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CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM Pedro Amarante Andrade, PhD LCSC06 BIOSCIENCES FOR SPEECH AND LANGUAGE THERAPY LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT OBJECTIVES • By the end of the session you should: – Be able to name the component parts of the cardio vascular system. – Be able to describe the formation and function of these components – Be able to describe a range of conditions related to dysfunction within this system LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM Contributes to homeostasis by transporting: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and hormones to and from body cells. Composed by: 1. Blood 2. Heart 3. Blood vessels LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT BLOOD Hematology (study of blood) LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT BLOOD Blood transports oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract, which diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid and then into body cells. LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT WHAT IS BLOOD? • • • • Function: transport, regulation and protection 8% of total body mass Slightly alkaline: pH 7.35 to 7.45 Colour: high oxygen low oxygen • Volume: 4-6 litres • Cells origin: Bone marrow • Types: A, B, AB or O (depend on certain substances) also can be Rh or D blood antigen LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT WHAT IS BLOOD? Composition BLOOD PLASMA (55%) FORMED ELEMENTS (45%) • 99% red blood cells (RBCs) • 1% white blood cells (WBCs) Tortora and Derrickson. Principles of anatomy and physiology Pp 691 LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT FORMED ELEMENTS Tortora and Derrickson. Principles of anatomy and physiology Pp 691 LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT Extracellular matrix of the blood cells (55% of total blood volume) Leukocytes or white blood cells: BLOOD COMPOSITION Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) Large Y-shaped proteins which function is to identify and remove foreign antigens, viruses and bacteria Granulocytes Neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils Agranulocytes lymphocytes & monocytes Or thrombocytes, blood clot cells (hemostasis) Global Biodefense. News on pathogens and preparedness White cell that digests cellular debris, foreign substances… Erythrocytes Deliver oxygen LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT BLOOD Haematocrit: measure of the viscosity of the blood (red blood cells) = male 40-54% & female 38-46%; • Anaemia LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT PROBLEMS RELATED TO BLOOD Anaemia: deficiency of red cells or of haemoglobin in the blood, resulting in fatigue (most common= iron-deficiency) Polycythaemia: High concentration of red blood cells. Can be associated with respiratory or circulatory disorder. Hypoxia: oxygen deficiency Cyanosis: discoloration of the skin due to poor circulation (low oxygen) Haemorrhage: blood escaping from the circulatory system (bleeding) Thrombosis: Local coagulation or clotting of the blood Embolism: lodging of foreign body such as blood clot/air bubble in an artery blocking the blood flow ACQUIRED BRAIN INJURY (ABI) LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT BLOOD Heamopoiesis: process by which the formed elements of blood develop Red bone marrow Tortora and Derrickson. Principles of anatomy and physiology Pp 694 LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT RED BLOOD CELLS Haemoglobin: oxygen-carrying protein Concentration: 4.8 - 5.4 million/microliter * Production: 2 million/second * One drop of blood has apprx 50 microliter LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT WHITE BLOOD CELLS Haemoglobin: none Concentration: 5000-10,000/microliter GRANULAR Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils leukocytes AGRANULAR Lymphocytes Monocytes (macrophages) Leukocytosis (more than 10,000/microliter) Leukopenia (< 5,000/microliter) LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT WHITE BLOOD CELLS leukocytes GRANULAR Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils AGRANULAR Lymphocytes Monocytes (macrophages) LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT PLATELETS Disk shaped, 2-4 micrometre Concentration: 400,000/microliter Function: Stop blood loss (hemostasis) – platelet plug - Vascular spasm - Blood clotting https://www.mortonsneuroma.com/mortons-neuroma-platelet-richplasma-injections/ LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT PLATELETS Blood clotting LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT BLOOD CLOTTING LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT ANATOMY OF THE HEART • Beats about 100,000 times every day (35 million/year) • Pumps 14,000 litres of blood/day • Size of your closed fist and average weight between 250-300g CPR LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT ANATOMY OF THE HEART LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT ANATOMY OF THE HEART Pericardium • • Confines the hear to its position in the mediastinum Fibrous (prevent overstretching) and serous (2 layers – allows movemnt) • Pericardial fluid – fluid between layers) LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT ANATOMY OF THE HEART Myocardium • • • Medial layer 95 % of the heart Pump blood Endocardium • Thin layer • Smooth lining of the inner chambers LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT ANATOMY OF THE HEART Chambers of the heart LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT ANATOMY OF THE HEART Right atrium • • Chambers of the heart “entry halls” receives blood from: vena cava and coronary sinus tricuspid valve right ventricle Right ventricle • “little bellies” • Blood passes from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary arteries LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT ANATOMY OF THE HEART Left atrium • • Chambers of the heart “entry halls” receives blood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein bicuspid valve right ventricle Left ventricle • “little bellies” • Thickest • Blood passes from the let ventricle through the aortic valve into the coronary arteries and the rest of the body LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT ANATOMY OF THE HEART Valves of the heart LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT ANATOMY OF THE HEART Systemic and pulmonary Systemic Pulmonary Coronary Electrocardiography LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT BLOOD VESSELS video LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT BLOOD VESSELS video LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT THE HEART video LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT THE HEART Pathology • Myocarditis: inflammation of the heart muscle • Endocarditis: Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart • Heart murmur: Extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat • Myocardial ischaemia: low blood flow (oxygen) to the heart • Infarction: Local death of tissue • Bradycardia: Abnormal slow heart action • Tachycardia: Abnormal rapid heart action • Angina: Pain or discomfort in the chest region • Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries (Ageing) • Atherosclerosis: narrowing of arteries due to fat material on the inner walls LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) Blood clot or thrombosis Build up of fatty deposits inside an artery that cause the artery to harden and narrow (Athereosclesorsis) http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cardiovasculardisease/Pages/Introduction.aspx LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) Types of CVD: • Coronary heart disease; • Stroke; • Peripheral arterial disease; • Aortic disease http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cardiovasculardisease/Pages/Introduction.aspx LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD) Coronary heart disease (CHD) occurs when the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your heart is blocked or reduced by a build-up of fatty material (atheroma) in the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries are the two major blood vessels that supply your heart with blood. As they narrow because of a build-up of atheroma, the blood supply to your heart will be restricted. This can cause angina(chest pain). If a coronary artery becomes completely blocked, it can cause a heart attack. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cardiovasculardisease/Pages/Introduction.aspx LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT STROKE A stroke is a serious medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Like all organs, the brain needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to function properly. This is provided by the blood, so if your blood flow is restricted or stopped, brain cells will begin to die. This can cause brain damage and possibly death. A stroke is therefore a medical emergency and prompt treatment is essential. The sooner a person who has had a stroke receives treatment, the less damage is likely to occur. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cardiovasculardisease/Pages/Introduction.aspx LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE Peripheral arterial disease, also known as peripheral vascular disease, occurs when there's a blockage in the arteries to your limbs (usually your legs). The most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease is pain in your legs when walking. This is usually in one or both of your thighs, hips or calves. The pain can feel like cramp, a dull pain or a sensation of heaviness in your leg muscles. It usually comes and goes, and gets worse during exercise that uses your legs, such as walking or climbing stairs. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cardiovasculardisease/Pages/Introduction.aspx LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT AORTIC DISEASE The aorta is the largest blood vessel in the body. It carries blood from your heart to the rest of your body. The most common type of aortic disease is an aortic aneurysm, where the wall of the aorta becomes weakened and bulges outwards. You'll usually experience pain in your chest, back or abdomen http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cardiovasculardisease/Pages/Introduction.aspx LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT