Download 4 body systems and immunity no test

• Calorie
– The amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree C
Proposed
changes
to
nutrition
facts
labels
• SNL- taco town
• Nutrient
– Substance which provides the energy &
materials necessary for metabolic activity
Nutrient
Calories/gram
Water
protein
carbohydrate
lipid
Minerals
(Ca, Fe, Zn, K)
Vitamins
(B, C, A, D, E)
Alcohol (Toxicant!)
How do organisms get the
nutrients they need??
• Eat food- heterotroph
– Carnivore- meat eater
– Omnivore- meat & plant eater
– Herbivore- plant eater
• Vegan- eats no animal products (eggs, milk
etc)
• Make their food- autotroph
– Green plants
Diseases caused by poor nutrition:
• Dehydration
–Lack of water
• Heart disease- atherosclerosis
–High cholesterol
• Anemia
–Lack of iron, red blood cells
• Osteoporosis
–Lack of calcium in bones
• Scurvy
–Lack of vitamin C
• Beriberi
–Not enough vitamin B1 (thiamine)
• Historically, Beriberi has been endemic in
regions dependent on what is variously
referred to as polished, white, or dehusked rice. This type of rice has its husk
removed in order to extend its lifespan, but
also has the unintended side-effect of
removing the primary source of thiamine.
• Kwashiorkor
–Insufficient protein
• The name is translated as "the sickness the
baby gets when the new baby comes", and
reflecting the development of the condition in an
older child who has been weaned from the
breast when a younger sibling comes.
• Breast milk contains proteins and amino
acids vital to a child's growth. In at-risk
populations, kwashiorkor may develop after a
mother weans her child from breast milk,
replacing it with a diet high in carbohydrates,
especially starches, but deficient in protein.
The symptoms of kwashiorkor include:
• change in skin and hair color (reddish-orange
color)
• fatigue
• diarrhea
• loss of muscle mass
• failure to grow or gain weight
• edema (swelling)
• damaged immune system, which can lead to
more frequent and severe infections
• irritability
• flaky rash
• large belly that sticks out
• shock
• Night blindness
– Insufficient Vitamin A
• Golden rice is a variety of Oryza
sativa rice produced through genetic
engineering tobiosynthesize betacarotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the
edible parts of rice. The research was
conducted with the goal of producing a
fortified food to be grown and consumed in
areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin
A, a deficiency which is estimated to kill
670,000 children under the age of 5 each
year.
• Rickets
– Insufficient Vitamin D
• Rickets is a softening of bones in immature
mammals due to deficiency or impaired
metabolism of vitamin D, or calcium potentially
leading to fractures and deformity.
• Rickets is among the most frequent childhood
diseases in many developing countries. The
predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency, but
lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also
lead to rickets (cases of severe diarrhea and
vomiting may be the cause of the deficiency).
Lab- nutrients in food
• Conversion of large, insoluble
molecules to small, soluble molecules
by mechanical and chemical processes
• Mouth – ingestion
– Teeth & tongue- mechanical digestion
• chewing
– Saliva- chemical digestion
• Salivary amylase digests starches to simple
sugars
• Pharynx – throat
– Swallowing reflex pushes food past
epiglottis (flap which covers trachea when
you swallow)
• Esophagus
– Muscular tube into stomach
– Peristalsis- wavelike contractions of
muscle which push food along
• Stomach
– Chemical digestion
• Gastric glands secrete pepsin (protein
digestion) & HCl (lowers pH)
• Mucus protects stomach lining
• Carbohydrate digestion continues
– Mechanical digestion
• Muscles churn food & juices
• Small Intestine
– Long (20 feet) & narrow (1 inch)
– Site of most chemical digestion &
absorption of nutrients
– Villi increase surface area for absorption
• CPSC Files Lawsuit To Stop Sales Of
Buckyballs Magnet Toys
• Posted on July 26, 2012 by Editor
• Federal safety regulators have filed suit against
the maker of Buckyballs and Buckycubes
magnetic toys, after Maxfield and Oberton
Holdings of New York refused to stop selling the
dangerous toys. The effort to ban Buckyballs
and Buckycubes magnetic toys marks the first
time in 11 years that the U.S. Consumer
Products Safety Commission (CPSC) has issued
a stop sale order for a hazardous product.
– Digestive aids in small intestine:
• Intestinal juice
– Peptidase- digests proteins
– Maltase- digests maltose
• Bile
– Produced in liver, stored in gall bladder
– Emulsifies fat (mechanically breaks it into
smaller pieces)
• Pancreatic juice- trypsin and lipase
– Produced in pancreas
– Neutralizes stomach acid
– Chemically digests starch, proteins, lipids
• Appendix
– Blind pouch where small & large intestines
meet
– Vestigial organ (lost its function in
humans)
Lab: how do digestive system
lengths compare?
