Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions wikipedia , lookup
Blood donation wikipedia , lookup
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Men who have sex with men blood donor controversy wikipedia , lookup
Plateletpheresis wikipedia , lookup
Autotransfusion wikipedia , lookup
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. Blood II. Phase Coagulation Contrast Microscopic Coagulation i-lAS BEEN inn tise Sti(’k simO)iVs tO si blood, espe(’ially of SI-1O\VN hemolymph of rikinsg ausalogy type ta(’eans plasma o)f pn’ooess by pinase inemolymph obseu’s-en’s. ins 6 . Tisey Pt’0)0’(55 unsden’go 23 . pn’eseunt- papen’ is a sturdy tlistn’i})utionl of tine amonng of existeutce of inn sped-ia! s-aniouis mN-iiannisms tioni possible of species isen’e A I )OU :3t I vetor Tine Spe(i nsiet lsod Scope, e.g. nssenss fronni oons(! st udied , of drtowinng connttoo’t it type of kinsti coagulationi c-oa-gulat.ioui cell, of all hemo- mio’roscope goals sven’e lnotnsc to cricket to si’hethes tine of tine tine isinctlsen results tine observe aunt! ins(llsine o-oagulatioun, ssounld zoological stick otlncr sunggest olassifica- METIIODS i nsseo-t s we re of after ctopt innflueunc’es elensnensts fou’mer fact-on-s. tos Possih)le ioeusso)1ynnphn In foreign with by contrast The inn tine AND 6 5 sPeoies tos soons pisase aunol or- ecologic variatsee altcn-ationss. of inssects, innsohsct! i)etweeun eiolutise tine innseots. species at to) a special ttesct’iI)ed anal svei’e isla!sds inemolympin of the commons of of I)n’o(’ess s’elationsshnips anal preseunce a categon’y inemolymph insitiatioun of tine exceptions meauns I)1’ 61 d)n(ten-s o’oagulatiouo inssects tine insects, or coagurlatioun inssect u-ole ins tIne MATERIAL svhsole of n’ecognsized a-s beiung n-estn’ioted grousped togetiner as uniolen’g()inng o’oagulatiouo tIne o’oagislationn 3#{176}ansy spe(’ial . hsemolympln iuusect- of \vithn tue in , 31) anod corpuscles ins cnnspar’t, inn the inu(pinn tineiu- strusctune which alter’ationns root \it5 i)einsg ‘Vise . pt’0o’tss f1iniiiiiea, B(’IO.StOflla t’vtes o)f tine type inn cn’usta(’eanl ssitii of these , ooagulatious. olescn’iptiono tine microscopy, tlestrii)ed associated au’e n’apidly follossctl hr tine deselopmennt of gn’annunlan’ cloutis ins tine plasma sisr’n’ouusdinsg tinese isemocytes. Jun tine mouse cn-icket annd inn tine stio’k inssect, the s’esults tine that (lomesticus) o’ountrast of o’oagulations o’lassificationi2#{176} Ins tine r) (Gryilulus o-orn’esponsdinng to Han-dy’s explosive tt) play aus impon’taust if toot exc!ussive foisnnd si-as Florkins,#{176} -n’icket as stuttied Tait’s con-punst’les.’7 hemocytes, l)lOOtl, tine of (1 aunt! house inorosiis), siitin ivitin explosive of isyaliuuc tiono (Cai’ausiris of Insects \L.I). (Gn’goin’e ins tine on Hemolynnph Species (;RGIIE, elsewheu’e ot)agulatiOns inssect 1larclv’s CH. Arthropods Observations Sixty-one in B!! II in or I he (‘0)1 lect O)f t lie I inc oospect toir, to t eol t hi rougho rtousclonn t lie nrc. rul)l)ing, process nsmust lie unnc!er t Inc msnicrotovoideCl coorefully or Ze(l nninsinssi Fr nnmo)st c)h)serVtot or to leg oos sI ide ( ( )l(I ohoeus I lie Cluicklv setol the Ans tobst tononi(’tol gltoss d n-oplet Fronu 1)epoortnnemst (onsgress, Oxford, te(1 inn(Iel)te(l vtorious innsects uscrupt. The ‘Iarchn tonsd expemnses fixed nsotrv on 1951 1)r. for’ J. severtol of the 24 t hoe st toge , ttnl(! ry. to 25, observoot severed emno! of tons oontensnsa on to st