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EPIDERMAL STUDIES
STUDY
of epidermal structure includes the
study of
superficial
or outer covering of the plant-body layer of cells in root,
and
foliar
structures.
It also includes outer
most
stem
layer
of
floral parts, fruits and seeds. Since the epidermis represents in
this
context, the point of direct contact between the plant
its
external environment, it is not surprising that this
exhibits
considerable diversity in its structure and
cells
wou1~
include only "those
tissue
functions.
Haber1andt(1914) has proposed a restricted physiological
tion of the epidermis that
and
defini-
superficial
or cell layers" which physiologically participate
between
plant and environment. According to this view point stomata would
be
excluded
on physiological ground, from
the
epidermis.
Linsbauer(1930) has clearly pointed out relation of
But
"Topographi-
cal Morphological Concept" rather than "Anatomico - Physiological
Systems". The ontogenetic development of the epidermis like
wise
justifies its interpretation as a "Morphological Unit" since
origin is traceable to an external embryonic layer or
Protoderm,
which in many angiosperms, is directly continuous with the
most
its
outer
tunica layer of the shoot apex. Besides that there is
evidence
that
the
epidermis is the site
of
light
good
perception
involved in circadian induction, W.Mayer(1973). The epidermis may
last
through
later
>.
out the life of a given plant part, or it
may
replaced by another protective tissue, the periderm.
dermis
of root differs in origin, structure and function so
is called Epiblema or Pi1iferous layer or even Rhizodermis.
the
epidermis in a corroborative term includes various types
55
be
Epiits
Thus
of
Epidermal
cells, their out-growths, transformation and
stomata,
including its outogeny. This broad view of epidermis is upheld by
Eames and MacDaniels(1947) and Metcalflaand Chalk(1950).
In present investigation, epidermal morphology stomata and ontogeny, of 30 Angiospermic, prominantly a~ailable taxa belonging to
some 13 different families, are worked out. List of the
families
growth
and taxa are
. P':''lot.
tabulated(T~No:53)
or transformation in various forms is
Epidermis, its
duely
TYP94 of stomata are elaborately dealt with and its
traced
selected
considered.
ontogeny
out. A brief resume of morphological characters
attempted
to
establish the identity of
the
out
is
particular
also
plant.
Observations are noted down and summarily tabulated(Table No.
Hand
drawn
drawings
figures of epidermal out growth
and
is
~
)
camera
lucida
also
given,
are
widely
of stomatal type and stomatal ontogeny is
concerned with different taxa.
STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS
Famil y
Leguminosae
distributed.
It
: The plants of this
family
is cosmopolitan in its distribution
and
ranks
second among the Dicot~Yledons. The family consists of about
500
genera and about 12000 species. It includes variety of habit
and
habitat;s.
climbers
The rang varies from Tree to shrubs and
and
herbs,
twin#ers are there in this family. Some
are
even
also
aquatic in habit.
In
out
"Barda'· range, it is distributed at all the places and
to be a dominant family having 33 species out of
56
total
comes
226
species
recorded in the present investigation. Out of
availabel
species, 10 commonly available prominant
total
33
species
are
selected for the epidermal studies. The total taxa of this family
are divided into three sub families.(l) Fabaceae (2)
Cesalpinac-
eae (3) Mimoseae.
Majority
of the tree species, studied in family Leguminosae
are
hypostomatic while the nonwood taxa are amphistomatic. The mature
stomata are identified as paracytiuc, anisocytic and
Paracytic
During
type
is the most common in
the
family
the Study three ontogenetical types were
anomocytic,
Leguminosae.
observed.
They
are (l)Eumesogenous (2), Hemimesogenous (3) Agenous.
The detailed studies type and measurement of Stomata and observation, (Species-wise) is tabulated (Table No.3) It is as under:-
Sub Family: FABACEAE
(1) Abrus Precatorius
terete
ceme.
V.N. "CHANOTHI"
A perennial twiner with
slender
branches. Leaves compound, parripinnate. Flowers
Flowers(Sept.Oct.)
pink
of light pink.
Very
and
in
ra-
common
in
"Barda range" with thickly bushes of other plants.
Epidermal
late
Simple
Study: Epidermal cells have
sin~ate,
anticlinal cell wall pattern. Sinonsity
curved to
more
57
~
pronoun~ed.
type of trichomes are observed on the leaf which
unicellular nature with slightly rounded base.
undu-
are
of
Stomata : The leaves are hypostomatic, as stomata are observed in
lower surface only. The mesogenous subsidiary cells usually equal
in
size,
flanked on two sides parallel to guard
cells
forming
paracytic stomata stomatal ontogency is mainly of Eumesogenous.
(2) Crotolaria Retusa Lin. :
Hairy
or
small shrub, Leaves simple, oblong 1 anceol ate,
retuse.
erect
V.N. "GHUGHRA"
Stipules awl shaped. Flowers
many
(Sept.-Oct.)
raceme, yellow with purple 'red tinge common in
obtuse
in
Saurashtra
and Gujarat.
Epidermal
Study
: On upper epidermis Idioblasts are
very
fre-
quent, distinct with wedge shaped encirculing cells. Surface wall
circular
to avoid, angled. Hairs or trichomes are absent on
upper
epidermis while they are very common on
Large
and
lower
the
epidermis.
bulbous, usually occuring at bases, Surface
wall
of
lower epidermis circular to ellipsoidal much undulated.
Stomata
is
: Stomata are observed on both the surfaces so the
Amphistomatic. Number of stomata, more on the
lower
leaf
surface
and they are smaller is size on upper surface all the stomata are
Anisocytic type while on lower surface 90% Stomata are of Anisoccytic while 10% are of paracytic type.
Stomatal ontogency is more or less of Hemimesogenous type as
or
more mesogene are formed by the meristemoid and
surround the guard cells.
58
one
incompletely
(3) MUCUNA PRURIENS D.C.
An
extensive
twiner.
V. N. "KAUCHA"
Leaves
trifoliate,
silky,
stipules
lancealate. Leaflets rhomboid-ovate, oblique, mucronate.
(Aug-Dec.)6-30
Flowers
flowered reacmes. Covered with persistent,
tant hairs. Fruit Legume with 5-6 seeds. Medicinal plant,
irriavila-
ble plant in hedges.
EPIDERMAL
STUDY: The epidermal cells have sinuate, straight
or
slightly curved, undulating cell wall pattern which determine the
shape
of
epidermis
the
cell. The sin~o~sity is
more
pronounced.
Lower
papillose to sub.papillose. Unicellular trichomes
are
present with pointed end, and round base.
Stomata
higher
Leaves are amphistomatic. The stomatal
frequency
on lower surface than on upper surface. on upper
surface
all the stomata are paracytic while on lower surface some
cytic
(10 to 20%) are found while 80% stomata are
of
is
anomo-
paracytic
type.
In
the
having
young
thick
subsidiary
leaflets the meristemoids may
be
cytoplasm. The merestemoids may
recognized
either
cells or transformed pathways gurd cells. Thus
different ontogentical pathways are observed. They are
nous
for
file
paracytic stomata but hemimesogenous
and
by
out
three
Eumesoge-
~enous
for
anomocytic stomata.
(4) Pterocarpus Marsupium Roxb. :
V.N.
"BIYO"
A large deceduous tree, Leaves compound, leaflets 5-7.
59
p(ate
waved.
Flowers (May-June) yellowish in paniculate raceme.
Fruit
pod with woody centre and waved membranous wing.
Epidermal
wall
Study: Epidermal cells have straight or sinuate
cell
pattern hexagonal or isodiametric in shape. There are
tri-
chomes on leaves, in shape of peltate glands which are muticellular and vertically spread on Epidermis.
Leaves
Stomata
are hypostomatic. Only
lower
stomata. There is no heterogeneity in
surface
shows
Occu~4nce
presence
of
stomata.
Almost all the stomata are of paracytic type. Two
of
sub-
sidiary cells, mesogene agene in origin, equal or unequal in size
forming
paracytic type of stomata. No modification
observed
in
this particular genus like other members of the family.
Sub Family: Caesalpiniaceae
This sub family of Leguminosae is typically distributed in tropical
and warm -temperate regions of In"dia. In "Barda" area
largely represented by genus eassia. Cassia is the largest
which include 600 species(willis, 1973).Three commonly
it
is
genus
available
genus of eassia vix Cassia auriculata, Cassia fistula and
eassia
tora are selected for spidermnal studies, stomal type and
stoma-
tal
ontogeny. Leaves of all the three genus
are
Amphistomatic.
