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• Calorie – The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree C Proposed changes to nutrition facts labels • SNL- taco town • Nutrient – Substance which provides the energy & materials necessary for metabolic activity Nutrient Calories/gram Water protein carbohydrate lipid Minerals (Ca, Fe, Zn, K) Vitamins (B, C, A, D, E) Alcohol (Toxicant!) How do organisms get the nutrients they need?? • Eat food- heterotroph – Carnivore- meat eater – Omnivore- meat & plant eater – Herbivore- plant eater • Vegan- eats no animal products (eggs, milk etc) • Make their food- autotroph – Green plants Diseases caused by poor nutrition: • Dehydration –Lack of water • Heart disease- atherosclerosis –High cholesterol • Anemia –Lack of iron, red blood cells • Osteoporosis –Lack of calcium in bones • Scurvy –Lack of vitamin C • Beriberi –Not enough vitamin B1 (thiamine) • Historically, Beriberi has been endemic in regions dependent on what is variously referred to as polished, white, or dehusked rice. This type of rice has its husk removed in order to extend its lifespan, but also has the unintended side-effect of removing the primary source of thiamine. • Kwashiorkor –Insufficient protein • The name is translated as "the sickness the baby gets when the new baby comes", and reflecting the development of the condition in an older child who has been weaned from the breast when a younger sibling comes. • Breast milk contains proteins and amino acids vital to a child's growth. In at-risk populations, kwashiorkor may develop after a mother weans her child from breast milk, replacing it with a diet high in carbohydrates, especially starches, but deficient in protein. The symptoms of kwashiorkor include: • change in skin and hair color (reddish-orange color) • fatigue • diarrhea • loss of muscle mass • failure to grow or gain weight • edema (swelling) • damaged immune system, which can lead to more frequent and severe infections • irritability • flaky rash • large belly that sticks out • shock • Night blindness – Insufficient Vitamin A • Golden rice is a variety of Oryza sativa rice produced through genetic engineering tobiosynthesize betacarotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice. The research was conducted with the goal of producing a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A, a deficiency which is estimated to kill 670,000 children under the age of 5 each year. • Rickets – Insufficient Vitamin D • Rickets is a softening of bones in immature mammals due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D, or calcium potentially leading to fractures and deformity. • Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries. The predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency, but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets (cases of severe diarrhea and vomiting may be the cause of the deficiency). Lab- nutrients in food • Conversion of large, insoluble molecules to small, soluble molecules by mechanical and chemical processes • Mouth – ingestion – Teeth & tongue- mechanical digestion • chewing – Saliva- chemical digestion • Salivary amylase digests starches to simple sugars • Pharynx – throat – Swallowing reflex pushes food past epiglottis (flap which covers trachea when you swallow) • Esophagus – Muscular tube into stomach – Peristalsis- wavelike contractions of muscle which push food along • Stomach – Chemical digestion • Gastric glands secrete pepsin (protein digestion) & HCl (lowers pH) • Mucus protects stomach lining • Carbohydrate digestion continues – Mechanical digestion • Muscles churn food & juices • Small Intestine – Long (20 feet) & narrow (1 inch) – Site of most chemical digestion & absorption of nutrients – Villi increase surface area for absorption • CPSC Files Lawsuit To Stop Sales Of Buckyballs Magnet Toys • Posted on July 26, 2012 by Editor • Federal safety regulators have filed suit against the maker of Buckyballs and Buckycubes magnetic toys, after Maxfield and Oberton Holdings of New York refused to stop selling the dangerous toys. The effort to ban Buckyballs and Buckycubes magnetic toys marks the first time in 11 years that the U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) has issued a stop sale order for a hazardous product. – Digestive aids in small intestine: • Intestinal juice – Peptidase- digests proteins – Maltase- digests maltose • Bile – Produced in liver, stored in gall bladder – Emulsifies fat (mechanically breaks it into smaller pieces) • Pancreatic juice- trypsin and lipase – Produced in pancreas – Neutralizes stomach acid – Chemically digests starch, proteins, lipids • Appendix – Blind pouch where small & large intestines meet – Vestigial organ (lost its function in humans) Lab: how do digestive system lengths compare? • Large Intestine – 4 feet long, 2.5 inches in diameter – No digestion occurs here – Bacteria that live here produce vitamin K – Feces is stored in rectum and eliminated through anus – Main function = Reabsorption of water • Too little reabsorption leads to diarrhea • Too much reabsorption leads to constipation • Is That Calamari Or Pig Rectum? • (bonchan / Shutterstock) • A recent episode of This American Life explored the theme of Doppelgangers, and by far the most sensational segment hinged on a report that pig rectum was being sold as imitation calamari. A reporter for the show, Ben Calhoun, got a tip about a farmer "with some standing in the pork industry" who is in charge of "a pork producing operation that spans several states." One fine day this farmer was visiting a pork processing plant in Oklahoma, and noticed boxes stacked on the floor labeled "artificial calamari." Asked what that meant, the plant's manager, his friend, replied, "Bung. It's hog rectum." For clarity, Calhoun adds, "Rectum that would be sliced into rings, deep fried, and boom, there you have it.“ • Mmmmm, rectum. "It's payback for our blissful ignorance about where our food comes from," Calhoun theorizes, and in the course of his fascinating report, he spoke with the farmer, who confirmed the story but declined to go on record about the incident—because his girlfriend warned him about his name being linked to pig rectum in Google searches. Smart man. But the plant's manager, Ron Meek, did agree to speak on record. He claimed he never personally saw the label "artificial calamari" but that's what he was told by the people he worked for. And in an interview, his bosses backed the assertion that pig rectum was being sold for use as imitation calamari. They just couldn't say where. • Heartburn, acid reflux – Stomach acids are pushed into esophagus • Ulcers – Bacteria & acids eat away stomach lining • appendicitis – Appendix inflames when food is caught & decomposes Lab: digestion • Removal of metabolic wastes from body cells to maintain homeostasis • Organs of excretion: – Liver – Kidneys – Lungs – Skin • Urinary System – Kidney • Filters blood to remove urea (made in liver) & form urine – Ureter • Connects kidney to bladder – Urinary bladder • Stores urine – Urethra • Carries urine from bladder to outside body –nephron • Functional unit of the kidney • Approximately 1,000,000 nephrons per kidney • Filters out wastes & good stuff, then reabsorbs good stuff • Urinary tract infection – Bacteria travels up the urethra to the bladder – Occurs more often in women than men • Diarrhea – Loss of water, dehydration – Very concentrated urine (dark yellow) – Dehydration contributes to stones in urinary tract • Diabetes – Urine contains glucose • overexertion – Urine contains amino acids and proteins • Lead poisoning – Urine contains lead Video: Water! 1. In what ways does the body take in water and eliminate it? 2. What are the different kinds of thirst? How are they detected? 3. What is the volume of blood that flows through the kidneys everyday? 4. How do the kidneys filter out waste products while retaining useful molecules? • Liver – Detoxifies blood • Removes bacteria, drugs, hormones – Produces bile (which emulsifies fat) – Forms urea from wastes in blood • Cirrhosis – Liver disease • commonly from alcoholism – Liver decays – Fluid buildup in abdomen • Skin – Physical barrier to microorganisms – Prevents water loss – Excretion of water, urea & salts (sweat) – Temperature regulation • Too hot = blood vessels dilate (widen), sweat • Too cold = blood vessels constrict (narrow), shiver • Lungs – Remove CO2 from the blood – Add O2 to the blood Lab- Urinalysis • Test for sugar: – Benedicts solution turns from blue to orange/red when heated if sugar is present • Test for protein: – Biuret reagent turns from blue to violet if protein is present • Cash for kidneys 1.a & 1.b Superior & Inferior Vena Cava Veins which carry blood from the body to the heart 2. Right Atrium Receives deoxygenated blood from the body 3. Right Ventricle Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs 4. Pulmonary Arteries Transports blood to the lungs Only arteries that carry O2 poor blood 5. Lungs Blood loses CO2 and gains O2 6. Pulmonary Veins Transports oxygenated blood to heart 7. Left Atrium Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs 8. Left Ventricle Largest chamber Pumps blood to the body 9. Aorta Thick walled artery which carries blood to the body • • • • • • • • Pumps deoxygenated blood Carries blood to all parts of body Carries blood to lungs (pulmonary circulation) Largest chamber Receives blood from lungs Carries blood from lungs Receives blood from body Carries blood from body to heart • Arteries – Carry blood away from the heart – Walls are thick and elastic – Small arteries are arterioles • Veins – Carry blood towards the heart – Walls are thin & contain valves which prevent backwards flow of blood – Small veins are venules • Capillaries – Connect arterioles and venules – Vessels are very narrow with thin walls to allow exchange of gases, nutrients & wastes Major pathways of circulation through the body • Varicose veins – Valves don’t work properly Blood • Major Functions: – Transports nutrients & O2 to cells & removes wastes & CO2 – Regulates temperature, water balance etc (maintains homeostasis) – Protects against disease • Components: – Plasma is 90% water and 10% salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, hormones etc – Red blood cells contain iron rich hemoglobin Blood doping – White blood cells protect against infection by engulfing bacteria Dead white blood cells form pus – Platelets clot the blood to prevent blood loss Air flows through: • Nose (nostrils) – Filters out dust/dirt • Hair, cilia, mucus – Warms air • Capillaries close to surface – Moistens air • mucus • Pharynx (throat) – Connects nose & mouth • Larynx (voicebox) – Vocal cords vibrate & produce sound • Trachea (windpipe) – Protected by epiglottis – Rings of cartilage keep it open • tracheotomy • Bronchi – 2 tubes which enter lungs • Bronchial tubes – Smaller tubes within lungs • Bronchioles – Smallest tubes which end in alveoli • Alveoli – Respiratory surface – Small, grapelike clusters increase surface area – Thin, moist with capillaries close to surface • Diaphragm – Muscle which separates the chest and abdominal cavities – Spasms cause hiccups • Pleura – Slippery covering of lungs so lungs can move freely • Lung cancer – Uncontrolled cell growth • Emphysema – Lungs lose elasticity – Alveoli become damaged • Cystic fibrosis – Lungs fill with mucus – Genetic disorder • Pneumonia – Lungs fill with mucus & water – Bacteria infection • Bronchitis – Infection of bronchi 1. Breathing • Inhale Diaphragm moves down, chest volume increases, air enters lungs Inhale/exhale • Exhale Diaphragm moves up, chest volume decreases, air leaves lungs 2. External respiration • Exchange of O2 and CO2 between air & blood in lungs by diffusion through alveoli 3. O2 & CO2 Transport • • O2 rich blood goes from lungs to cells CO2 rich blood goes from cells to lungs 4. Internal Respiration • Exchange of O2 & CO2 between capillaries & body cells Lab: Making connections • Neuron- nerve cell – Cell body • Contains nucleus & organelles – Dendrite • Carries impulses toward cell body – Axon • Carries impulses away from cell body • Myelin sheath insulates and allows for faster impulse Neurotransmitters cross the synapse (gap between neurons) to stimulate receptors in the next neuron The shape of the neurotransmitters are specific for receptor sites Certain drugs can also fit into the receptor sites and stimulate the next neuron Divisions of the nervous system: Central Nervous System: Brain & spinal cord Brain • Cerebrum – Interprets information from senses – Initiates motor activity – Memory, thinking • Cerebellum – Coordination, balance • Medulla – Involuntary activities (breathing, heartbeat, peristalsis) • Hypothalamus – Hunger, fatigue, body temperature, emotions Which brain part allows you to: • • • • • • • • • • Maintain 98.6*F temperature Study for a quiz Stand on 1 foot Sleep at night Recall your address Breathe Circulate blood to feet Get over jet lag Learn the parts of the brain Feel happy when you get 100% on a quiz • Spinal cord – Processes reflexesA quick, automatic response to a stimulus. Blinking, sneezing Peripheral Nervous System: all neurons EXCEPT brain & spinal cord • There are 45 miles of nerves in the human body! 1. Stimulus shoulder tap stimulates skin 2. Sensory Neuron carries impulse to spinal cord 3. Interneuron (in spinal cord) carries impulse to brain 4. Cerebrum processes information 5. Cerebellum coordinates response 6. motor neuron carries information from brain & spinal cord to effectors (muscles & glands) 7. response hand taps shoulder of next person 1. Stimulus cold temperature stimulates skin 2. Sensory Neuron carries impulse to spinal cord 3. Interneuron (in spinal cord) carries impulse to brain 4. Hypothalamus processes information 5. motor neuron carries information from brain & spinal cord to effectors (muscles & glands) 6. response goose bumps & shivering 1. Stimulus food 2. Sensory Neuron carries impulse to spinal cord 3. Interneuron (in spinal cord) carries impulse to brain 4. Hypothalamus processes information 5. motor neuron carries information from brain & spinal cord to effectors (muscles & glands) 6. response stomach rumbles, saliva is secreted Pavlov’s Dogs • Cerebral Palsy – Motor control centers of infants brain are damaged • Multiple Sclerosis – The bodies own immune system attacks the myelin sheath around the axons • Parkinson’s Disease – Disorder of brain that leads to shaking, lack of coordination • Polio – Polio is a viral illness that, in about 95% of cases, actually produces no symptoms at all – In 1952 60,000 cases with more than 3,000 deaths were reported in the United States – With the vaccination, polio was eliminated from the United States by 1979 and the Western hemisphere by 1991. President Eisenhower Movie: In control: our brain and nervous system Brain video • Hormones (chemical messengers) are secreted directly into the bloodstream • Ductless 1 Pineal gland 2 Pituitary gland 3 Thyroid gland 4 Thymus 5 Adrenal gland 6 Pancreas 7 Ovary (female) 8 Testes (male) Nervous vs. Endocrine systems Nervous Type of messenger: neuron or hormone? Response time: Fast or slow? Short lived response or longer lasting response? Similar to a snail mail letter or a phone call? Endocrine 1 Pineal gland 2 Pituitary gland 3 Thyroid gland 4 Thymus 5 Adrenal gland 6 Pancreas 7 Ovary (female) 8 Testes (male) Endocrine groups • Positive Feedback –Feedback reinforces original change Uterus contracts → Oxytocin released Contractions ↑ → Oxytocin ↑ Contractions ↑↑ → Oxytocin ↑↑ • Positive Feedback –Feedback reinforces original change Skin itches → Scratch Itching ↑ → Scratching ↑ Itching ↑↑ → Scratching ↑↑ • Negative Feedback –Feedback opposes original change Room is cold → Heat turns on Temperature ↑ → Heat turns off Temperature ↓ → Heat turns on • Studying more results in better gradesM • Will that result in positive feedback or negative feedback?? • Hopefully positive feedback!! • Pancreas • Pancreas –Helps maintain homeostasis –Regulates glucose concentration in your blood by releasing 2 hormones: • Insulin • Glucagon • Reduces blood glucose by sending it to: –Body cells –Liver • Glucose is stored as glycogen • Increases blood glucose by getting it from: –Liver • Glycogen is broken down to glucose • Pituitary • Pituitary –Master gland –Secretes many hormones that stimulate other organs & glands • Growth hormone • Sex hormones • Excess leads to: – Gigantism (in children) – Acromegaly (in adults) • Controls release of estrogen from ovaries • Controls release of testosterone from testes • Disease – A change that disrupts the normal functions of the body (homeostasis) – Diseases are caused by: 1. Heredity (congenital) – Type 1 diabetes, hemophilia – Hemophilia Bleeders disease 2. Environment – Smoke, coal dust, asbestos 3. Pathogens (disease causing organisms) – virus – bacteria – protists – worms -fungi – Diseases are spread by: 1. Physical contact Cough, sneeze, handshake 2. Contaminated food & water food poisoning 3. Infected animals (vectors) ticks- lyme disease mosquitos- malaria dogs- rabies 1. Physical & chemical barriers • Skin, sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, HCl, internal membranes 2. Inflammatory response • Swelling, warmth, redness- more white blood cells to area • Fever kills pathogens 3. Immune response • The body makes antibodies specific for antigen • Antibodies come from • • • • Your body’s response to the disease Your body’s response to vaccination Injection of antibodies Breastfeeding • AIDS is caused by HIV • Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • What happens? – Immune system gets destroyed • How is it spread? – Body fluids • How can it be prevented? – Abstinence, condoms, new needles Lab: AIDS • Allergies – An immune response to substances (allergens) that are usually not harmful – Histamines are produced in response to allergens – Histamines cause an allergic reaction (sneezing, itching etc) – Allergens: food, mold, pollen, dust mite feces Allergies- how your dog can protect you • Possible problem – Recipient’s immune system rejects transplanted organ • Solution – Recipient takes strong drugs to suppress their immune system so transplanted organ is accepted • Possible problem – Recipient’s immune system is suppressed and they get other infections/diseases