otnnc!oort! ionns nnnicroscopic st tort e(! inssmsne!itot ely st uolv of Liege, woos (lelivereo! Belgiunmn. tot t Inc Inst ernsat lomoot I Anna- 195t). for Mr. (!etermssinntot reseoorcis lyimsg t lie [Inoiversity s i ns t Isis ; toccel)te(l Leclero-q, oowooy fronnm tine of to I loins covergitoss usg. result Jul- 27, to flowimsg t lie e(Ige of l3ioc’lsenniist of Prelinsmi Subnsnit hsensolyunnpls ott st ii I spreoto!i rood tore the ) , firnsslv ovtos \Ve Hec’hoerclse ionns, Clropped were Pubhictot (Is. ionns; to poortly Scienstifiolue. 1 173 ions NLay .Jeunsiaux 1)r. 21 , 191. oonnd 1)r. henry defrayed P. Tagnnons by the Houyez for Founds for retociinsg supplying thso mssttn- Nootiounool tie Itt. From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. 1174 BLOOD In some species, leg or svings. U5) and In forced there these to the thorax slide. room the for and used long periods Suitable bees, individuals and samples A Wild by Mr. cricket of the Abel (Gryllotalpa some the insects, phase fixed osmic acid was August PLATE arid! tions, 1.-Most pre5)arootions immediately hemolymph was FIG. 1 -Mole hemmer’s Ringer. blood collection. reto ring severoo! conc!it ions tirnnes. various objective with species of butterflies, 40/0.66, was nnicrocanneroo (35 mm. picture studiec! beetle water Ph the used Leitz for the 9 x 12 cm. subsecuemotly. motion the in the (Dysticus filnms)* present performed! paper: the mole tine nnneal worm niiai-yinalis), categories various compared stained mm. on of inenmocytes with with those Gienisa “Blood International from or Mooy obtooinsecl snmears of by nmeans inenmolymph Griinnso-alc!-Gieunmsa. cootgulatiomn Physiological (3) and plate ins inssects” Comogress, (Gr#{233}goire held anol inn Copenshagen, 3, fig. nmediate plasnmic Fic. the of spreading Fn;. diluted location a tremendous nnicrogroophs were taken injected Hvaline by multiplication prepooratiomns proceeds from around of tIne with the with squeezing (no in the greater hyaline process ac- (see three other Coalescenoce dennsity hemocyte from the made and bright seen in of ins tine inn- center area. of clrawno debris. of tine currenits for instracyto- circular of systems by See with denmse refractive the covergiass. straight Cootgulatimsg picture aroumnd developeol compoorisonn by plotte a tIne 5, fig. 24, hemocvtes. supension hemocyte of streamlines hyaline a On of cootgultttion. expanded! in removool. Area process an of them by islanoo!s. any hemolymph Meshsvork under pie- ploosnmoo cotogulatiomn. coagulation after away produced Meisen. The inn undiluted of the (one of the with antenimsa. thano hemocytes carried fronn circular of the various of diluted removal initiation hemocytes. shows hemolymph controlled bet-weenn prepara- is smaller minutes islands systems rensoval. out Inn a few (1) a small round! hemsmocyte (lowerumnost-) ; (2) vacuoles and short lappet-like 5)seudopodia; hemocyte, surroumocleci by to highly ref rooctive hemolymph. and 5.-Gryllotaipa hemolymph center of extension to from hemocyte) pseudopodial the hyaline 1)icture Diluted anochored of the in islands Extension Stages originating the Henmolynnph after to the coagulation three i)lack hyaline seen No cells. gramoules. to spreac! or leg. All Orthop.) 15 minutes hemocvtes of these 12). The materials loorge are 3.-Gryllotalpa. strings hvalinse Twenty-two 4.-Gryllotalpa. gramouloor #{231}jryllotalpa, taken around vicinity Fro;. Ringer. shown in the picture: with int-racytop!asmic of nmulberry-like granular 2.