Mature stomata are paracytic, Anomocytic and anisocytic. The most
common type of stomatal ontogency is f~emimesogenous, followed by
Eumesogenous and agenous.
(5) Cassia Auriculata
Very
Lin: V.N. "PILI AWAL"
common much branched shrub which occur's on both the
60
sides
of main road and approach ways in "Barda" region. Leaves paripinnately
compound.
Leaflets 8-12 pairs each pair with
an
erect,
lin~ gland between them. Stipules large, leafy obliquely cordate
and
reflex. Flowers all round the year. Yellow large,
axillary
recemes.
Fruit
flat pod,
oblong,
showy
obtuse,
in
depressed
between the seeds.
Epidermal Study: Epidermal cells are rectangular to polygonal or
isodiametric in all the three species, wall of the epidermal cell
is
undulated.
Trichomes are observed on the
upper
surface
of
leaf. It was unicellular with swollen tip, which might be due
to
its secretary nature.
,
Paracytic type of stomata
Stomata
occur~
on both the
surface
of leaf. It paracytic type, the two subsidiary celumay be
equal
or
onto-
unequal in size, but here they are usually equal so the
gency
is
surround
Eumesogenous.
the
meristemoid
guard
Over and above
both
cells and ~ originat.1
cells
completely
from
the
same
as guard cells. Thus their origin is mesogenous
but
total ontogency can be designated as Eumesogenous type.
(6) Cassia Fistula Lin.
V.N. "GARMALO"
A small handsome tree. Leaves parripinnale stipules small,
lets
4-8
(Mar-July)
pairs, large ovate, acute base wedge
shaped.
leafFlowers
in a nice, attractive drooming racemes, yellow,
grant Fruit pods, long cylindric, pendulous indehiscent common
fraat
the foot hills regions and on hilly tracks in "Barda" range. Also
planted on road sides as a showy avenue tree.
61
Epidermal
Study: The wall of the epidermal cell
Inclination
nature
of
is
undulated.
dulation occures frequently depending
(old or young). Trichomes in form of pel late
upon
the
hairs
with
globose glandular hairs occure on the lower surface of leaf
more
in number than the upper surface.
Stomatal Study L Leaves are amphistomatic as stomata are
on
both the surfaces of the leaf. Ontogency of stomata
present
is
just
like othe genera mentioned above that is Hermimesogenous followed
by Eumesogenous.
(7) Cassia Tora
Lin. :
V.N. "KUVADIYO"
A small fetid herb which occures commonly as a weed every
on
waste
land area in "8arda" Leaves paripinnate,
where
leaflets
3-
pairs, obovate oblong. base rounded or oblique the lower pair the
smallest
with a conical glandbetween them.
Flowers(Aug-Oct)
axillary
pairs or the upper ones crowded. Flowers
pale
in
yellow.
Fruit pod, longand slender, 4-sided, sharp and pointed.
Epidermal
This
is
Study: Nature of cell wall of epidermis is
perhaps the exception as majority of the
straight.
species
show
wavy cells and dulation. Presence of trichomes in form of glandular hairs are observed on upper surface of the leaf. Leaf surface
covered
with a white deposit of a wax like substance as
experi-
enced with observation of epidermal cells.
Stomatal: Stomata occures on both the surfaces of• leaf. Thus
it
is amphistomatic. Generally they are uniformly paracytic type but
out of 37 stomata, 2 gave appearance of anomocytic. Ontogency
62
of
stomatal
development
subsidiary
cells
is generally Eumesogenous where
completely surround the guard
cells
both
the
and
are
mesogenous in origin.
Sub
Family Mimosae : This tropical and sub tropical family
sisting
mostly of trees shrubs and a few herbs
con-
distinctly
form
the thorny scrubby flora of "Barda" region. The leaves of certain
members
of the family exhibit Sensitive
movements.
Distinctive
features are not numerous.
Glands
occure on the leaves and petioles of most members of
the
family secretary elements and Tannin is very common in the tissue
in
all
baring
parts of the plant. Leaves
species
are
like Acacia fernesiane
generally
which
is
Hypostomatic
Amphistomatic
possessing paracytic stomata on the upper surface and
on
the
lower surface. Frequency of paracytic
anisocytic
stomata
is
more
prevent. Ontogeny is of Eumesogenous in all 3 species where as in
genus
Dichrostatchys it is hemimesogenous followed by
Eumesoge-
nous.
,
(8) Acacia Nilotica (Lin.) V.N. "BAWAL"
A savanna
Leaves
10-25
type
bipinnate,
pairs,
small thorny tree, with
black
main rachis hairy and with
linner-oblong,
fissured
glands,
stipules modified in
to
spines. Flowers(Jan-July) yellow in globose heads. Fruit
bark.
leaflets
two
big
Monoli-
form pod, compressed grey downy 8-12 seeded.
It
makes the main flora of "Barda" range as it is
many places as a thorny scrub vegetation.
63
available
at
Epidermal Study: Epidermal cells are broad with wavy
cell
anticlinal
wall. Upper epidermis comparatively thick. There are
hemispherical
papillated
out growth on the lower
side
leaf.
Upper epidermis more smooth than the lower one.
hairs
are
observed in form of pel late branched
short
of
the
Glandular
hairs
of
tri-
: Leaves are hypostomatic, as stomata are observed
only
chomes.
Stomata
on lower surface of the leaf.Stomatal type is paracytic over all,
but in one specimen of the leaf Anomocytic stomata was also seen.
Probable
raiot of paracytic to anomocytic was 30:1 ontogency
stomatal development was Eumesogenous type as it occures in
of
most
of the genus Acacia.
(9) Acacia Fernesiana Willd.
It
is
a
V.N. "GANDHILO KHER"
savanna small thorny tree.
Branches
straight. Leaves bipinnately compound. Minute.
in
globous head, bright, yellow small and sweet
slender.
Spines
Flowers(Jan-Nov.)
scented.
Fruit
pod, cylindrical and curved with seeds embedded in a sticky pulp.
It is very common in "Barda" as thorny scrub vegetation.
Epidermal Study: Epidermal cells with wavy cell wall. Cells
are
more broad with their anticlinal wall and more thickened. Glandular hairs present on the leaves. Hairs are with uniseriate stalks
and ellipsoidal multicellular head.
Stomatal
upper
Study: Leaves are small and tender.
Amphistomatic
surface all the stomata are of uniform pattern.
They
on
are
paracytic type while on lower surface the stomatal type is Aniso-
64
cytic. Stomatalontogency is Eumesogenous.
(10) Dichrostachys Cinera (Lin.) W.&A. : Y.N."MORDHUNDHIYUN"
Thorny shrub, 2-S mts tall, with grey or greyish-white longitudinally
tissured
bark. Leaves bipinnately compound.l.S -
long.
Leaflets
10-20 pairs. Flowers in
beautiful
4.S
cm
spike
3-7cm
long. Half of the flowers pinky rose and half pake yellow,
axil-
lary or extra axillary. Fruit pid, 3.S - S.S cm long,
twisted,
when mature dark brown, pubescent. It is
compressed
available
in
"Barda" range through outmore onhilly tracks, beginning portion.
Epidermal Study: Epidermal cells are with wavy anticlinal
wall.
Leaves surface pubsecent having long and thin trichome simple and
of non glandular nature.
Stomatal Study : Leaves are hypostomatic. Stomata on, only
surface
of the leaves. Ontogeny of stomatal development
lower
is
He-
in
the
mimesogenous followed by Eumesogenous type.
CUCURBITACEA
tropical
Plants of this family are mainly
region. It contains 100 genera and about
found
800
species.
Mainly herbecious plants with watery juice. Prostrate or climbing
habit by lateral tendrils. Tentrils are either simple or
es.
This
Usually extra axillary, spirally coiled.
In
branch-
"Barda-region"
family is represented by different 8 species out
of
total
226 species recorded in the present investigation. There are
of
Trichomes right from simple branched toglandular and
try. Leaves are Amphistomatic in majority of the species,
65
lot
sec reaworked
out. Stomata are comparitively larger. The size of guard cell
is
34.2 u while size of pore cell is 20.7 u.
(ii) CUCUMIS SATIVUS Lin. V.N. ··KAKDI··.
