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Why dissect?
…because personal discovery is an important aspect of learning
Why cats?
…because homology allows us to use cats as model organisms
(and we can’t dissect human cadavers)
“homology” defined:
inheritance from common ancestor regardless of similarity in form or function
Advantage of using non-human organisms in addition to human models
…realism
…individual variation due to:
ontogeny (life stage)
polymorphism (genetic variation)
history (“stuff” happens)
Organization of Course
Systemic vs Regional Anatomy
Histology
General Concepts/Directional Descriptors/Surface Regions
Organ Systems
Cells
Tissues – collections of large numbers of similar types of cells
Organs – functional structures always composed of multiple tissue
types
Organ Systems – collections of organs that synergistically serve a
common function, and are typically of similar developmental origins
Organ Systems
Skeletal
[Skeleto]Muscular
Integumentary
Digestive
Respiratory
Circulatory
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Urogenital
Excretory or Urinary
Reproductive
Endocrine
Nervous
Anatomical Relationships
Objectives
be able to demonstrate and describe
anatomical position
the three orthogonal planes
anatomical directions
Fluent use of terms
Anatomical Position
human
standing erect, facing forward, arms to body, palms
forward, thumbs to side, legs together, toes forward
cat
four paws on ground, torso horizontal
right vs left – always the subject’s
Orthogonal Planes – lie at right angles to one another
sagittal – vertical, divides world into right and left
midsagittal – passes thru midline of body
parasagittal – to side or outside body
frontal or coronal – vertical, divides world into anterior (in front) and
posterior (behind)
transverse – horizontal, divides world into superior (above) and
inferior (below)
- do not confuse with transverse section
Oblique Planes – infinite in number
Opposite Anatomical Directions
anterior / posterior – forward, behind (separated by coronal plane)
dorsal / ventral – back (i.e., spinal) side, belly side
superior / inferior – above, below (separated by transverse plane)
medial / lateral – towards midline, towards side (sep’d by sagittal plane)
cranial or cephalad / caudal – towards head, towards tail
proximal / distal – towards beginning, towards end
superficial / deep – towards surface, underneath
also: palmar – anterior of manus
plantar – inferior of pes
Note: all terms may end in “-ad” e.g., anteriad, dorsad, laterad, etc.
Cat
anterior =
posterior =
dorsal =
ventral =
superior =
inferior =
cranial =
caudal =
Human
anterior =
posterior =
dorsal =
ventral =
superior =
inferior =
cranial =
caudal =
Cat
Human
cranial
ventral
anterior =
posterior =
dorsal =
ventral =
superior =
inferior =
cranial =
caudal =
Cat
Human
cranial
caudal
ventral
dorsal
Cat
Human
anterior =
posterior =
cranial
caudal
ventral
dorsal
dorsal =
ventral =
superior
posterior
superior =
inferior =
cranial =
caudal =
Cat
Human
anterior =
posterior =
cranial
caudal
ventral
dorsal
dorsal =
ventral =
superior
inferior
posterior
anterior
superior =
inferior =
cranial =
caudal =
Cat
Human
anterior =
posterior =
cranial
caudal
ventral
dorsal
dorsal =
ventral =
superior
inferior
posterior
anterior
superior =
inferior =
dorsal
cranial
cranial =
caudal =
Cat
Human
anterior =
posterior =
cranial
caudal
ventral
dorsal
dorsal =
ventral =
superior
inferior
posterior
anterior
superior =
inferior =
dorsal
ventral
cranial
caudal
cranial =
caudal =
Cat
Human
anterior =
posterior =
cranial
caudal
ventral
dorsal
dorsal =
ventral =
superior
inferior
posterior
anterior
superior =
inferior =
dorsal
ventral
cranial
caudal
cranial =
caudal =
anterior
superior
Cat
Human
anterior =
posterior =
cranial
caudal
ventral
dorsal
dorsal =
ventral =
superior
inferior
posterior
anterior
superior =
inferior =
dorsal
ventral
cranial
caudal
cranial =
caudal =
anterior
posterior
superior
inferior
Regional anatomy, surface topography and landmarks
Objectives
be able to relate surface topography and landmarks to underlying organs
how are the body cavities defined
what are their contents
Body Cavities
dorsal body cavity
cranial and vertebral cavities
ventral body cavity (divisions of the coelom)
thoracic cavity
2 pleural cavities (separated by mediastinum)
pericardial cavity (within mediastinum)
abdominal cavity – separated from thoracic cavity by
respiratory diaphragm
pelvic cavity – separated from abdominal cavity by
pelvic “brim” or “inlet”
Surface Regional Anatomy: Cranial, cephalic – head
nasal – area of nose
orbital – area of eye sockets
palpebral - eyelids
supraorbital – brow ridge
infraorbital – below eyes
