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Ecology of interacting species (1/2) Remark: parasitoid! Predation + A - B Parasitism + A Interspecific competition B Ecology of interacting species (2/2) Competition Mutualism - A B + A - + Interspecific competition B Gause’s paramecia Paramecium caudatum Paramecium aurelia The resource Bacillus pyocyaneus Interspecific competition Gause’s findings Interspecific competition Other Gause’s findings Paramecia + Stylonychia pustulata Interspecific competition Grass-legume competition (De Wit et al. 1966) Panicum maximum grass Glycine javanica legume Interspecific competition Nitrogen fixing bacteria Rhizobium nodules in a pea plant Bradyrhizobium japonicum Rhizobium in common bean nodules Interspecific competition Replacement diagrams Panicum Glycine Results by De Wit et al. 1966 Panicum Glycine Competitive exclusion Competitive coexistence Interspecific competition Interspecific competition Competition between diatoms (Tilman 1981) Interspecific competition Competition between diatoms (Tilman 1981) Interspecific competition Competition between terrestrial plants Scabiosa Rumex Urtica Deschampsia Interspecific competition Interspecific competition Interspecific competition Kinds of interspecific competition Damselfish Interference competition Exploitative competition A B A Interspecific competition - + R - + B Interference competition: examples Grain pests Interspecific competition Angoumois grain moth Tignola del grano Sitotraga cerealella Crombie 1945 Lesser grain borer Coleottero cappuccino Rhizopertha dominica Interspecific competition Sawtoothed grain beetle Coleottero silvano Oryzaephilus surinamensis Lesser grain borer Interspecific competition Coleottero cappuccino Rhizopertha dominica Interference competition Park’s experiments with Tribolium (1954) Tribolium castaneum Interspecific competition Species can coexist in nature even when exploiting common resources... (e.g. MacArthur’s warblers,1958) Interspecific competition The niche concept • Pioneers (Grinnell, 1917; Elton, 1927) • Fundamental (without other coexisting species) and realized niche (with other species) Interspecific competition G. E. Hutchinson niche = the set of biotic and abiotic factors that make it possible for a species to survive, grow and reproduce Food niches (Brown & Davidson 1977) Interspecific competition 2-dimensional niches J. SILVERTOWN, M. DODD and D. GOWING Journal of Ecology 2001 89, 428– 435 Interspecific competition How to quantify a niche exemplified by Roughgarden (1979) Anolis aeneus Anolis richardi Utilization function Niche ui = probability that an individual feeds on a type i resource in the unit time the domain in which the utilization function does not vanish Niche position ζ= mean value of utilized resources Niche width σ2 = variance of utilized resources Interspecific competition Utilization functions in hawks Accipiter striatus (sparviero bruno, sharp-shinned hawk) u(z) Accipiter gentilis (astore, northern goshawk) z Accipiter cooperi (sparviero di Cooper, Cooper's hawk ) Interspecific competition Species packing Myrmotherula axillaris Antbirds Myrmotherula menetriesii Myrmotherula brachyura Interspecific competition Fundamental and realized niches Interspecific competition Competitive release Melospiza melodia Interspecific competition Ecological shift C. indica Interspecific competition C. stephani G. rufigula Character displacement “the ghost of competition past” Interspecific competition Beaks and skulls in birds and mammals Donnola, least weasel, Ermellino, stoat, M. M. nivalis erminea A. sylvaticus S. tephronota A. flavicollis S. neumayer C. parvulus C. psittacula C. pallidus Interspecific competition Competition between water snails Hydrobia ulvae Hydrobia ventrosa Interspecific competition a) Shell lengths in sympatry b) Shell lengths in allopatry c) Utilization functions in sympatry d) Utilization functions in allopatry Interspecific competition