An
annual
Leaves
large,
deeply chordate, 3-5 lobed hairy. Male flowers(Aug-Sept.)
fasci-
cled
monecious climber. Hispid and
yollow.
Female
hairy.
flowers solitary. Fruit
fleshy
known
as
··Pepo··.Available at many places in "Barda - region·· as a climber.
Epidermal Study: Leaf is dorsiventral cell wall of the
cell
smooth.
No dulation found in the epidermis but
pidermal
cell
wall
could be observed with some thick deposition, sporadically. Hairs
or
trichomes are observed on both the surfaces of leaf on
epidermis muticellular trichomes could be observed with
riate
upper
multise-
stalk. While Glandular globose hair with uniseriate
stalk
is also of common occurance.
Stomata
: Leaves are Amphistomatic, but the
stomatal
frequency
more onlower surface on both the surfaces comparatively anomocytic
stomata
were observed. Stomata with single
subsidiary
cell
were also observed. The meristemoid could esily be recognised due
to
dense contents and prominent nuclei. The general ontogeny
the stomata observed was of agenous in nature in majority of
of
the
species.
Family
Rubiaceae: This family includes mostly woody
herbs.
It
distribution
consists of 380 genera and about
4600
is in the tropical and frigid regions.
plants
or
species.
Its
Leaves
are
opposite simple and usually cymose inflorescene. Flowers typical-
6G
ly bisexual, regular or irregular. Fruit capsule, berry or drupe,
rarely
sorosis. This family is represented by seven
"Barda
Region" which are commonly available out of which 2
cies
to
are selected for epidermal studies. They are
hypostomatic.
species
in
spe-
Amphistomatic
Trichomes are present, ontogey of
stomata
is
mesogenous.
(12) Gardenis rResinifera Roth. : A resinous tree of 3 10 6 meter
height,
with greyish to light black smooth bark.
glabrous.
Flowers white, fragrant, axillary or
Leaves
simple
solitary.
Fruit
ellipsoid, globose, smooth and glabrous. Available at many
hilly
places in "Barda".
Epidermal Studies: Epidermal cells are strait-walled and simple.
Unicellular
thickened
trichomes measuriing 90 to
100
um.
are
common on leaves.
Stomata : Leaves are amphistomatic on both the surface
stomata
served
are
too.
paracytic
observed. Ocassionally cyclocytic stomata
Stomata are of very small size. the size
are
of
obpower
cell is smallest (betweem 6.1 to 8.2) ontogency of stomatal is of
mesogenous type.
(13)
Mitragyna Parviflora (Roxb.) Korth
deciduous
Bark grey smooth exfoliating in
meter
tall,
small
scales.
glabrous.
Flowers
white terning yellow in head. Fruit capsular, distinctly
ribbed.
Leaves
tree.
: 8 to 10
simple, elliptic-oblong, ovate nearly
Available in the region near Kileshwar and Ghumli - temple.
Epidermal
Studies
: Epidermal cells are simple but
67
some
where
anticlinal walls show thickning. Unicellular uniseriate trichomes
are observed on upper surface of the leaf.
Stomata
Leaves
are hypostomatic
type.
Generally
paracytic
stomata are observed on the abaxial side of the leaf. Stomata are
of small size. Ontogeny follows regular mesogenous type
develop-
ment.
Family
Asteraceae
(Compositae) : This family consists
of
over
1000 genera and about 23000 species plants herbs or small shrubs.
Often
with aromatic resing-ducts, Leaves alternate
stipulate.
Presence
Flowers in typical capitulum or
head
of Ray-floret and Oisc.Florect. Fruit Cypsela
papus calyx. This family is
ex-
inflorescence.
with
or
represented
by
without
persistant
some
species out of which 2 common by available
5
simple,
species
are
selected for epidermal studies.
(14)
ECHINOPS
EEHINATUS
Roxb. V.N. : "SUOIO
UTKANTO"
A much
branched, rigid, spiny herb with spreading branches full of white
cottony hairs. Leaves sessile, oblong, deeply pinnatifid with big
spines.
Flowers(Nov.-Jan)
in big white balls,
Spiny,
solitary
head. Flowers bisexual all fertile. Fruit cypsela with pappus. It
constitutes
a
main spiny vegetation at many places
in
"Barda-
with
smooth
Region".
Epidermal
Studies
: Epidermal cells are hexagonal
margin. unicellular simple trichomes with thick base are observed
on both the surfaces of leaf but they are more in number on upper
epidermis.
68
stomata
Leaves are hypostomatic. anomocytic stomata
are
served
on lower surface of the leaf. Average size of Guard
is 25.1 um, while that of pore is 13.00 um. Ontogeny of
obCell
stomatal
type is mesogenouse.
V.N."SAHADEVI"
(15) vernonia Cinera Less
A small annual herb stem hairy. Leaves simple alternate,
ovate-
elliptic or lanceolate, hairy. Flowers{Nov-Feb) pinkish-violet in
small
heads forming divaricate terminal corymbs. Fruit
cypsela,
square oblong small and hairy. It is common everywhere as a
weed
in the region. It is medicinal plant.
•
Epidermal
Studies
Thickness
in
peltate
Epidermal cells are
anticlinal
glandular
wall
more
having
wavy
pronounced.
trichomes are observed on
margin.
Multicellular
upper
surface
of
leaf.
Stomata
stomata are observed. Size of guard cells
cytic
um.)
: Leaves are amphistomatic. On both the surfaces
while
size
of the pore is narrow (14.2
is
um)
Anomo-
bigger{26.6
ontogeny
of
genera
and
stomatal type is mesogenous.
Family
about
Asclepiadaceae
1800
shrubs,
sate,
: The family consist of
280
species. It is mainly tropical. Perennial
herbs
often climbing, with milky latex. Leaves oppsite
simple,
exstipulate. Inflorescence
cymose,
or
decus-
racemose
or
muble. Flowers regular, bisexual with corona. Pollen united in to
pollinia.
Fruit
a pair of follicles. Seeds comos with
tuft
of
silky hairs. This family is represented by 6 species out of which
69
2
very
commonly available species are
selected
for
epidermal
studies.
Trichomes
consist mostly of hairy unicellular or
unseriate
but
unicellular hemispherical glands and hairs. Leaves are
amphisto-
matico Generally paracytic or Diacytic leaves in upper
epidermis
but anomocytic in lower epidermis.
Stomata
one
comparatively of large size. Giant stomata
.
genus(Leptadenia) for the first time during
reported
the
in
investiga-
tion. Ontogeny hemimesgenous to agenous.
(16) Calotropis Gigantea R.Br. :
A
V.N. "MOTO ANKADO"
large much branched shrub Gregarious, young
with
white
silky
elliptic-oblong.
inumbellate
hairs. Leaves
opposite,
branches
covered
decussate,
obovate
Flower(Jan-July) large purplish sometime
cymes.
Fruit
a pair of
follicles.
Seeds
white
comose.
Occures at plain and foot-hills area in "Barda-Region".
Epidermal
Studies
epidermal
cells
unicellular
Epidermal cells are
shows less wavyness or
wavy.
strait
However
upper
walled.
Mostly
and uniseriate trichomes are observed on upper
epi-
dermis.
Stomata
Paracytic
stomatal
also
Leaves
are amphistomatic.
Upper
epidermis
and lower epidermis shows anomocytic stomata.
abnormalities in form of double paracytic
70
However
stomata
observed in upper epidermis. Ontogeny of stomatal
ment is hemimesogenous to agenous.
shows.
are
develop-
(17) Leptadenia Reticulata W. & A.
V.N. "DOOr".
A twiner on the hedges. Occures often in wasteland in the
Leaves
small,
Coriaceous,
ovate,
acute,
base
area.
rounded.
Flowers(June-Aug.) in small greenish-yellow umbellate, cyme. Many
flowered. Pollinia ovoid, Caudicles long Fruit follicle,
smooth,
turgid, tapering to a short curved beak. Seeds comose.
Epidermal
straight
epidermal
Studies
The epidermal
cells
are
anticlinal and periclinal wall. The wall
hexagonal
with
straition
cells are more pronounced on abaxial surface
than
adaxial surface. The epidermal cells are larger in size on
in
on
adax-
ial surface than abaxial surface simple unicellular trichomes are
observed on adaxial surface with uniseriate stalk.
Stomata
Two types of stomata are observed on
lower
surface.
They are paracytic and cyclocytic while upper surface shows
only
paracytic stomata. Giant stomata are observed on abaxial surface.