• Large Intestine
– 4 feet long, 2.5 inches in diameter
– No digestion occurs here
– Bacteria that live here produce vitamin K
– Feces is stored in rectum and eliminated
through anus
– Main function = Reabsorption of water
• Too little reabsorption leads to diarrhea
• Too much reabsorption leads to constipation
• Is That Calamari Or Pig Rectum?
•
(bonchan / Shutterstock)
• A recent episode of This American Life explored the theme of Doppelgangers,
and by far the most sensational segment hinged on a report that pig rectum
was being sold as imitation calamari. A reporter for the show, Ben Calhoun,
got a tip about a farmer "with some standing in the pork industry" who is in
charge of "a pork producing operation that spans several states." One fine
day this farmer was visiting a pork processing plant in Oklahoma, and noticed
boxes stacked on the floor labeled "artificial calamari." Asked what that
meant, the plant's manager, his friend, replied, "Bung. It's hog rectum." For
clarity, Calhoun adds, "Rectum that would be sliced into rings, deep fried, and
boom, there you have it.“
• Mmmmm, rectum. "It's payback for our blissful ignorance about where our
food comes from," Calhoun theorizes, and in the course of his fascinating
report, he spoke with the farmer, who confirmed the story but declined to go
on record about the incident—because his girlfriend warned him about his
name being linked to pig rectum in Google searches. Smart man. But the
plant's manager, Ron Meek, did agree to speak on record. He claimed he
never personally saw the label "artificial calamari" but that's what he was told
by the people he worked for. And in an interview, his bosses backed the
assertion that pig rectum was being sold for use as imitation calamari. They
just couldn't say where.
• Heartburn, acid reflux
– Stomach acids are pushed into esophagus
• Ulcers
– Bacteria & acids eat away stomach lining
• appendicitis
– Appendix inflames when food is caught &
decomposes
Lab: digestion
• Removal of metabolic wastes from
body cells to maintain homeostasis
• Organs of excretion:
– Liver
– Kidneys
– Lungs
– Skin
• Urinary System
– Kidney
• Filters blood to remove urea
(made in liver) & form urine
– Ureter
• Connects kidney to bladder
– Urinary bladder
• Stores urine
– Urethra
• Carries urine from bladder
to outside body
–nephron
• Functional unit of the kidney
• Approximately 1,000,000 nephrons per kidney
• Filters out wastes & good stuff, then
reabsorbs good stuff
• Urinary tract infection
– Bacteria travels up the urethra to the
bladder
– Occurs more often in women than men
• Diarrhea
– Loss of water, dehydration
– Very concentrated urine (dark yellow)
– Dehydration contributes to stones in
urinary tract
• Diabetes
– Urine contains glucose
• overexertion
– Urine contains amino acids and proteins
• Lead poisoning
– Urine contains lead
Video: Water!
1. In what ways does the body take in water
and eliminate it?
2. What are the different kinds of thirst?
How are they detected?
3. What is the volume of blood that flows
through the kidneys everyday?
4. How do the kidneys filter out waste
products while retaining useful
molecules?
• Liver
– Detoxifies blood
• Removes bacteria, drugs, hormones
– Produces bile (which emulsifies fat)
– Forms urea from wastes in blood
• Cirrhosis
– Liver disease
• commonly from alcoholism
– Liver decays
– Fluid buildup in abdomen
• Skin
– Physical barrier to microorganisms
– Prevents water loss
– Excretion of water, urea & salts (sweat)
– Temperature regulation
• Too hot = blood vessels dilate (widen), sweat
• Too cold = blood vessels constrict (narrow),
shiver
• Lungs
– Remove CO2 from the blood
– Add O2 to the blood
Lab- Urinalysis
• Test for sugar:
– Benedicts solution turns from blue to
orange/red when heated if sugar is present
• Test for protein:
– Biuret reagent turns from blue to violet if
protein is present
• Cash for kidneys
1.a & 1.b Superior & Inferior Vena Cava
Veins which carry blood from the body
to the heart
2. Right Atrium
Receives deoxygenated blood from the
body
3. Right Ventricle
Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
4. Pulmonary Arteries
Transports blood to the lungs
Only arteries that carry O2 poor blood
5. Lungs
Blood loses CO2 and gains O2
6. Pulmonary Veins
Transports oxygenated blood to heart