-Gryllotalpa. allowed severedanntemsnto Meisemnheimer’s (Gryllotalpa (H) isltonds of loemolymphi from (Wild M/10) with a microcamera Leitz (Mtokanm: 9 x 12 cm.) The scale on the micrographs represents 10 mnnicrouns. the size tvl)e coagulation with of the of hennocytes hemocyt-e, films shedding Microphotograph another aureole. Fi;. are thin diluted cricket 2, 3 and categories to grtonoular gone from the imnsects on microscopy enlarged. t-ure shows the relation Two hvalinne hemocvtes count of the dilution, plasmic the coverg!ass by pinasc contrast amnd subsecuently t rue after adequoote agtoins enlarged by were ins 35 at lifted 1950. slide figs. of and film cases gigas. vapours projected svith takers svere the niicroscope cinematogrooph Florkimn) arnd following pictures controost with A the 10, process the of anntemnna, of time wing hours under be obtained svere gryllotalpa), and Blaps -inolitor) In M of 400 for two ivity ol)served not microscope, coagulation severtonsce joinnt flies. photomicrographs Charles (Tenebrio * and at- a magnifications Recording of contrast The after the during -capt process could ants frons at least in semi coagulation svasps, 5)hase (Makam) kept of hemolymph bumblebees, observationns. observed were their issuing to the middle of to coverglooss which was genntly generally gave artifacts (see l)elow). from each specinnens, placed irs mnnoist clnannl)ers at made process II. touched method also ARTHROPODS. of hennolynmpln of blood was This were IN rio shedding a droplet placed down onto the Several 5)reparations Previously often was cases, back temperature COAGULATION an of engulfed baker’s sisrunmk stnperpositiomn). inemolymph, Inn this which was yeast yeast 12 globule. insect iso more yeoost Inours before Inst-racytohood coagultoble. under- From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. CII. GSnECOIIIE :; a:.ii - “I l’i.crF: 1 1175 From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. 1 176 BLOOD COAGULATION IN ARTHROPODS. II. RESULTS The result-s recor(led inn table 1 were collected from more preparations of fresh hemolymph. The alterations observed in thin films of innsect hemolymph described unnder specially were 1 types of pictures of Plasma Coagulation Depending on A iterations in Process to the Whole Plasma. The process husustlred si-ill be tenstatis’ely inn svhich these alteuations of the i)e selected with that Islands Hernocytes. hemolymph to illustrate described or Graiu u/ar Extension inn the o,f mole the Cloud.s’) Coagulation cri(-ket (Gryliotaipa the first type in the house of pictures. It presetnts a cricket (Gryiluius (tomes- from anst-cnnnsa t5), the betsveenn drop slide of hemolymph annd tsio kiunds large spherical pale four granular with cytoplasm active are rrh first- stage of the these hyaliune hemocytes. with the spreadinng film to the glass surface arid of a rapid expannsioin annd motion : plate small, a fess (plate to :olteratiorss Three in I fig. sharply black a categon-y nnucleus grainuslar 2, 3 : plate witin svith a relatisely or proleukocytes, I ), atsd out!irned , scattered I , figs. spreading along 3, fig. of arid particles 12). coagulatioun process takes place siithins a fess se(’oustls ins While the other categories of inemocytes are still mosiung of hemolymph, the hyalinse hemocytes stop, seem to fix undergo a susccessioun of inntennse modifications, (‘onnsistinng boilinng motions of the cytoplasmisubstaunce, the forma- 6, 7, 8.