Download APWH Chapters 1-3.notebook - Miami Killian Senior High School

APWH Chapters 1-3.notebook
September 03, 2015
• Social: classes, status, hierarchy, gender, population (demography)
• Political: authority, laws, military
• Religious: creation, death, the supernatural, faith, morality, priesthood,
places of worship, scriptures
• Intellectual: writing, culture, philosophy, science, calendars
• Technological: tools, machinery, structures
• Economic: labor, trade, property
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APWH Chapters 1-3.notebook
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Chapters 1-3 Human Origins and Early Civilizations
• Humans originated in East Africa over 100,000 years ago and then
slowly migrated across Eurasia and on to Australia and the Americas,
adapting their cultures to different climates and environments.
• All early humans were nomads. They moved from place to place in small
bands hunting, fishing, and foraging for food. As they migrated seeking
food, different groups settled much of the planet over tens of thousands
of years.
• Social: Nomads did not live in permanent locations. They lived in small
groups of people, most of whom were related to each other. Men and
women enjoyed roughly equal status, as they both had to gather food.
There were few differences in social status among nomads.
• Political: Nomads had no formal government or laws. Authority was
informal, as in a family.
• Religious: Nomads believed in spirits associated with nature, fertility,
hunting, and death. There was no written scripture, organized
priesthood, or places of worship.
• Intellectual: Nomads did not possess writing systems. All knowledge was
transmitted orally. They produced art and music.
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• Technological: Nomads made tools out of wood, bone, or stone.
• Economic: Nomads did not have a concept of private land ownership.
There was little job specialization and little trade beyond exchanges
among neighbors, as all nomads had to obtain food and make
everything necessary to survive.
• Agriculture first developed beginning around 10,000 years ago in the
Middle East. This marks the beginning of the Neolithic Era. Plants and
animals were domesticated. Domestication is when plants and animals
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are raised and bred by humans to serve human needs, until they no
longer resemble their wild ancestors. This process occurred
independently in various places around the world.
• The main food crops or staple crops were those which provided
sufficient carbohydrates and could be stored for long periods. Examples:
wheat (Middle East), rice (China), corn (Mexico), potato (Andes). These
foods became the largest part of these farmers’ diets.
• Most domesticated animals (examples: pig, horse, cattle, sheep, goat,
chicken) were domesticated in Asia. Domesticated animals provide milk,
eggs, and meat, transportation, and wool and hides.
• Asian crops and animals could easily be raised in Europe and North
Africa as well because they all lie roughly at the same latitude.
• The development of agriculture led to the first civilizations, large
societies with cities and powerful states. Most of the early civilizations
arose in river valleys, taking advantage of their fertile soil and water for
irrigation:
Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers), Egypt (Nile River),
MohenjoDaro and Harappa (Indus River), Shang China (Yellow River),
Olmecs in Mesoamerica, Chavín in the Andes.
• River valley civilizations first arose in Mesopotamia and Egypt around
5,000 years ago.
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River Valley Civilizations
Mesopotamia and Egypt
• Social: Food was more abundant and reliable, so populations grew.
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Urbanization: growth of towns and cities . Farmers lived in one permanent
location; they were sedentary. A social hierarchy developed, where some
people had a higher status than others. A ruling class arose. Gender roles
became more distinct. Male dominance arose (patriarchy)
• Political: Governments arose, with formal laws (example: Code of
Hammurabi) and taxation. Governments could mobilize labor and
resources, and managed irrigation for agriculture. Rulers’ source of
power was often divine. Some states expanded and formed empires
(larger states which ruled diverse peoples)
• Religious: Organized religion arose, with places of worship, a
priesthood and sacred scripture. Religious authorities supported the
rulers. Temples were often monumental, which induced wonder and
awe. Example: ziggurats in Mesopotamia. Elaborate mythologies
developed about their gods.
• Intellectual: Religious and political elites promoted the arts. Systems of
record keeping were developed, usually writing systems, like cuneiform
in Mesopotamia and hieroglyphics in Egypt. Calendars were developed
to follow the agricultural cycle. Early literature, like the Egyptian Book of
the Dead or the Mesopotamian “Epic of Gilgamesh,” developed out of
religious mythologies. The Phoenicians, who lived along the eastern
Mediterranean and were known as great maritime explorers and
merchants, developed the first alphabet.
• Technological: inventions: wheel and wheeled vehicles, metallurgy
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(copper, bronze, iron), woven textiles, pottery, plows
• Economic: Trade expanded, from local to regional to transregional,
exchanging goods, ideas, and technology. Examples: Egypt and Nubia,
Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. Job specialization arose because of
food surpluses: farmers, artisans, rulers, priests, soldiers, merchants
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• Pastoralism is a nomadic, migratory way of life where people move from
place to place with their herds of domesticated animals, such as horses,
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goats, sheep, and camels. Pastoralists lived in arid grasslands in North
Africa, Arabia, and Central Asia in places too dry for farming.
• They traded with sedentary societies for tools and food, but often also
entered into conflict with them. Their superior horsemanship meant they
usually succeeded militarily. They only occasionally created centralized
states themselves, however.
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Judaism
• The Jewish faith arose among the Hebrews who lived in Israel, a
land along the Mediterranean between Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Judaism is a monotheistic faith. Monotheism is belief in one God.
No image can be made of the Jewish God.
• Jews believe in a covenant between God and His people. He is
their God, and he gave them a Promised Land, and in return they
must obey his Law. The Ten Commandments were handed to
Moses by
God, and that became their law.
• Bible. The Hebrew Bible is the equivalent of the Christian Old
Testament. In Jewish religious practice, the Bible is never
translated from Hebrew, because it is the Word of God. The Bible
is a collection of books written over many centuries by many
different authors in many different styles.
• Jewish law: The Law has a powerful moral element. Jews may
only worship God, cannot make idols, kill, steal, or lie. They must
keep one day holy (the Sabbath, on Saturday) when they cannot
work. There are extensive dietary laws (kosher) and a
requirement to practice circumcision on 8-day old boys.
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• A Jew is anyone born to a Jewish mother. Jews do not seek
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converts.
Prophets: messengers of God. They wrote many of the books in
the Bible. They usually had a moral message, urging the Jews to
follow God's law and be kind to the poor.
The Jewish Temple was in Jerusalem. It was said to contain the
Ark of the Covenant, containing the tablets of the Law. Priests
sacrificed animals to God in the Temple.
There were various tribes of Jews. They were unified in a
kingdom under Saul, David, and Solomon around 1000 BC.
Solomon built the First Temple. Later the kingdom was divided
into two. In 587 BC the Babylonians invaded and destroyed the
Temple. The Jewish population was deported to Babylon.
After 539 BC the Jews were allowed to return to Israel after
Babylon had been conquered by the Persians. The Temple was
rebuilt, but later destroyed by the Romans in 70.
Diaspora: scattering of Jews around the world. The term was first
used during the Babylonian Captivity. Most Jews lived in the
Diaspora after their failed rebellions against the Romans.
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• Bantu is the main language family in Africa. The Bantu homeland is in
West
Africa. Around 2000 years ago, Bantu peoples migrated into the rest of
subSaharan Africa. They practiced agriculture and made metal tools. They
had no form of writing, and they rarely formed centralized states. Their social
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hierarchy consisted of chiefs, commoners, and slaves. Bantu peoples were
animistic, meaning they worshipped nature spirits and gods.
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