Giant stomata are earlier reported in family Apicynaceae(Karatela
8c Gi 11, 1982), in Rubi naceae (Tari q 8c Paul, 1985) and in rutaceae(Sitholey 8c Pandey, 1971) but in family Asclepiadaceae and in
species
time,
Leptadenia
reticulata they are reported for
under the present investigation. The measurement
the
of
Giant stomata and normal stomata are as under. Giant stomata
of Cyclocytic type.
71
first
such
are
5,~TEM[~T:
Showing measurement of epidermal cells,
normal
stomata
and Giant Stomata.
Leaf
Leaf
Adaxial Surface
(a) Normal Stomata
Abaxial Surface
25.5 um.
(i) Guard Cell (um)
(i i) Pore (um)
18.0 um.
( iii) Count per field view
17
(b) Giant stomata
48.0 um.
(i) Guard cell(um.)
36.0 um.
(ii) Pore (um)
(iii) Count per field view
Ontogeny
02.
of normal stomata is hemimesogenous type while that
of
Giant stomata is agenous type.
Family
about
Convolvulaceae
1100
This family consists of 47
species. Its distribution is
mostly
genera
restricted
and
to
tropical area. Generally annual or perennial herbs, often
climb-
ing or twining to the left while some are parasites(genus
cuscu-
ta). Leaves alternate, simple, exstipulate, Flowers(Aug-Dec.)
is
solitary or Biparous Cymose. Fruit capsular, berry or pyxidium in
the
area this family is represented by 7 species out of which
species are sleeted for epidermal studies.
72
3
5
(18) Ipomea oDcura
An
Ke-Gawl
V.N. "VAJUEL"
annual glabrous herb with long hairy growth.
-broadly
ovate
or
nearly orbicular and
Leaves
glaborous.
simple,
Flowers
in
axillary or solitary cyme. Fruit capsular. It is available in the
area as a common hedge-plant.
Epidermal Studies: Epidermal cells are simple with angular
cell
wall. Trichomes are observed on both the surfaces of leaf. Simple
type with long terminal cell is the general pattern of trichome.
Stomata
Leaves are amphistomatic on upper side
of
the
leaf
paracytic type of stomata are observed where as on lower side
the
leaf
anisocytic stomata are observed.
Ontogeny
is
of
either
Eumesogenous or hemimesogenous type.
(19)
Ipom~ahederifolia
Slender
lobed.
Jacq. V.N. KALAKUNPA
twining hurb. Leaves simple, ovate,
Flowers
capsular.
glabrous,entire
(Sept.) in lax, terminal umbellate
cyme.
or
Fruit
It occures on the hedges or on low shrubs or trees
in
thick growth of foliar in the area.
Epidermal
the
Studies: Epidermal cells are of bigger size
surfaces
of
leaf. simple type of trichomes
are
on
seen,
both
as
observed in the genus.
Stomata
Stomata are observed on both the surface of leaf.
73
They
are
of paracytic type. The ontogeny is of Eumesogenous as
shown
in the figure
(20) Merremia Tridentata Flallier V.N. "UNDERKANI"
A small
creeping herb, rooting at nodes, hairy.
Leaves
ovate,
reniform, cordate and obtuse. Flowers(Sept.-Oct.) yellow axillary
or
solitary on few flowered peduncles. Bracts small
and
hairy.
Fruit capsular sub globose. Seeds 4, dark coloured. Available
in
water holes on black soil, specially in the holes of crevices
on
fore front of hilly tracts with railway line, in the area.
Epidermal
~
Studies
: Epidermal cells with wavy
or
less
smooth
margin of the cell wall. Trichomes are the regular fiture of this
genus. Spicular raw of the cells in form of branched simple
hair
is observed on the upper and lower surface of the leaves. However
simple unbranched hairs are also observed.
Stomata
: Leaves are amphistomatic on both the surfaces
of
leaves,
paracytic
stomata
however
more on abaxial side than on adaxial side.
stomatal
stomata are observed.
Frequency
of
the
Ontogeny
type is Eumesogenous. Contagious stomata are
also
of
ob-
served in this species as shown in figure.
Family
1800
Solanaceae: This family consists of 85 genera and
species,
temperate
which are distributed mainly in the
regions.
Plants belonging to this family
about
tropics
are
and
mostly
herbs
and
shrubs
but rarely small trees
alternate,
simple
entire or
lobed
exstipulate.
axillary
or extra
axillary
solitary
terminal
regular,
bisexuals
Fruit
in
or
Leaves
Inflorescence
cymes.
bracts.
berry or capsule. This family is represented by 3
species
recorded
having
Flowers
no
the
pentamerous, hypogynous
climbers.
total species in the area, out
of
which
one
commonly available species is selected for epidermal studies.
(21) Withania Somnifera Dunal:
A small
hairy
V.N. "ASWAGANDHA"
undershrub. Leaves ovate
acute,
entire
hairy.
Flowers(Sept.-Nov.) in yellowish-green, umbellate cyme. Seed
red
Berry enclosed in the inflated calyx. Seeds yellow. This plant is
commonly
available
at many places in the area
particularly
on
waste land at the plain area of "Barda Region"
Epidermal Study:
the
Epidermal cells are with wavy margin. Cells of
lower epidermis sometimes contain chlorophyll.
Crystals
various florms also appear in single form or in clusters.
of
Multi-
cellular branched trichomes are seen on upper epidermis.
Stomata: Leaves are amphistomatic. Anomocytic and paracytic type
of
stomata
Stomatal
are observed. However anomocytic is
ontogenyis agenous type with anomocytic
more
type
frequent.
stomatal
development.
seRa
Family: APhulariaceae
genera
This family consists of approximately
and about 2600 species and are cosmopolitan in
75
205
distribu-
tion,
though
mainly
mostly confined to temperate regions.
herbs
or under shrub, sometimes
root
Plants
parasite.
are
Leaves
alternate, opposite or verticillate, exstipulate. Flowers irregular
small
capsular
or big in race mose spike or cymose
or
species
sometimes berry. This family is
solitary.
represented
in the area as noted in the check-list of total
available,
out
of which 2 species are
Fruit
selected
for
by
5
species
epidermal
studies.
Lindenbergia Indica O.Kuntze V.N. "BHINI CHATTI"
A small
glandular herb, growing on old walls of
forts
or
ruins. Leaves opposite or upper alternate, ovate, acute,
with
•
glandular
hairs. Flowers (Sept.-Dec.) in 1 or
2
serrate
axillary
cyme. Yellowish, Calyx bell shaped. Fruit capsular, many
Available
old
seeded .
on the old walls of Kileshwat Temple and on old
walls
of Ghumli ruins.
Epidermal Study: Epidermal cells having wavy margin and
irregu-
lar. Margins variable Epidermal hairs numerous and having considerable
diverysity in form, on both the surfaces of
the
Non glandular hairs or trichomes mostly unicellular and
leaves.
uniseri-
ate. Some times trichomes observed as calcified.
Stomata
leaf,
10%.
Leaves are amphistomatic on both the surface
Anomocytic
stomata are more frequent. However some
of
the
7
to
Dicytic Stomata are observed on upper surface. Ontogeny
of
stomatal development is Mesogenous type.
7£j
(23) Russelia Juncea Zucco V.N. "RASILI"
Much
branched herb with phyllaclade, thick nodes,
and
whorled,
angled grooved pendulous branches. Leaves opposite or whorled, if
present,
the
very small, often reduced to mere
scales.
Flowers(all
year round) red in racemes of few flowered peduncles.
capsule,
septicidal,
Highness-palace
many
seeded. The plant
is
Fruit
available
and Kileshwar Temple in the pots and some
at
grown
in special flower beds, in "Barda-Region".
Epidermal Study: Epidermal Cells are of bigger size, having wavy
margins.
more
Glandular hairs or trichomes with unicellular stalk
common on upper epidermis. While simpletype of
is
unicellular
trichomes are observed on lower epidermis.
Stomata : Leaves are Hypostomatic. No stomata observed on adaxial
side
of leaf. It is smooth as shown in figure, while
there
are
all anisocytic stomata observed on abaxial side of leaf. Ontogeny
of stomatal development is of Mesodperigenous type.
Family Verbenaceae : This family consists of 80 genera and
800
species. Species distributed in worm and temperate
about
regions.
Plants are generally of various habits like herbs, shrubs,
or
even
whorled.
irregular,
cate
climerbs.