-Gryllotalpa. relatioum is still mosinng categories of cells rounnnd hemocytes hemocytes a relatively 2 PLATE Fro,s. of hemocyt-es, three (small containniung i)roivniiatn a severed categories There cytoplasm of large hemocytes hyalinne exhibitinng shed annd (‘overglass, the fluid, cars be observed. large rnut’leus asnd a dark a specimeuns (Coagulation Hyaline of (-oagulation gryllotaipa) may great similarity ticus,’tm’ Whets in fifteen demounstrative. Initiation . four thans invaline stages of developnsennt hemocytes, of recorded by tlme motions process of coagulootions picture by Ch. ins Abel. in- frons frannes of 35 mm. filni. Figure 6: two expanmdinng hytohinse hernoocytes (11) oonsd clark granular hemocytes. Plasma riot yet altered. Figure 7: later stage. Beanm-hike )rojections of cytoplasmic blisters by the two expandinog hemocytes. Developnnenst of a loorgenmeusts three large grannuloor coagulunm cloud tot the secon(l hvoolinne Extenssions (!O osot FrG. poirt witholrairtol. tions At categories, inuclei of the (lividual vooriation . 10 -Mantis of shrinkage Fio stages Fn;. hvahine an(l Tivo lower tue running the side, of one The the svhole hvaline three plasnsa of them form preparations. reliqiosa, Orthopt.) hemocytes altered tinn-ee doork by a thins other cells. Connpare inn the thickness of the coagulum. religiosa . Coagulat ion islands around of their sharply out-hinsed nucleus. hyali ne hemocvtes granular in anod of those Sixteens nsinsutes coaguluni the direction of the into of rows plasma after of hennolynnnph prsrticles, currents. later corogulunsi. 12 nminsutes ptortobohic ooftoor cooogula- helonoginig differensce in witls lnemocvtes witlndroowal. forming the stooge. inennmocytes inn the vacuoles) the of o!eunser around groonnultor ttokerm (blisters, them. torea a still embedded Microgra)h hemocytes around the 8, Fiyuie I)assivelv surrounded Note to be altered fog. The tornd are . is stoortiing of a thin process, reactions (tot right) plasnna Note relijiosa. of left-) under to without ll.-t!anlis rorrangemenst threads, the vicinsitv hemocyte. the coagulations marotis (.lianlis inn Inemolvnnpin other (at- cotogulations 9.-Pravinsg islannd. in the of this hemocvte of the take startirsg l)eripinery bunsolles size figure , to of time 10 ins- wit h vttri ous Secondary of groonsular From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. Cu. ...: 1 j ::‘ . a .-. . .‘ . - : . -: : #{149}! ‘ - ; -.. . - -__( - -a GH1G()I5hE .. )‘. ..-. :, I’n.ATn- 2 1 177 From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. 1178 BLOOD tionn annd retractionn plasmic of vacuoles blisters cessions ansd inn usearly i)lebs. all modificatiorns of the granular particles in amounst and ins dennsity. its close relations pictures, are clout! to the oftenn develops 3; plate When to tine directly a thins surrounding Three stages fog plasma 2, figures the process thread-like 2, fig. while altered hyalinne begins, whets formationns, resernblinng pseudopodial 1 1 ). Subsequeunt- organizations of these While nearly all coagulation, the hyahinne the other iii figs. unndergo 13 anid cytoplasmic extrusions 14). They area, of short processes inn motion of tine gransular an-ca of iniginen- tlennsity (plate film I figs. 2 aunt! , of inemolymph structurres (plate formationns in the are insto the process. or entrapped by 1, plate is still assume innto 1 fig. 4, plate a mesinw-ork takes , consistinng the , of the plasma exclusive part coagulation three categories of hemocytes are shown inn the field are surrounded by granular is no plasma reactions arounsd the other . I 2.