are rocky and dense, the inner planets of our solar system are called __________________ planets. 13. The large, interstellar cloud of gas and dust that formed our solar system is called the ______________ ____________ 14. Earth completes one __________________ each year. 15. How do gravity and pressure keep a nebula from collapsing? 16. Describe the process of nuclear fusion. 17. How are the inner planets different from the outer planets? 18. Describe the difference between a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse. 19. Describe the current theory of how Earth’s moon formed. 20. What causes phases of the moon? 21. What characteristics of Earth’s moon supports the current theory of its formation? 22. What is the difference between an annular eclipse and a total solar eclipse? 23. Which planets are parts of the inner solar system? 24. Why are the inner planets known as the terrestrial planets? 25. Compare the meaning of the terms period of rotation and period of revolution. 26. Explain how the planet Neptune was discovered. 27. How do meteorites vary in composition? 28. How do scientists explain the unusual tilt of Uranus’ axis at an angle of almost 90o? 29. How has the classification of Pluto changed? 30. What causes the moon to appear red during a lunar eclipse? 31. Describe the two tails of a comet. 32. Why are the planets in the solar system shaped like spheres? 33. Light travels about 300,000 km/s in space. Jupiter is about 780,000,000 km from the sun. How many minutes does it take light from the sun to reach Jupiter? Show your work.