Simple
or
Often with square stem
palmately
compound,
Leaves
trees
opposite
exstipulate.
Flowers
bisexual generally small in cymose, racemose or
often with big bracts. Fruit a drupe mose berry or
77
or
spi-
pyrene.
This
family is represented by 4 species in the recorded list
of
the plant, out of which 3 commonly available species are selected
for epidermal studies.
(24) CLERODENDRON INCRUME GARTN.
V.N. "VANJAI"
A shrub with climbing habit. Leaves opposite, entire, elliptic or
obovate,
obtuse, base acute. Flowers(Aug-Jan.) in
cyme.
Flowers moderately big, white tube long,
fruit
drupe,
thickly
few
limb
4 lobed Pyrene. This plant occures
in
flowered
bilabiate.
hedges
bushes in the area at hilly tracks. Very Common
in
of
the
'.
way to Khambhala and
Ghumli.
Epidermal
Study: Epidermal cells are pentagonal
or
hexagonal.
margins of the cells smooth. Hairs of many diverse kinds both non
glandular and glandular occures but most common trichomes are
of
nuticellular
of
branched type which occures on the adaxial side
the leaf.
Stomata
Leaves are hypostomatic, in
the
genus
clerodendron
Stomata are mostly of anomocytic type. However irregularities
in
stomatal occuranceis that at certain place two stomata are Juxtaposed
or superimposed. Ontogeny of stomatal development
sogenous type.
78
is
me-
(25) Lantana Camara
)
t
A commonly
curved
V.N."INDRADHANU"
Molden
available weed at many places. shrub with
prickles
on
the stem.
Leaves
opposite,
many
re-
ovate-oblong,
acute, serrate. Flowers through out the year, faintly odorous, in
ovoid
heads with lanceolate, acuminate bracts. Fruit,
Seeded
plain
Pyrene. It occures at many places in
Drupe
1,
"Barda-region".
At
region and at hill tops, along with other
vegetation.
At
some places it has suppressed the growth of other native plants.
Epidermal
Study: Epidermal cells are irregular and having
margin. here simple trichome of unicellular type with
stalk
appear
multicellular
on both the surfaces of leaf.
Some
origin and having bulbous base cell
wavy
uniseriate
trichomes
also
of
occures
but they are very less in number.
Stomata
Leaves are amphistomatic. On upper
stomata
are
all
are of anomocytic type but on lower surface 75%
the
stomata
of anomocytic type while 25% stomata are of paracytic
Ontogeny
in
surface
type.
of stomatal development is of perigenous type which
confirmity with the ontogeny of thewhole family of
is
verbenac-
eae.
(26) VITEX NEGUNDO Lin. V.N. "NAGOD"
A small
tree with square stem. White and hairy
growth
stem.
Leaves opposite, 3-5 foliate. Leafletspetioled,
late,
acute,
terminal
leaflet largest.
79
Flowers(more
on
the
lanceoor
less
through
out the year) in branched, hairy cymes, forming a
terminal
t
panicle. Bracts lanceolate caducous. Fruit
rounded
at
available
the base bythecalyx. Highly useful
large
drupe
sur-
medicinal
at many places in "Barda Region". Specially
plant
at
every
temple side in Khamabhala, Bileshwar,Kileshwar and Ghumli.
Epidermal
Study
: Epidermal cells are hexagonal
with
slightly
wavy margin. Unicellular trichomes of short conical hairs situated
on
the vertical division wall
between
adjoining
epidermal
cells, occures on the abaxial side of the leaf while trichomes on
adaxial side of the leaf are simple unicellular.
Stomata
•
L
leaves are hypostomatic. Mixed type
of
stomata
are
observed on the lower surface of the leaf. 70% of them are Anomocytic,
178% Oiacytic and 13% paracytic ontogeny is more or
less
of perigenous type.
Family
and
Lamiaceae (Labiateae) This family consists of 170
genera
about 3000 species. Generally the plants of this family
are
aromatic and found in warmer and temperate regions. There are
no
tree habit but herbs and shrubs in this family. Leaves are simple
opposite
or whorled, exstipulate, Aromatic with glandular
containing
essential
verticilaster.
nutlets
Petals
included
old. Flowers in Terminal spicate
cyme
tubular bilabiate. Fruit carcerule
withinthe
persistent calyx.
This
hairs
of
family
represented by 6 species available in the region, out of which
are selected for epidermal studies.
80
or
4
is
2
(27) LEUCAS ASPERA SPRENG.
An
V.N. "KUBO"
annual herb wth square stem. Leaves opposite, liner,
lanceolate,
Nov.)
obtuse, entire or crinate. Subsessile.
Sessile
in terminal and axillary
whorls,
oblong,
Flowers(Octbracts
liner,
ciliate with long hairs. Flowers white, bilabiate. Fruit
of
4, oblong and brown portion. Very common at many
~
Nutlets
waste
land
margin.
The
along with other vegetation in "Barda Region".
Epidermal
Study
: Epidermal cells are having wavy
anticlinal cell walls are thickened. Occurance of diverse kind of
clothing
stalked
hairs
appear on epidermis.
The
characteristic
short
glands with unicellular and multicellular heads are
the
main trichome type in this genus.
Stomata
surface
Leaves
are hypostomatic. Stomata
of the leaf. They are Diacytic
occures
occasionally
on
lower
anomocytic
stomata are also observed but their ratio is significantly
less.
More than three subsidiary cells of agenous occure forming anamocytic stomata while hemimesogenous ontogenetic stomatal
develop-
ment can be attributed to Diacytic type of stomata.
(28) OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM Lin.
V.N."RAM TULSI"
A small
shrub
known as "Ram Tulsi" in
"Barda-Region".
slightly
bigger than ocimum sanctum(Tulsi) which is very
It
is
common
plant, cultivated in pot or in a separate definate place known as
"KYARI".
leaves.
A much branched herb with square stem and simple
Flowers(Sept.-Dec.) in raceme formed of
many
small
verticil-
lasters. Fruit nutlets.
81
,
I
Epidermal
Study: Epidermal cell shows sinousity. It also
du1ation
t -
occure
in
on
stalked
anticlinal
cell wall. Trichomes
both the surfaces of the
leaf.
of
shows
varius
types
Multicellular
short
glandular hairs are of frequent occurens along with
non
glandular simple unicellular one.
Stomata
: Leaves are amphistomatic. Upper surface
shows
mostly
diacytic type of Stomata while on lower surface,anomocytic Stomata also occures along with diacytic Stomata. Ontogeny is
agenous
with anomocytic stomata but hemimesogenous with diacytic Stomata.
Family
about
: This family consists of
50
genera
500 species chiefly found in the tropical
or
subtropical
Amaranthaceae
region. Mostly herbs of small size. Leaves alternate or
and
opposite
simple, entire, exstipu1ate and hairy. Flowers in spike or
race-
mose head, if cymose than panicle. Flowers small, Uri1 or bisexual
with scarious bractsand a pair of membranous, persistent
oles.
Perianth
sepa1oid.
Fruit anut, utricle
or
bracfe-
pyxis.
This
family is represented by 6 species in Barda-Region,out of which 2
are selected for epidermal studies.
(29) DIGERA ARVENSIS Forsk.
V. N. "KANAJARO"
A small, erect annual herb. Leaves ovate or elliptic, acute
with
reddish margins. F1owers(Sept.-Dec.) sessile, in threes in
axil-
lary
spikes.
Bracts and bracteo1es acute,
persistant
Perianth
rose coloured Fruit utricle globose.
A common weed occuring profusely in the whole of "Barda
after rain in grass everywhere.
82
Region"
Epidermal
Study
elongated.
this
: Epidermal cells are unequal
and
irregularly
No single type of hair is particularly widespread
genus,
a part from uniseriate trichomes
which
in
frequently
form a dense, silky covering on both the sides of the leaves.
Stomata
since
:Stomata are found on both the surfaces of
leaves
Stomata
are amphistomatic. They are
are
of
the
leaves,
Anomocytic
small in size. Occasionally contiguos
type.
stomata
are
also observed at lower surface of the leaves. Outogeny is agenous
type with stomatal development.
(30) Aerva Lanata
Juss
V.N. "GORAKH BHANJO OR KAPUR I MADHURI"
Small, erect or prostrate hearb. Branched at base, hairy.
