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Name: _______________________________________________________Date: ____________________ Period:______ Biology Notes: Biochemistry Directions: Fill this out as we cover the following topics in class Part I. Water Water Basics Polar: part of a molecule is slightly _________________, while another part is slightly ____________________ Oxygen “hogs” ________________ from hydrogen; results in __________________ charge on oxygen and _______________ charge on hydrogen Creates ________________ bonds where on water sticks to another Water Properties High specific heat: Resists temp changes - much _______________ is needed to break water bonds - helps to maintain a constant __________ temp Cohesion - polar water molecules attracted to other ___________ water molecules Adhesion - polar water sticks to other __________________ Solutions Solution: ______________ where one substance dissolves in another 2 parts to a solution 1. _________________: substance that dissolves (atom, ions, ____________________) 2. ____________________: substance in which the solute is dissolved (usually _______________) - ex: human blood: solvent is _______________ (watery part of blood) and ____________________ are carbs, proteins, sugars, etc. pH Scale pH scale measure the amount of __________ in a solution 1 minute: Discuss with your neighbor: A) Which base has the most H+ ions? ____________ B) Which substance has the fewest H+ ions? ____________________ C) Which is the strongest acid? __________________ Some molecules release H+ ions when dissolved ______________ (pH= _____________) Some molecules release _______ (hydroxide) ions when dissolved ______________ (pH= _____________) Solution is _______________ when H+ = OH- (pH= _________) pH balance is vital to life. Ex: Blood pH (7.4): ______________________ break down outside normal pH Review 1) Vocabulary: Polar, Adhesion, Cohesion, High Specific Heat, Solution, Solute, Solvent, pH 2) Name 4 basic features of water. 3) Which water property explains that one atom is positively charged, while another is negatively charged? 4) How does cohesion and adhesion differ? 5) Which is a stronger acid? Substance A with a pH of 5 or substance B with a pH of 3? 6) Which has more H+ ions? Substance A with a pH of 5 or substance B with a pH of 3? 7) Which has more OH- ions? Substance A with a pH of 5 or substance B with a pH of 3? 8) How does a solute differ from a solvent? 9) What is the solute and solvent of blood? Part II. Organic Molecules A. Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules (____________________________) Carbon is unique - 2nd electron level __________________ full - Only has ___________ electrons in 2nd level - Will bond up to ______________ times Monomer: __________________ carbon molecules - Ex: Amino acid Polymer: ___________________ of linked ___________________ - Ex: Protein Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable Draw stable C & H compound. Is Carbon stable with 4 electrons in its outer layer? ___________ Is Hydrogen stable with 1 electron in its layer? __________ So what do atoms do when they are unstable? _____________ B. Carbohydrates Readily available food source C_____: H _____: O _____ ratio - Ex: ______________________= C6H12O6 Monomer: ________________________ - Simple sugars - Bond to form __________________ sugars Polymer: __________________________ - Complex sugars Carbohydrate Polymers: ___________________________ ___________________ chain of monosaccharides Ex: Starch: excess _______________ sugar converted & stored Ex: Glycogen: starch made by ___________________; stored in ___________________& muscles Ex: Cellulose: starch made by ___________________; stored by plants to make ______________________ Review Carbohydrates 1) How many electrons does Carbon have in the 1st energy level? 2nd energy level? 2) Which type of organic molecule is most commonly used as energy for cells? 3) If a carbohydrate has 8 carbon atoms, how many oxygen and hydrogen atoms will it most likely have? 4) What are the monomers of carbohydrates called? 5) Which polymer of carbohydrates is stored by animals? 6) Which polymer of carbohydrates is stored by plants? C. Lipid Structure Fats, Oils, Cholesterol, Waxes Monomer: _______________________ Polymer: ________________________ Phospholipid: - Structure (3 parts): o “Head” = _____________________&________________________ o “Tails” = ______________Fatty acids Trigylceride: - Structure (2 parts): o “Head” = Glycerol o “Tails” = 3 Fatty Acids Function: Provide ___________________ for cells, insulation - Cholesterol: Gives cell membrane _______________________ Saturated Fatty Acids Long chain of C-C bonds (all ______________________bonds) Each ____________________ is “saturated” with _______________ atoms - Common in __________________ fats Health Alert! - Solid at room temps; more likely to clog veins Unsaturated Fatty Acids Chain with C=C bonds (_________________ bonds) - Double bonds ___________________ H from attaching - Double bonds makes the chain __________________________ Unsaturated: ____________________ space for H atoms - Common in ___________________ Health Alert: - Liquid at room temps; Less likely to clog veins Review Lipids 1) What are the three parts of a phospholipid called? a. Which part is the “head”? b. Which part are the “tails”? How many? 2) What are the 2 parts of a triglyceride called? a. Which part is the “head”? b. Which part are the “tails”? How many? 3) How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ? 