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Respiratory System Study Guide revised Jan. 2015 Students are responsible for information found in the following resources: Diversified Health Occupations Unit 6.10: main resource for test “Diseases and Condition: Influenza (flu).” Mayo Clinic “Diseases and Conditions: COPD.” Mayo Clinic “About Cystic Fibrosis: Frequently Asked Questions.” Cystic Fibrosis Foundation “Harms of Smoking and Health Benefits of Quitting.” National Cancer Institute Functions of the Respiratory System Taking oxygen into the body Removing carbon dioxide from the body Produce sound for speech Structures of the Respiratory System Air passages o Nose o Pharynx o Larynx o Trachea o Lungs Bronchi (singular = bronchus, plural = bronchi) Bronchioles Alveoli (singular = alveolus, plural = alveoli) Other structures o Nostrils = nares o Nasal septum o Nasal cavity o Sinuses o Epiglottis o Cilia o Pleura o Diaphragm Breathing and Respiration Breathing o Ventilation = the process of breathing, moving air into and out of the body o Inspiration (inhalation) = the process of breathing air in Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract Thoracic cavity enlarges, which decreases intrathoracic pressure Air rushes in o Expiration (exhalation) = the process of forcing air out of the lungs and air passages Diaphragm and intercostals muscles relax Thoracic cavity becomes smaller, which increases pressure Air is forced out passively, due to pressure change Other muscles can be used for forced expiration, expelling more air Respiration = exchange of gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide) o Controlled by the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata of the brain o Increased carbon dioxide or decreased oxygen levels in the blood lead to increased respiratory rate o External respiration: gas exchange between lungs and bloodstream o Internal respiration: gas exchange between bloodstream and tissue cells o Cellular respiration: cells use oxygen and nutrients to produce energy “Respiratory Rate” = number of breaths per minute, one of the four vital signs Breathing is usually involuntary, but can be controlled voluntarily Diseases and abnormal conditions Infections o Common cold = mild upper respiratory infection o Influenza (see textbook and handout) o Pneumonia o Pleurisy o Tuberculosis o Sinusitis o Rhinitis o Laryngitis o Acute bronchitis Lung cancer o Leading cause of cancer death for men and women o Main cause is exposure to carcinogens in tobacco smoke o There are different types of lung cancer, with different causes o All types are hard to detect at the early, most curable stage Other o Asthma o Chronic bronchitis o Emphysema o Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (see textbook and handout) o Epistaxis o Dyspnea o Cystic Fibrosis (see handout): Autosomal recessive genetic disease, mutation in gene for CFTR protein Abnormal flow of salt and water in and out of cells leads to thick, sticky mucus in lungs, pancreas, and other organs Problems frequently caused by cystic fibrosis: Frequent lung infections and inflammation Severe lung damage and respiratory failure Damage to pancreas, the source of digestive enzymes Poor digestion and poor absorption of nutrients Poor growth and poor weight gain o Alph-1 –antitrypsin deficiency (see COPD handout) Genetic disorder (co-dominant inheritance) that causes low levels of a protein called alpha-1-antitrypsin, a protein that helps protect the lungs People who have alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency are at increased risk of developing COPD, even if they do not smoke tobacco People who smoke, or are exposed to second-hand smoke, and have alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency have an increased risk of developing COPD compared to other smokers o Harmful effects of tobacco (see handout) Cancer Smoking causes cancer in the respiratory organs and many other organs Smoking is the leading cause of cancer Smoking is the leading cause of death from cancer Heart disease Stroke COPD and other lung disease Premature birth Low birth rate Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Nicotine addiction