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Atlas (C1)
1st cervical V. (ring-like bone)
Named after Greek myth. Atlas
Communicates:
sup: skull (atlanto occipital j.)
inf: axis (atlanto-axial j.)
Characteristics:
1. no body
2. no spinous process
3. ant. & post. arches
4. 2 lateral masses
5. 2 transverse foramina
Axis (C2)
2nd cervical vertebra
*Odontoid process (dens= tooth): binds to atlas at
A-A joint
* Dens represents the body of atlas that has fused
with body of axis
Thoracic Cage
-Sternum (G, sternon= chest bone)
-12 pairs of ribs & CC
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
Sternum
Flat, vertically elongated bone
that forms the middle anterior
part of the thoracic cage
3 parts:
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Manubrium
Handlike
* Several notches:
Jugular
Clavicular
Costal
* Manubriosternal Joint:
Sternal angle
Angle of louis
Easily palpated
Opposite to T4-T5 disc
At 2nd costal cartilage:
Counting the ribs & intercostal
spaces
Ribs
- Flat curved bones with high resilience
-Form most of the thoracic cage
-Each rib binds to its corresponding
vertebra & the vertebra above
-3 types:
1. True (1st – 7th)
2. False (8th – 10th)
3. Floating (11th & 12th)
Features of Typical Rib
1. Head: wedge-shaped with
articular facets
2. Neck: connects the head with the
body
3. Tubercle: articular &
non-articular parts
4. Shaft (Body): angle &
costal groove
3rd – 9th ribs are considered typical
Atypical Ribs
1st rib
Flat, shortest, broadest, scalene tubercle & grooves for
subclavian v.
2nd rib
rough tuberosity for serratus anterior m.
10th rib
one facet on the head
11th & 12th
one facet on the head & no neck or tubercle
Rib Fractures
Common chest injuries (middle ribs, 5-10)
Mostly in weakest part (the angle)
Present as a sever localized pain
Complications: inj. to underlying structures
pneumothorax (air in pleural cavity)
Appendicular Skeleton:
Bones of The Upper Limb
Shoulder girdle:
Clavicle
Scapula
Arm:
Humerus
Forearm:
Ulna (M)
Radius (L)
Hand: (27 bones)
Carpal bones (8)
Metacarpals (5)
Phalanges (14)
Clavicle
“S” shaped bone ( resilience)
medial 2/3 convex anteriorly , lateral 1/3 concave
Sternal end (rounded) ⇒ manubrium & 1st rib
Acromial end (flat) ⇒ acromion
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Triangular flat bone
Anterior (costal) surface
2nd – 7th ribs
Posterior (spinous) surface
Left Scapula (Posterior Aspect)
1.Coracoid Process
2. Superior border
3. Supraspinous Fossa
4. Scapular Spine
5.Medial border
8.Infraspinous Fossa
9.Inferior Angle
10.Lateral border
11.Glenoid Cavity
12.Acromion Process