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Atlas (C1) 1st cervical V. (ring-like bone) Named after Greek myth. Atlas Communicates: sup: skull (atlanto occipital j.) inf: axis (atlanto-axial j.) Characteristics: 1. no body 2. no spinous process 3. ant. & post. arches 4. 2 lateral masses 5. 2 transverse foramina Axis (C2) 2nd cervical vertebra *Odontoid process (dens= tooth): binds to atlas at A-A joint * Dens represents the body of atlas that has fused with body of axis Thoracic Cage -Sternum (G, sternon= chest bone) -12 pairs of ribs & CC - 12 thoracic vertebrae Sternum Flat, vertically elongated bone that forms the middle anterior part of the thoracic cage 3 parts: Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Manubrium Handlike * Several notches: Jugular Clavicular Costal * Manubriosternal Joint: Sternal angle Angle of louis Easily palpated Opposite to T4-T5 disc At 2nd costal cartilage: Counting the ribs & intercostal spaces Ribs - Flat curved bones with high resilience -Form most of the thoracic cage -Each rib binds to its corresponding vertebra & the vertebra above -3 types: 1. True (1st – 7th) 2. False (8th – 10th) 3. Floating (11th & 12th) Features of Typical Rib 1. Head: wedge-shaped with articular facets 2. Neck: connects the head with the body 3. Tubercle: articular & non-articular parts 4. Shaft (Body): angle & costal groove 3rd – 9th ribs are considered typical Atypical Ribs 1st rib Flat, shortest, broadest, scalene tubercle & grooves for subclavian v. 2nd rib rough tuberosity for serratus anterior m. 10th rib one facet on the head 11th & 12th one facet on the head & no neck or tubercle Rib Fractures Common chest injuries (middle ribs, 5-10) Mostly in weakest part (the angle) Present as a sever localized pain Complications: inj. to underlying structures pneumothorax (air in pleural cavity) Appendicular Skeleton: Bones of The Upper Limb Shoulder girdle: Clavicle Scapula Arm: Humerus Forearm: Ulna (M) Radius (L) Hand: (27 bones) Carpal bones (8) Metacarpals (5) Phalanges (14) Clavicle “S” shaped bone ( resilience) medial 2/3 convex anteriorly , lateral 1/3 concave Sternal end (rounded) ⇒ manubrium & 1st rib Acromial end (flat) ⇒ acromion Scapula (shoulder blade) Triangular flat bone Anterior (costal) surface 2nd – 7th ribs Posterior (spinous) surface Left Scapula (Posterior Aspect) 1.Coracoid Process 2. Superior border 3. Supraspinous Fossa 4. Scapular Spine 5.Medial border 8.Infraspinous Fossa 9.Inferior Angle 10.Lateral border 11.Glenoid Cavity 12.Acromion Process