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Review Session
1) Draw a heart and label the chambers
2) Draw a heart and label the valves
3) Draw a heart and label the connecting blood vessels
4) Draw a circulation diagram
and add numbers to show
the flow of blood through
the system starting at the
left ventricle
After each step, bring your
paper to me for grading
NO NOTES!!!
slide 1
slide 2
What are the four parts of the
cardiovascular system?
1. Blood
2. Blood vessels
3. Lymphatic System
4. Heart
slide 3
What are the different layers of
heart tissue?
• endocardium - inner layer, smooth
surface
• myocardium - middle layer, cardiac
muscle
• epicardium - outer layer, smooth layer
• pericardium - protective sac that
surrounds heart, releases fluid that
allows heart to move easily (like pleura!)
slide 4
Draw a diagram of the heart and
identify all four chambers
slide 5
What is angina pectoris?
• Chest pain that results from the heart
muscle being deprived of oxygen
slide 6
What is coronary artery disease
and what causes it?
• Caused by a narrowing of the arteries
that supply the heart muscle with
oxygen and nutrients.
• Results from atherosclerosis
slide 7
Draw a diagram showing the key
anatomy and flow of blood in
pulmonary circulation
slide 8
slide 9
What is a myocardial infarction?
• Heart attack
• When blood supply the heart muscle is
completely obstructed
slide 10
What is the function of the heart
and where is it located?
• Pump for cardiovascular system
• Hollow, muscular organ
• About the size of your fist
• Located in the center of chest, tilted a
little to your left
• Behind the sternum (breastbone)
slide 11
Draw a diagram of the heart and
identify all four valves
slide 12
What is venous thrombosis and
what causes it?
• Blood clots (thrombi) in vein
• Often occurs where blood pools because
blood is moving so slowly
slide 13
What are lymph nodes and what do
they do?
• Masses along the lymphatics that look for
invaders
slide 14
What is a thrombi?
• a clot
slide 15
Draw a diagram showing the key
anatomy and flow of blood in
systemic circulation
slide 16
slide 17
What is the sinoatrial node and
what is its function?
• Small mass of special tissue in the heart
• Sets pace of contraction of heart
• Sends out an electrical impulse which
travels through the conduction system
and causes muscle in myocardium to
contract
slide 18
What are the three categories of
cardiovascular disorders?
1. Blood Disorders
2. Blood Vessel Disorders
3. Heart Disorders
slide 19
What are the two parts of the
blood?
1. Plasma
2. Blood Cells
slide 20
What are the two categories of
blood vessel disorders?
1) atherosclerosis
2) venous disorders
slide 21
Atherosclerosis can occur in the
heart, brain, kidneys or legs. What
is it called in each tissue?
a) Heart - myocardial infarction (heart attack)
b) Brain - stroke
c) Kidney - renal failure
d) Legs - peripheral vascular disease
slide 22
What is heart failure on the left side
of the heart?
• Left side - congestive heart failure
–blood backs up in the lungs
–fluid backs up in the lungs and makes
breathing difficult
slide 23
What are the causes of the "lubbdupp" sound heard in a
stethoscope?
• "lubb"
•
tricuspid and mitral valves closing
• "dupp"
•
pulmonary & atrial valves closing
slide 24
What is coronary circulation and
what is its function?
• Coronary circulation is a collection of
arteries and veins on the heart itself
• Coronary circulation brings oxygen
and nutrients to heart muscle so it
can keep beating
slide 25
What is a "blood thinner" and how
is it used?
• "Blood thinner" is a medicine that
reduces the clotting of blood.
• Used to treat bleeding disorders where
the blood clots too much
slide 26
What are the categories of heart
disorders?
• Coronary Artery Disease
–Angina Pectoris
–Myocardial Infarction
• Heart Failure
• Dysrhythmias
slide 27
What is the structure that
separates one half of the heart
from the other?