4) Which lipid gives cells their flexibility? 5) Why are saturated fats less healthy? D. Nucleic Acid Basics Contains instructions to build __________________ Two types: - ________________ - ________________ Composed of smaller units called _____________________ - Monomer: ______________________ - Polymer: ________________________ Nucleotide Structure Three parts Draw a nucleotide. - ____________________________________ - ____________________________________ - ____________________________________ Nucleotides combine to make ________________________________ Instructions for ________________ to make __________________ Monomers link to make Polymers! Nucleic Acids - Monomer: _______________________ - Polymer: ______________________ How many nucleotides are pictured? _______ What is this chain of nucleotides called? __________________ DNA Double Helix: ______________ chains of nucleotides Four DNA bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine - A pairs with ___________ & __________ pairs with G Gene: _________________ of DNA that __________________ for a _________________________ RNA ________________ chain of nucleotides RNA bases: Adenine, ___________________, Cytosine, Guanine Function: Help cells with the creation of ________________________ Review Nucleotides 1) Name the polymer of nucleotides. 2) Draw and label a nucleotide. 3) How are the four nitrogen bases of DNA abbreviated? 4) What does the phosphate molecule of a nucleotide bond with? 5) What do you call a section of DNA that codes for a protein? 6) If the DNA nitrogen bases were TACCGGAT, how would the attached DNA strand read? 7) How are DNA and RNA different? E. Protein Basics Used in a variety of ____________________ functions Made of smaller amino acids - Monomer: _________________________________ - Polymer: _________________________________ Only _________ amino acids… but __________________ of proteins - Exact _______________ of amino acids _____________________ the protein Amino Acid Structure 5 basic parts 1) Central __________________ atom 2) ____________________ group (NH2) 3) __________________ 4) ____________________ group (COOH) 5) ______________ group What differs between amino acids? ___________________________ Review Proteins 1) What are the smaller monomers that make proteins called? 2) How many different amino acids exist? 3) How does each amino acid differ? 4) The NH2 part of the amino acid is called the ______ group. 5) The COOH part of the amino acid is called the ______ group. Part III. Chemical Reactions Change substance into different one by breaking and forming ______________________________ - Reactants are the substances ___________________ during a chemical reaction - Products are the substance _______________ by a chemical reaction Activation Energy: amount of energy needed to _____________ a reaction Controlled Settings Human body ~ 98.6F - Can’t raise body temp to start reactions Internal reactions would be too slow to sustain life without a ______________________ Ex: Saliva: Breaks down starch _________________x faster with amylase How do Enzymes Help? Activation energy usually comes from an increase in temp - ___________ process Catalyst: substance that decreases the _____________________ energy needed to start a chemical reaction - ___________________ reaction Enzymes reduce energy needed (activation energy) to start a chemical reaction and increases reaction rate Enzymes Enzyme shape allows specific ____________________ to bind together - Reactants = ___________________ - Ex: Amylase & starch: Starch is the __________________ because it binds to __________________ Substrates bind to ___________________ sites on the enzyme (_________ fitting into ____________) Once bonded to enzyme, substrates bonds _______________ and break Substrates re-bond to each other and a new _________________ is formed. Catalyst is _______________________ Type of ____________________ so sensitive to _______________, _________________, _________________ - Ex: If a high fever: enzymes lose ability to work Review 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? What are the molecules called that react with enzymes? Given the following chemical formula list the products and reactants: 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O What are the substances that are changed during a chemical reaction called? What is another term for a catalyst? Why can’t the human body raise its temperature to allow chemical reactions to happen quicker?