Leaves
alternate, elliptic of abovate of sub orbicular, obtuse,
•
entire,
Upper surface hairy, lower surface white with cotton-white hairs .
peteole short. Flowrs(Aug-Nov.) white,small, sessile in
head
axillary
or clusters of spikes. Fruit utricle. Seed black. A common
weed in the "Barda ARea" Medicinally important plant .
•
Epidermal Study: Epidermal cells are irregular with considerable
sinuosity
shaped
in
the cell walls. Papillose,
trichomes
However
at
are
uniseriate
observed on upper surface
lower surface trichomes ofunicellular
of
armed
"T"
the
leaf.
simple
round
base with pointed tip is also observed.
Stomata : Leaves are amphistomatic. Stomata are observed on
the
lower
surfaces
surf~.
of th leaf, however their frequency is
both
higher
on
Stomatal type is anomocytic. Stomatal ontogeny
is
agenous type as more than three subsidiary cells all agenous form
anamocytic type of stomata.
83
EX~.ANATION
OF FIGURE: 4 :
Different type of Epidermal Trichomes - I
A. Unicellular hair in Abrus precatorius.
B. Bigcelled
trich~me
in Crotolaria retusa.
C. Unicellular p0 nted hair in Mucuna pruriens.
D. Hair with globose head in Cassia auricu1ata and Cassia
Fistula.
E. Short ha i r
10111:;/,
both the ends swo 11 en in Cass i a tora.
F. Peltate multicellular trichome of Accacia ni10tica.
G. Multice11umcr
farnesiana.
trichome
with
bulbous
head
in
Acacia
H. Unicellular hair pointed tip in Dichrostachys Cineria.
I. Peltate gland with spread-head in Pterocarpus marsopian.
J. Multiseriate hair of cucumis Sativus.
K. Glandular trichome with multicellular stalk in some genus
of cucurbita.
L. Unicellular curved trichome in Gardenia resinifara.
t
c
13
F
~-==
JOOODC
!
H
h:
L
EXP~ANATION
OF FIGURE : 5 :
----_._----------------------
Different t/pe of Epidermal Trichomes - II
A.
Unicellular,
Uniseriate tufted
resinifera (Lower Epidermis).
B.
Unicellular, simple Trichome of Echinops echinatus.
C.
Multicellular, Uniseriate, stalked, peltate glandular
hair of Vernonia Cineria.
D.
Unicellular,
Uniseriate
gigantea(White Variety).
E.
Simple type with long terminal cell type Trichome in
Ipomea obscura.
F.
Trichome
with
emarginata.
G.
Multiseriate, multicellular, non glandular Trichome
Withania Somr ifera.
H.
Multicellular
Somnifera(Up~er
hair
Trichome
of
of
Gardenia
Calotropis
spicular raw of cells in
branched
Epidermis).
Trichome
in
I.
Glandular h3.irs with Unicellular stalk of short
in Russeli& Ju~cea.
J.
Multicellular
peltate,
Clerodendron inerme.
K.
Multicellular
gratisimum.
L.
Papillose, Uniseriate, armed
Aerva lanata.
non
Merrimia
in
Withania
length
glandular Trichome in
short stalked, glandular
(T-Shaped)
hairin
ocimum
Trichome
in
Fig-s
r .
B
c
\-\
F
... '"
..
1..
E~PLANATION
OF FIGURE : 6 :
Stomatal - types - I
A. Paracytic Stomata in Abrus precatorius (on lower
of the leaf).
surface
B. Anisocytic Stomata in Crotolaria Retusa (on lower surface
of the leaf).
C. Paracytic Sto~ata in
surface of the lear).
D. Paracytic
the leaf).
Stoma~a
in
Pterocarpus
marsupian(on
Mucuna pruriens(on both surfaces of
E. Paracytic S~omata in Cassia Auriculata(on both
of the leaf).
F. Paracytic
the leaf).
both
surfaces
sotnata in Cassia fistula(on both surface
G. Paracytic stomata in Cassia tora(on both surfaces of
leaf).
H. Paracytic stomata in Acacia nilotica(on lower surface
the leaf).
of
the
of
I. Paracytic
Stomata
surface of the leaf).
in
J. Anisocytic Stomata in
Acacia farneciana(on lower surface
of the leaf).
Dichrostachys cineria(on lower
l
H
I
EXPLANATION OF FIGURE :7:
Stomatal types and development - II
ce 11
cassia
A.
Stomata
~'th
single
guard
auricu1ata(Hagnified view).
B.
General
developing
Cassia Species.
C.
General
species.
jflve10ping
D.
General
Species.
developing
E.
General developing
species.
F.
Developed
anomocytic
stomata and some developing
stomata in cucumis. (on upper surface of Cucumis
Sativus leaf).
G.
Contiguous Stomata in cucumis Sativus(on lower surface
of the leaf).
H.
Anomocytic
stomata
and
certain cUGlJmis species.
I.
Paracytic bnd
some anomocytic stomata in
Resinifera(on upper surface of the leaf).
J.
Paracytic dr,d stomata in Mitragyna parvif10ra(on lower
surface of I. he leaf).
K.
Anomocytic !.tomata
in
surface of the leaf).
L.
Anomocytic
Stomata in Vernonia
surface of the leaf).
M.
Stomata in Calotropis gigantea(White variety).
101 1 .
Paracytic , (on
upper
surface)
1012.
Double
paracytic,(on upper surface) M3. Anomocytic(on lower
surface of the leaf).
N.
stages
stages
stages
stages
i
fI
of s"Comata
in
of stomata in
Cassia
of stomata in
Cassia
of
Stomata
in Cassia
some irregular stomata in
Gardenia
Echinops echinatus(on
lower
cineria(on
upper
N1.
Normal paracytic Stomata(on lower
1eaf) .
surface
of
the
N2.
Giant paracytic Stomata(on lower
leaf) in Leptadenia reticulata.
surface
of
the
Fig-1
t
a
A
G
w
w
E
F
-.
r
K
L
I
EXPLANATION OF FIGURE :8:
Stomatal types and Ontogeny -
III
A.
Anisocytic stomata in Ipomea obscura(on lower surface of
1 ea f) .
Note :Some stomata ~ith unequal guard cells.
B.
Paracyt i c
leaf) .
C.
Paracytic Stomata ir Ipomea hederifol ia(on upper
1ea f) .
Note: Eumesogenous Ontogeny.
D.
Ontogenetic stages of Stomata in Ipomea hederifolia(Eumesogenous) .
E.
Paracytic Stomata in Merrimia Emarginata(on lower surface
leaf).
F.
Contiguous Stomata(Magnified view) in Merrimia
upper surface of leaf).
G.
Anomocytic Stomata in withania
of the leaf).
I.
Anomocytic Stomata in Lindenbergia Indica(on upper surface of
1eaf) .
J.
Anomocytic Stomata in Lindenbergia Indica(on lower surface of
1 eaf) .
K.
Smooth Epidermis
~aving
upper surface of leaf).
L.
Anisocytic Stomata
1eaf) .
M.
Anomocytic Stomata in Clerodendron inerme(on lower surface of
leaf). Note: Two stomata are Juxtaposed or superimposed.
N.
Anomocytic
leaf).
O.
Diacytic Stomata in Ocimum gratisimum(on lower surface of
leaf). Note: some developing stomata are also observed.
P.
Anomocytic stomata in Aerva lanata(on lower surface of leaf).
in Ipomea obscura(on upper surface
Stomata
stomata
in
in
somnifera(on
surface
the
of
of
of
Emarginata(on
lower
surface
no stomata in Russelia Juncea(on
russelia
Lantana
Juncea(on lower surface of
Camara (on upper surface of
Fig-8
.... f}.
~r:
.
·~~::·~r···,
A
c.
s
F
:r..
K
o
p
TABLE No: :3
Tabulated presentation of Stolatal type, stolatal measurenent and ontogeny of various Taxa selected for epiderlal studies.
t-
~,
.
------------------------------------------------------ -----------~~-~:-------------------;------------------ ----------------
Sr.No.
Nale of the Plant
Family
leaf surface
-
Stoutal
Types
Stomatal
FreQuency
Ontogeny
Heasure.ent
Field Ire!
(Guardce Il
Pore)
(UI)
------------------------------------------------._-------------------------------------------------------------------------Fabaceae
20.3
11. 1
22
Eumesogenous
01. Abrus prec!torius
lower Epidmis Paracytic
..
Upper Epiderlis
lower Epidmis
Pafacytic
Anisocytic
20.2
8.!