• septum
slide 28
Name and describe the two phases
of the cardiac cycle
1) Systole
– active phase
– myocardium around chamber contracts
– sends blood out of the chamber
2) Diastole
– resting phase
– myocardium around chamber relaxes
– allows blood to fill the chamber
slide 29
What are thrombocytes and what is
their function?
– platelets
– clotting of blood
slide 30
What are the causes of
atherosclerosis?
1) medical conditions
a) diabetes
b) hypertension (high blood pressure)
c) obesity
2) heredity
3) stress
4) smoking
5) diet high in cholesterol or saturated fats
6) lack of physical activity
slide 31
What causes varicose veins?
• Venous valves in veins help blood flow back
to the heart
• If the venous valves stop functioning properly,
then blood can "pool" in the veins
slide 32
What is the composition of the
plasma?
1. 90% water
2. 10% proteins, nutrients & minerals
slide 33
What are the bottom chambers of
the heart?
• ventricles
slide 34
What are the three layers of blood
vessels?
• tunica externa - outer layer made of tough
connective tissue
• tunica media - middle layer made of
smooth muscle
• tunica intima - inside layer made of
endothelium
slide 35
What is heart failure?
• When the heart is unable to pump blood
in sufficient amounts to supply the body
slide 36
What is the function of blood
vessels?
– carry blood to and from all tissues of
the body
slide 37
What are the functions of heart
valves?
• Flaps open for blood flowing
forwards
• Flaps snap shut to prevent blood
flowing backwards
slide 38
Explain how diet, exercise and
smoking affect the cardiovascular
system
1) Diet
– diets low in saturated fats helps avoid
atherosclerosis
2) Exercise
– works the heart and keeps it in shape
3) Smoking
– chemicals in tobacco smoke damage
blood vessels and the heart itself
slide 39
What is a dysrhythmia and what
causes it?
• Irregular heat rate, rhythm, or both
• When the conduction system of the
heart is not working properly
slide 40
What are the names of blood
vessels as they become smaller?
• Arterioles - smaller arteries
• Venules - smaller veins
• Capillaries - smallest blood vessels
slide 41
What are the proteins in plasma
and what are their functions?
– albumin - helps moves fluid in and out
of bloodstream
– fibrinogen - part of the blood clotting
process
– globulins - help fight infection
slide 42
What are the functions of the
lymphatic system?
• The lymphatic system helps return
this fluid to the bloodstream
• The lymphatic system also helps
fight infection
slide 43
Decreased elasticity of arteries & veins
is one of the effects of aging. How
does this impact the cardiovascular
system?
• Decreased elasticity of arteries & veins
–blood vessels are less able to constrict or
dilate
–reduced control of blood pressure
–less efficient blood flow back to heart
slide 44
What is leukemia and what are its
causes?
• Overproduction of WBCs which are
abnormal in structure and cannot
function properly
1) cancer of the bone marrow
2) cancer of the lymphatic system
slide 45
Name and describe the two steps
of the cardiac cycle
1) Atrial systole, ventricular diastole
2) Atrial diastole, ventricular systole
slide 46
What is a heart block and what
causes it?
• Heart block is one type of dysrhythmia
–Myocardial infarction damages conduction
pathway
–An electronic pacemaker is implanted to
stimulate the heart's contractions
slide 47
What is an embolus and why is it
dangerous?
• Embolus - clots that break free and
travel in the body
• If they block an important vessel,
embolus can be fatal
slide 48
Name and describe the two
transport circuits of the
cardiovascular system
1. Systemic Circulation
– the entire body except for the lungs
2. Pulmonary Circulation
– the lungs
slide 49
What is heart failure on the right
side of the heart?
• Right side - cor pulmonale
–blood backs up in the venous system
–veins in legs and abdomen become swollen
slide 50
What are the top chambers of the
heart?