frontal - forehead
mental - chin
oral - mouth
labial - lips
philtrum – depression in superior labium
buccal – soft cheek
zygomatic – bony cheek
temporal – depression posterolateral to orbit
auricular – area of ear
occipital or occiput – back of head
mastoid – bony protrusion inferoposterior to auricular region
mandibular - jaw
mandibular angle – inferoposterior margin of jaw
Surface Regional Anatomy: cervical – neck, separated
from cranial region by inferior margin of mandible and
superior nuchal line
Nuchal region – muscular back of neck, superior belly of trapezius
muscle
Posterior cervical triangle – defined by sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
muscle, superior belly of trapezius muscle, and clavicle
Anterior cervical triangle – defined by sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
muscle, inferior margin of mandible, and midsagittal plane
Submandibular triangle – immediately inferior to mandible
Carotid triangle – immediately anterior to SCM
Laryngeal eminence – “Adam’s apple”
Thyroid region – area surrounding laryngeal eminence
Suprasternal or jugular notch – depression superior to sternum
and between right and left SCM
Surface Regional Anatomy: thoracic – chest, separated
from cervical region by clavicles, acromion, and spine of seventh
cervical vertebra
Pectoral – muscular breast
Scapular – shoulder blade
Axillary - armpit
Sternal – breastbone
Sternal angle – articulation of manubrium and sternal body, at level of
2nd rib, superior margin of heart, and fourth thoracic intervertebral
disc
Xiphisternal joint - articulation of sternal body and xiphoid process, at
level of inferior margin of heart, and eighth thoracic intervertebral
disc
Mammary – glandular breast
Areola - nipple
Midclavicular line – vertical line bisecting clavicle into medial and
lateral halves, passes ½ inch medial to areola in males
Midaxillary line - vertical line bisecting axilla
Triangle of auscultation – defined by inferior belly of trapezius
muscle, superior margin of latissimus dorsi muscle, and medial
margin of scapula
Surface Regional Anatomy: abdominal – all that lies between
thorax and hips, anterior and posterior, separated from thoracic region by
costal margin
Four abdominal Quadrants – defined by vertical and horizontal lines drawn
thru umbilicus
upper right
lower right
upper left
lower left
Surface Regional Anatomy: abdominal
Nine abdominal regions – like a tick-tack-toe board defined by two vertical
midclavicular lines and two horizontal lines drawn from the costal margin
and iliac crest laterally
Right hypochondriac
Right Lumbar
Right Inguinal or Iliac
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Left hypochondriac
Left Lumbar
Left Inguinal or Iliac
McBurney’s point - two thirds the distance from the umbilicus to the right
anterior superior iliac spine
Surface Regional Anatomy: Pelvic – all that lies
between abdomen and thighs, separated from abdominal
region by iliac crest and inguinal ligament
Gluteal – muscular
Gluteal folds – horizontal
Gluteal cleft – vertical midsagittal
Midsagittal regions, ventral to dorsal:
Pubic – bony
Genital – external genitalia, not bony
Perineal – surrounding anus, not bony
Sacral – superior to gluteal cleft, bony
Surface Regional Anatomy: Upper Extremity
Brachium – arm
Deltoid - proximolateral brachium
Cubitus or cubital – elbow
Olecranon process – bony posterior elbow
Medial epicondyle of humerus – bony medial elbow
Cubital tunnel – ‘funny’ bone!
Antecubital – anterior elbow
Antebrachium – forearm
Carpal – wrist
Pisiform – anteromedial bony landmark of wrist
Manus or manual – hand
Palmar – palm
Dorsum - back (of hand, as used here)
Thenar – fleshy lateral palm
Hypothenar – fleshy medial palm
Digital or digits (numbered I-V lateral to medial)
Pollex or pollical – thumb
Digiti indicis – index finger
Digiti minimi or quinti – “pinky”
Ungual – referring to fingernail
Surface Regional Anatomy: Lower Extremity
Femur or femoral – thigh
Femoral triangle – defined by inguinal ligament, sartorius muscle, and
adductor longus muscle
Genu – knee
Patellar – anterior knee or knee cap
Popliteal – posterior knee
Crus or crural – leg (knee to ankle only)
Sura or sural – posterior crus or ‘calf’
Tarsal – ankle
Medial malleolus – bony protuberance of medial ankle
Lateral malleolus - bony protuberance of lateral ankle
Pes or pedal – foot
Calcaneal – heel
Plantar – sole of foot
Dorsum - top of foot
Digital or digits (numbered I-V medial to lateral)
hallux or hallucal – big toe
Digiti minimi or quinti – “the little piggy that went wee-wee-wee all the way
home”
Ungual – referring to toenail
Femoral Triangle
inguinal ligament
adductor longus
sartorius