35
EUiesogenous
lower Epiderlis
Paraeytie 8c
Anisocytic
17 .1
6.9
40
!umesogenous
Alaranthaeeae
Upper Epiderlis
lower Epiderlis
Anolocytic
Anomocytic
22.1
12.2
32
Agenous
05. Calotropis gigantea
Asc I ep iadaceae
Upper Epidmis
lower Epidmis
P!racytic
Ano.ocytie
22.5
11.0
21
Hemimestgeno
I Agenous
06. Cassia auriculata
Ceasalpiniaceae
Upper Epiderlis
lower Epiderlis
Paracytic
Paracytic
19.8
8.t
31
EUlesogenollS
01. Cassia fistula
Ceasalpiniaceae
Upper Epidmis
lower Epiderlis
Paracyt ic
Paracytic
18.2
1.8
22
Hemi lBSogenous
fol lowed by
Eumesogenous I
Agenous
08. Cassia tora
Ceasalpiniaceae
Upper Epiderlis
lower Epiderlis
Paracyt ic
Parlcytic
20.5
1.6
32
Eumesogenous
09. Crtotaria ret usa
Fabaceae
Upper Epiderlis
lower Epidermis
Anisocytic
Anisocytic Bc
I Paracyt ic
20.8
10.3
31
Helilesogenous
10. Cuculis sativus
Cucurbitaceae
Upper Epidmis
lower Epidmis
Anolocytic
AnoMcytic
34.1
20.1
23
Agenous
11. Clerodendron inermed
Verbenaceae
36.2
14.B
22
Perigenous
lower Epiderlis
Anomocytic
12. Oichrostachys cineria
HilOsae
21.1
24.5
21
lower Epiderlis
Paracytic
HeMineso,enous
followed by
Eumesogenoul
02. Acacia farnesian!
Hilosae
03. Acacia nilotiea
Hilosae
04. Aerva hnats
~
84
~
13. Olgera arvensis
Amaranthaeeae
14. Eehinops eehinatus
Asteraeeae
Ano.oertie
Anoloeytie
lower EpiderMis
Anomoeytie
26.2
14.3
28
Agenoul
25.1
13.2
22
Mesogenous
15. Gardenia resinifera
Rubiaeeae
Upper Epiderlis
lower Epiderlis
Paraeytie
Paraeytic
19.2
8.1
2.
Mesogenous
16. Ipomea hederifolia
Convolvulaeeae
Upper Epiderlis
lower Epidermis
Paraeytic
Paraeytie
26.4
20.1
28
Eumesogenous
11. Ipomea obseura
Convolvulaeeae
Upper Epiderlis
lower Epidmis
Paraeytic
Anisoeytie
32.6
18.5
30
EUlesogenous
I Helimesogenous
18. lantana camara
Verbenaceae
Upper Epiderlis
lower Epiderlis
AnoMcytic
Anoloeytic
3U
14.2
22
Perigenous
19. leptadenia reticulata
Asclepiadaceae
25.5
18.0
11
lower Epidmis
Paracytic I
Cyclocytic
Hemil9osgenous
to Agenous
lower Epidermis
Oiacytic
28.2
16.4
28
Hemilesogenous
20. leucas aspera
'""-,
Upper Epidmis
lower Epiderlis
lamiacm
21. lindenbergia indica
Scrophulariaceae Upper Epidermis
lower Epidermis
Ano.oeytic
Anomoeytic
20.8
12.6
34
MlSogenous
22. Merrilia emarginata
Convoluulaeeae
Upper Epidermis
lower Epidermis
Paraeytie
Paraeytic
26.4
11.5
26
EUMlogenous
23. Mitragyna parviflora
Rubiaeeae
lower Epidermis
Paracytie
35.2
14.4
32
Mesog,nous
24. Mucuna pruriens
fabaeeae
Upper Epidmis
lower Epider.is
Paraeytie
Paraeytie 8e
Anomoeytie
33.5
18.1
26
EUiesogenous
Heaimesogenous
I Agenous.
25. Oeimum gratisimul
laliaceae
Upper Epidermis
lower Epiderlis
Oiacytie
Oiaeytic 8e
Ano.ocytic
30.1
17.2
27
Hemimesogenous 8e
I Agenous
26. Pteroearpus marsupium
fabaeeae
18.5
21
Paraeyt ie
22.2
lower Epidermis
M,sogenous I
I Ageneus
22.3
18.2
24
Mesoperigenous
lower Epidermis
Anisocytic
Upper Epidmis
lower Epidermis
Anomocytic
Anomoeytic
2&.6
14.4
27
Mesoperigenous
27. Russelia juncea
28. Vernonia cineria
Serophulariaeeae
Asteraeeae
\
~
.'
85
29. Vitex negundo
Verbenaceae
30. Withania sOlnifera
Solanaceae
32.6
lower Epidmis
Anomocyt ic,
Oiacytic I
Paracytic
Upper Epider.is
lower Epidermis
Paracytic
AnolOcytic
r
,
~.
8G
13.8
28
Perigenous
30.4
14,2
28
Agenous
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
t
Epidermal morphology is used as a reliable character to differentiate
various taxa of the plant families. Foliar
epidermis
its out growths, Trichomes and stomata of some 30 plants
and
belong-
ing to 13 different families are totally worked out.
The significance of trichome types has been widely emphasized
one
of
Martin
the
and
(1950),
important taxanomic tool by
various
Juniper(1970); Heywood,(1971);
workers
Metcalf
and
like
Chalk,
Ramayya, (1969) and Anderson(1982). Trichomes have
been
successfully used in the classification of genera and species
certain
families
like Tiliaceae. Malvaceae,
as
Euphorbiaceae
in
and
Urticaceae. Plants of many families like curcubitaceae, Asclepia1_
daceae, verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Urticaceae and Euphorbeaceae are
best
known
glandular
for
their trichomes type. Both
foliar
trichomes
glandular
are worked out. In all
and
non
3
sub
the
families of Leguminosae showed simple unicellular trichomes which
followed
by
multicellular trichomes in
organizationally
other
advanced families and their taxa. There were var.iety of trichomes
observed
in the taxa of family cucurbitaceae in the genus
mis. Obvious swollen head on the multicellular stalk
cucu-
represented
glandular type of trichome. Here unicellular trichomes were found
mixed with the
to
be
very vast. In the plant of Malvaceae and
Malvales,
~
cellular
specific multicellular. Range of trichomes
found
Tiliaceae
from
more complexed type trichomes were observed like
uni-
simple to multicellular with diversed shape
and
size.
Some with simple pointed and and some with curved tip with
thick
87
---~
basal wall or some with 6-9 celled with Uniseriate nature, having
variation in apical cell. R.Sharma(1990) divided the trichomes of
Ti1iaceae into 12 groups which includes metcalf and
cha1k(1950),
6 Types of hairs viz, unicellular, uniseriate, stellate,
pe1tate
tufted,
and glandular in family Ti1iaceae. At least six type
of
Trichomes were observed in the present investigation.
Configura-
tion
and
of
trichome
feature was also found as
varied
vivid
parameter in family Euphorbiaceae where even biseriate
multice1-
1u1ar trichomes were found. Multicellular glandular to
unice11u-
1ar,
simple
glandular
is the ultimate range of
trichome
establishes
with
trichomes.
stinging hairs
in
Emergence
family
of
urticaceae
a gradual, up trend evolutionary development
having
taxonomic value.
Stomata is also a part of epidermis. The different type of stomata
definite constancy in different groups of
show a
proposed
by
stomatal
types
tracin9
Guyot(1971), and Stace(1965). The
plants
as
significance
of
and the pattern of its ontogency, is
the phy10gency of many taxa. Present
useful
investigation
in
in-
cluded 30 taxa of about 13 families of Dicot. Inspite of diversity
of
stomatal types on the same leaf surface of a
paracytic type of stomata constitute 70%, followed by
15% Anisocytic 10% and Diacytic 5% in the present
In
taxon,
Anomocytic
investigation.
family like Leguminoseae and Rubiaceae Paracytic stomata
more dominant, while in the family Ameranthaceae.
of
more frequest appearance. The largest Guard
88
was
Scrophu1arias-
eae and convolvulaceae, Anomocytic type of stomata were found
be
the
cell
to
length
could
be observed in Verbenaceae family (lantana
smallest
size was observed in
family
Camara)
Mimosae(Acacia
while
nilotica}
considering Frequency/field view area, the smallest stomata
observed
in family Rubiaceae(Gardenia resinifera} while
stomata
(Known as Giant Stomata) were observed in
piadeaceae(leptadenia
were
largest
family
Ascle
reticulata}. Taxa of cucurbitaceae
family
also showed fairly larger stomatal apperatus. In 60% of the total
taxa
worked out, the
leaves were found Amphistomatic,
followed
by Hypostomatic and rarely epistomatic.