7. Left Atrium
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
8. Left Ventricle
Largest chamber
Pumps blood to the body
9. Aorta
Thick walled artery which carries blood to
the body
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pumps deoxygenated blood
Carries blood to all parts of body
Carries blood to lungs (pulmonary circulation)
Largest chamber
Receives blood from lungs
Carries blood from lungs
Receives blood from body
Carries blood from body to heart
• Arteries
– Carry blood away from the heart
– Walls are thick and elastic
– Small arteries are arterioles
• Veins
– Carry blood towards the heart
– Walls are thin & contain valves which
prevent backwards flow of blood
– Small veins are venules
• Capillaries
– Connect arterioles and venules
– Vessels are very narrow with thin walls to
allow exchange of gases, nutrients &
wastes
Major
pathways
of
circulation
through
the
body
• Varicose veins
– Valves don’t work properly
Blood
• Major Functions:
– Transports nutrients & O2 to cells &
removes wastes & CO2
– Regulates temperature, water balance etc
(maintains homeostasis)
– Protects against disease
• Components:
– Plasma is 90% water and 10% salts,
glucose, amino acids, vitamins, hormones
etc
– Red blood cells contain iron rich
hemoglobin
Blood doping
– White blood cells protect against infection
by engulfing bacteria
Dead white blood cells form pus
– Platelets clot the blood to prevent blood
loss
Air flows through:
• Nose (nostrils)
– Filters out dust/dirt
• Hair, cilia, mucus
– Warms air
• Capillaries close to surface
– Moistens air
• mucus
• Pharynx (throat)
– Connects nose & mouth
• Larynx (voicebox)
– Vocal cords vibrate
& produce sound
• Trachea (windpipe)
– Protected by epiglottis
– Rings of cartilage keep it open
• tracheotomy
• Bronchi
– 2 tubes which enter lungs
• Bronchial tubes
– Smaller tubes within lungs
• Bronchioles
– Smallest tubes
which end in alveoli
• Alveoli
– Respiratory surface
– Small, grapelike clusters
increase surface area
– Thin, moist with
capillaries close to surface
• Diaphragm
– Muscle which separates
the chest and abdominal cavities
– Spasms cause hiccups
• Pleura
– Slippery covering of lungs so lungs can
move freely
• Lung cancer
– Uncontrolled cell growth
• Emphysema
– Lungs lose elasticity
– Alveoli become damaged
• Cystic fibrosis
– Lungs fill with mucus
– Genetic disorder
• Pneumonia
– Lungs fill with mucus & water
– Bacteria infection
• Bronchitis
– Infection of bronchi
1. Breathing
•
Inhale
Diaphragm moves down, chest volume
increases, air enters lungs
Inhale/exhale
• Exhale
Diaphragm moves up, chest volume
decreases, air leaves lungs
2. External respiration
•
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between air & blood
in lungs by diffusion through alveoli
3. O2 & CO2 Transport
•
•
O2 rich blood goes from lungs to cells
CO2 rich blood goes from cells to lungs
4. Internal Respiration
•
Exchange of O2 & CO2 between capillaries &
body cells
Lab: Making connections
• Neuron- nerve cell
– Cell body
• Contains nucleus & organelles
– Dendrite
• Carries impulses toward cell body
– Axon
• Carries impulses away from cell body
• Myelin sheath insulates and allows for faster impulse
Neurotransmitters
cross the synapse
(gap between neurons)
to stimulate receptors
in the next neuron
The shape of the neurotransmitters are
specific for receptor sites
Certain drugs can also fit into the
receptor sites and stimulate the next
neuron
Divisions of the nervous system:
Central Nervous System:
Brain & spinal cord
Brain
• Cerebrum
– Interprets information from senses
– Initiates motor activity
– Memory, thinking
• Cerebellum
– Coordination, balance
• Medulla
– Involuntary activities (breathing, heartbeat,
peristalsis)
• Hypothalamus
– Hunger, fatigue, body temperature, emotions
Which brain part allows you to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Maintain 98.6*F temperature
Study for a quiz
Stand on 1 foot
Sleep at night
Recall your address
Breathe
Circulate blood to feet
Get over jet lag
Learn the parts of the brain
Feel happy when you get 100% on a quiz
• Spinal cord
– Processes reflexesA quick, automatic response
to a stimulus.
Blinking, sneezing
Peripheral Nervous System:
all neurons EXCEPT brain & spinal cord
• There are 45 miles of
nerves in the human body!
1. Stimulus
shoulder tap stimulates skin
2. Sensory Neuron
carries impulse to spinal cord
3. Interneuron (in spinal cord)
carries impulse to brain
4. Cerebrum
processes information
5. Cerebellum
coordinates response
6. motor neuron
carries information from brain & spinal
cord to effectors (muscles & glands)
7. response
hand taps shoulder of next person
1. Stimulus
cold temperature stimulates skin
2. Sensory Neuron
carries impulse to spinal cord
3. Interneuron (in spinal cord)
carries impulse to brain
4. Hypothalamus
processes information
5. motor neuron
carries information from brain & spinal
cord to effectors (muscles & glands)
6. response
goose bumps & shivering
1. Stimulus
food
2. Sensory Neuron
carries impulse to spinal cord
3. Interneuron (in spinal cord)
carries impulse to brain
4. Hypothalamus
processes information
5. motor neuron
carries information from brain & spinal
cord to effectors (muscles & glands)
6. response
stomach rumbles, saliva is secreted
Pavlov’s Dogs
• Cerebral Palsy
– Motor control centers of infants brain are
damaged
• Multiple Sclerosis
– The bodies own immune system attacks the
myelin sheath around the axons
• Parkinson’s Disease
– Disorder of brain that leads to shaking, lack of
coordination
• Polio
– Polio is a viral illness that, in about 95% of
cases, actually produces no symptoms at all
– In 1952 60,000 cases with more than 3,000
deaths were reported in the United States
– With the vaccination, polio was eliminated
from the United States by 1979 and the
Western hemisphere by 1991.
President Eisenhower
Movie: In control: our brain and
nervous system
Brain video
• Hormones (chemical messengers) are
secreted directly into the bloodstream
• Ductless
1 Pineal gland 2 Pituitary gland 3 Thyroid gland
4 Thymus 5 Adrenal gland 6 Pancreas
7 Ovary (female) 8 Testes (male)
Nervous vs. Endocrine systems
Nervous
Type of messenger:
neuron or hormone?
Response time:
Fast or slow?
Short lived response or
longer lasting response?
Similar to a snail mail
letter or a phone call?
Endocrine
1 Pineal gland 2 Pituitary gland 3 Thyroid gland
4 Thymus 5 Adrenal gland 6 Pancreas
7 Ovary (female) 8 Testes (male)
Endocrine groups
• Positive Feedback
–Feedback reinforces original change
Uterus contracts
→
Oxytocin released
Contractions ↑
→
Oxytocin ↑
Contractions ↑↑
→
Oxytocin ↑↑
• Positive Feedback
–Feedback reinforces original change
Skin itches
→
Scratch
Itching ↑
→
Scratching ↑
Itching ↑↑
→
Scratching ↑↑
• Negative Feedback
–Feedback opposes original change
Room is cold
→
Heat turns on
Temperature ↑
→
Heat turns off
Temperature ↓
→
Heat turns on
• Studying more results in better
gradesM
• Will that result in positive
feedback or negative
feedback??
• Hopefully positive feedback!!
• Pancreas
• Pancreas
–Helps maintain homeostasis
–Regulates glucose concentration
in your blood by releasing 2
hormones:
• Insulin
• Glucagon
• Reduces blood glucose by
sending it to:
–Body cells
–Liver
• Glucose is stored as glycogen
• Increases blood glucose by
getting it from:
–Liver
• Glycogen is broken down to
glucose
• Pituitary
• Pituitary
–Master gland
–Secretes many hormones that
stimulate other organs & glands
• Growth hormone
• Sex hormones
• Excess leads to:
– Gigantism (in children)
– Acromegaly (in adults)
• Controls release of estrogen
from ovaries
• Controls release of
testosterone from testes
• Disease
– A change that disrupts the normal
functions of the body (homeostasis)
– Diseases are caused by:
1. Heredity (congenital)
– Type 1 diabetes, hemophilia
– Hemophilia
Bleeders disease
2. Environment
– Smoke, coal dust, asbestos
3. Pathogens (disease causing
organisms)
– virus
– bacteria
– protists
– worms
-fungi
– Diseases are spread by:
1. Physical contact
Cough, sneeze, handshake
2. Contaminated food & water
food poisoning
3. Infected animals (vectors)
ticks- lyme disease
mosquitos- malaria
dogs- rabies
1. Physical & chemical barriers
• Skin, sweat, tears, saliva, mucus,
HCl, internal membranes
2. Inflammatory response
• Swelling, warmth, redness- more
white blood cells to area
• Fever kills pathogens
3. Immune response
• The body makes antibodies specific
for antigen
• Antibodies come from
•
•
•
•
Your body’s response to the disease
Your body’s response to vaccination
Injection of antibodies
Breastfeeding
• AIDS is caused by HIV
• Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• What happens?
– Immune system gets destroyed
• How is it spread?
– Body fluids
• How can it be prevented?
– Abstinence, condoms, new needles
Lab: AIDS
• Allergies
– An immune response to substances (allergens)
that are usually not harmful
– Histamines are produced in response to
allergens
– Histamines cause an allergic reaction (sneezing,
itching etc)
– Allergens: food, mold, pollen, dust mite feces
Allergies- how your dog can protect you
• Possible problem
– Recipient’s immune system rejects transplanted
organ
• Solution
– Recipient takes strong drugs to suppress their
immune system so transplanted organ is
accepted
• Possible problem
– Recipient’s immune system is suppressed and
they get other infections/diseases