• atria
slide 51
Name and describe the two minor
functions of the cardiovascular
system
• Temperature Regulation
–moving of blood helps regulate temperature
• Protection
–transportation of leukocytes
–response to injury with clotting
slide 52
Less efficient contraction is one of the
effects of aging. How does this impact
the cardiovascular system?
• Less efficient contraction
–less efficient movement of blood out of heart
chambers
slide 53
What are the two types of bleeding
disorders?
1) blood clots too much
2) blood doesn't clot enough
slide 54
What are the three types of blood
cells?
1. Erythrocytes
2. Leukocytes
3. Thrombocytes
slide 55
What is sickle cell anemia?
• misshaped erythrocytes which
don't deliver oxygen properly
slide 56
What is atherosclerosis and why is
it dangerous?
• Atherosclerosis is when arteries become
blocked because of the build-up of a
plaque.
• Downstream tissues suffer from reduced
O2 and nutrients.
• The plaque can cause a clot to form
which can stop blood flow completely.
slide 57
What are venous ulcers and what
causes them?
• Open sore in the skin of the lower legs
• Caused when pressure of pooled blood
pushes plasma out of the veins into the
surrounding tissues
–tissues swell
–skin becomes fragile and inflamed
–skin breaks producing an open sore
slide 58
What are the three categories of
blood disorders?
1. Anemia
2. Leukemia
3. Bleeding Disorders
slide 59
What is arteriosclerosis and why is
it dangerous?
• The artery walls can become brittle and
prone to breaking (arteriosclerosis or
hardening of arteries).
• This can lead to hemorrhages.
slide 60
What is phlebitis and what is its
cause?
• Inflammation of the vein lining
• Caused by pooling of blood, as
seen with varicose veins
slide 61
What is balloon angioplasty?
• A procedure where a balloon is used to
expand a coronary artery which is
partially blocked by atherosclerosis
slide 62
What is DVT?
• If clot occurs in deep veins (not near
skin), then it is called deep venous
thrombosis (DVT)
slide 63
What are the causes of blood
disorders where not enough
clotting occurs?
• lack of fibrinogen
• low platelet count
slide 64
What are the four types of venous
disorders?
1) varicose veins
2) phlebitis
3) venous thrombosis
4) venous (stasis) ulcers
slide 65
What are erythrocytes and what is
their function?
– red blood cells
– carry oxygen
slide 66
What are the differences between
the two types of blood vessels?
• Smooth muscles - arteries have more to
deal with blood under great force and
pressure coming from heart
• Valves - veins have valves to help the
blood get back to the heart.
slide 67
What are leukocytes and what is
their function?
– white blood cells
– fight infection
slide 68
Why do the muscles of the blood
vessels constrict and dilate?
• Constrict (get smaller) to slow flow of
blood
• Dilate (get bigger) to speed up the flow of
blood
slide 69
What are the two types of blood
vessels?
• Arteries - carry blood away from heart
• Veins - carry blood toward heart
slide 70
What is the function of the thymus
and where is it located?
• Gland that responds to infection
• Stimulates the production of T-cells
• Located in chest
slide 71
What is the function of the spleen
and where is it located?
• Filters blood & removes old blood cells
• Storage organ for "emergency" blood
supply
• Located in abdomen
slide 72
Name and describe the major
function of the cardiovascular
system
• Transport
• Brings to the tissues
–oxygen
–nutrients
–messengers (hormones)
• Takes away from tissues
–carbon dioxide
–waste products of metabolism
slide 73
Decreased number of blood cells
is one of the effects of aging. How
does this impact the cardiovascular
system?
• Decreased number of blood cells
–reduced erythrocytes means reduced oxygen
delivery
–reduced leukocytes means reduced defenses
slide 74
What is anemia, and what are the
two categories of anemia?
• Problems with O2 deliver by RBCs
1) Not enough RBCs
2) RBCs not working correctly
slide 75
What is the danger of DVT?
• Clots from DVTs can break free and
settle in the lung causing a pulmonary
embolism, a potentially fatal condition
slide 76
slide 77
slide 78