Plants
\
having
foliage
tree habit showed more
Amphistomatic
leaves, whole herbs shrubs and twiners showed
matic foliage, Purely Oiacytic Stomata were rare(In
on
the
nature
contrary
they were observed with
of
Hypersto-
verbenaceae}
either
Paracytic
or
Anisocytic type stomata, as mixed type.
Stomatal ontogency showed variation in the various taxa, studied.
Eumesogenous type development of stomata particular with paracytic
type was found much more frequent. It is perhaps
occurance
in
Paracytic
type of stomata with Eumesogenous followed by
sogenous
majority of the taxa of family
of
regular
leguminoseae
ontogency were observed commonly, while
that
Hemime-
hemimesogenous
ontogency followed by Eumesogenous and sometimes agenous type was
observed
in
sub
family Mimosae(Cassia Fistula}.
family age no us type was observed with sub family
carpus}
Perigenous
compositae(Eclipta
and
ontogeny
was
also
In
the
Fabaceae(Pteroobserved
alba}, Verbenaceae(lantana Camara and
lamiaceae(ocimum
basil1icum}.
While
same
mesoperigenous
in
vitex}
type
89
VJ
ontogeny
was observed in the plants of family
(Russelia
~-
Schrophulariaceae
Juncea). In family Asteraceae(Vernonia
and
Echinops)
the development of anomocytic stomata is of perigenous type.
ontogency
of Anisocytic and Diacytic stomata is found to
mesogenous
type
subsidiary
and guard cells arise from the same
the
in
most of the
taxa,
The
be
investigataed,
as
the
meristemoid.
same time some peculiar stomata with single subsidiary
(In the taxa of family verbenaceae and Asteraceae) show no
nate
association with other ontogenetic type except
This
can
possibly lead to chalk out
of
At
cell
defi-
meaogenous.
morphogenetic-grouping
stomatal ontogenetic type by some workers(Bhatt & Inamdar,
of
Kara-
tela and Gill etc.)
Considering
general
pattern of ontogency
stomatal type in the present
with
development
of
investigation, following different,
commonly observed ontogenetic pathways can be summerized as under
(1) Eumesogenous ontogenetic type was most common with
paracytic
stomata.
(2) Hemimesogenous and agenous for Anomocytic Stomata.
(3) Mesogenous for Anisocytic and Diacytic stomata.
Though
it depends upon the division of stomatal meristemoid,
decide
the ontogenetic type, as mentioned in
the
to
introduction,
yet the common observation in different taxa of various
families
studies, more or less fits in to the main ontogenetical
pathways
mentioned above.
90
\
PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL
STUDIES
.
PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL-STUDIES
,
SR.
NO.
SUBTITLES
PAGE
NO.
--------
---------
---------
(1)
INTRODUCTION TO PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES
(2)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
93
(3)
MAIN FOREST TYPES OF 'BARDA' AND ITS
VEGETATION.
97
(4)
EFFECT OF BIOTIC FACTORS ON VEGETATION
111
(5 )
COMMUNITIES AND ASSOCIATIONS
106
(6)
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF VEGETATION
i) Details of the Quadra~tes, studied.
ii) Tabulation of the Quaora~tes.
iii) Calculations and findings.
122
123
124
127
(7)
WILD LIFE OF 'BARDA' REGION
128
(8)
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS.
133
91
INT ,:)OUCTION TO PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STII'JlES
--- .... _------------------------------- .. _-\
Plants
and
plun:
communities are the
products
of
ecological
conditions under' which they grow. It is an assemblage with
unity
of taxonomic composition, having relatively an uniform appearance
V.E.Shelford,
be,
(1932). While Benton and Werner (1974) put
o~
consisting
interrelated
all the organisms living
fashion
in a given
together
environment.
a
definite
trophic organization
and
to
into
an
E.P.Odum
accept plant community as a taxonomic composition
with
it
(1971)
but adds to it
metab~lic
uattern.
F.E.Clements (1938) considered the plant community <s an organism
with
a
definite !pecies compositon and life
histcry.
EJropean
ecologists specia' ly under the leadership of Braun ~lanquet
developed
systerdf
communities
and
phytosociology.
unified
entity
of
description
this
aspect
(f<.S.Ambasht,
comprises
of
and
of
classification
ecology
1969).
of
known
Plant
community
and
different
various
have
co-existing in form of Herbs, Shrubs, Trees, Climbers,
as
as
an
plants
Twinners,
Epiphytes and even parasites. They collectively co-habitate in
a
definite environment, not only that but form various associations
like
lower
These
are
factors
all biotic factor but in
natural
plant
as
condition
well.
abiotic
also affect them. So in a abroad biological spectr"um
different
studied
to lower plant and lower to higher
life
forms
in any floristic
community.
communitY-Jise under the caption of
planLs
are
Phyto~ociology
and
the
study of plant communities of a definite area with its
all
aspect
of flo-isitic composition and
(\1
.-, I
of
its
qualitative
over
and
~nalysis
quantitative
is envisaged under a
co~orehe'liive
depicting t,nEir characters like physiognomy, da,sity,
\
frequency,
with
its
associations
of various floristic
ott13r biotic (micro and mega
study,
abundance,
components
organisms,
along
animals
birds) and abiotic factors come under the preveiw of
phytosocio-
logical studies. Though the historical account is not so old
ample
comparing
to
phytosociological
other aspect of ecology most
studies
were included in
and
of
the
floristic
and
time
work
of
qualitative type.
Present
viz-a-viz
investigation includes studies under
composition and analysis of
vegetat~')n
both qualitatively and quantitatively where
•
sition of the
~lants
th~
at different strata are
phytosociology
of
Barda-Hills
florIstic
cc~sidered.
life forms, their sociability and different type of
are
worked
OJ';.
of the plants
ered.
Rand0m
Hill-Top,
occurrence
density, abundance and frequency are
sampling
of plants from
different
Various
associations
In qualitative data, character's like
~heir
compo-
consid-
regions
foot Hills and plain area are quantitatively
like
analysed
with the help of quadrate method. Seasonal changes and periodicity
of the plants along with its abiotic and biotic
factors
are
also mentioned. Summations of all the findings is broadly accomodated in conclusion. Tables, charts and photographs are
as
and
when needed to consolidate available
course of studt.
)
92
oata,
supplied
during
the
MATERIALS AND METHODS
( FOR DEl'EXlTION OF LEXlTINS
\
As
)
phytosociology is concerned with the quantitative
composition
of
vegetation
of a
particular
method (1934) is adopted for frequency
analysis.
(~).
area,
characterRaunkaier's
Abundance and density
For the said purpose different quadrate in
different
zones were randomly laid.
For trees and shrubs the size of the quadrate was fixed 10x10
mts.,
fixed
where as for herbacious composition of vegetation
it
was
mt. For all the cases 10 quadrates were laid in differ-
1x1
ent zones, areawise and the results were tabulated. The formulae,
observations
and
through tables
~
Associations
to
results
proceeding
pages
of different plants viz. lower to lower,
lower
tol~
are shown
in
the
..
higher and higher to higher were recorded.
Even
association
between plants and animals were also considered. They were
lated
and
Parasites,
photographed which are depicted in
semiparasites
and epiphytic plants
different
were
tabusnaps.
given
due
consideration.
Homogeneity
and
hetrogeneity of the vegetation
are
determined
following the formulae given by Raunkiaer whereever necessary and
feasible.
seasons
Phytosociological
were
obtained
in
different
in different field trips specially during the period
premonsoon,
certain
data
mid
monsoon and post monsoon.
Video
cassettes
prominent places in terms of luxuriant vegetation,
shooted, like khambhala and Dam area, kileshwar and animal
93
of
of
were
sanc-
tuary in different seasons so that the overall idea of vegetation
type
can best be built up ecologically and
phytosociologically.
Though
it is a novel idea but could be worked out very
success-
fully.
In my opinion it is live and viable documentation of
the
site.
)
94
~ I