-Gryllotalpa . of extenssiono Fro;. side, hornsec! witlst!rawal. at ranndom, tiney 2, figs. 6-9 ; plate 3, of va(’uohizations ins the , ioemolynmplo the hyalinne cricket. developed wit hdrtowosl coooguhot (Acrididae, cloud by the mole hemocytes Inn this picture, 3 of grasshopper granultir played : only the two hyalinne hemot’ytes present clouds or coagulationn islansds while there categories of hemot’ytes. after boundaries Grannular embeclo!ed two minsutes (unnslsrorp 13-Short- henmolvummph Three innitiatiorn aunt! granninlar (potocytosis) aund of i)eam-hke oft-cnn connnnected with similar ins the 1LATE nosotiono chiefly of blisters pseudopodia inn the rounid hemocytes. 1 illustrates innitiation inns-oh-ed (small, Scattered or agglirtirsated in the coagulum (plate changes other actively of hemocytes occasionnal formation spiky or !appet-like developed Figure hemocytes categories cells) do snot take part are passively embedded lower coaguluirn recorded hemocytes the of i unt-reases of tine plasma a circular- off or made occasionally. of the FrG shadiusg aunt! progressiely hemocytes, in the a c!oisd 6, 7 annd 8. Extennsions place hemolymph. the coagunlatinng materials, carried inn streamlinnes by (‘uu’rennts, shapes : pearshaped patches, liming up of graununlan’ substauscc fortuitous in of descrii)ed (‘ricket. insto of developmennt of cytoor inn sure- a stsddenn by developiung ins hyalinne takes arounnd 3, fig. 12), the coagulation preparatiorn the surrounsdiung fluid, certainty ins the mole irs the in plate huslgiusg simisltanseously or followed while preparation beam-like place inn a givenn alteratiorns illustrated whole spreading, place appears take into with accompannied outlines, II. of a violernt hemocytes are cell ARTHROI’ODS. changes substansce riot observed - These IN aund finnally Similar hyalinne Discharge of cytoplasmic house cricket,’4 ‘ was vanishing COAGULATION Orthopt.) oorounsd hennocytes with . Cotogulost ions isloonsd inog toreto). Fifteenn to Isytolinse acciolenstoil nninnutes hennocyte. relation to At the tofter the left coooguiuros. Fm. 14.-Earwig (Forficula auricularia, I)er,napt.) A hytohinne lsersmocyte surrounc!ed ly to thick areot of coagultotinsg nmaterials. Generot! extenmsions of tine 5)OCCSS fronnm this isltonsc!. At the extrenne lower side, a ptossive highly vacuolated hsennocvte fronsn annother cootegory. Froos. 15, 16.-Wooter scorpionm (.Vepacinerea, Hemipt.) Fifteens :onn(! 25 noninnutes tofter l)loodl withnolrotwool. Islansds of coosgulationi developeo! tirounnol hvoilinse heumnocvtes. Inn figure 15. extensions Fn; o)f the . henmolvnmpis cyte. No process 17-Leaf to beetle ivitiiclra’tvtol. extensions of tine left. ((‘hrqsoonela Timinn time process. poole Thick coooguluns staphylea coagulation ins figure , (‘oleopt. isloirmds 16. C/i rysoinel.) clevelopeol Ninnety tirouusol nminsutes to loytolinne oofto-r hsenno- From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. (51. i:’: GH1GOI5hE I 179 r%T -., , -. ‘ -.tjc,- -0, b: .0 #{149} - o_’.% -So;- ,4_.. S --i? #{149}-.0a’. .I-... - -. ,..- . 0.:!... . , , / #{149}‘: . :‘‘ a.” . . - Pu.STF: 3 --...- ‘:.- :‘ ‘ From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. 1180 BLOOD rfhe type of velopmeint described of connspicuous arid follosied hemolymph 3, reactions COAGULATION fig. 1 3) inn the islands by a genseral of all specimenss ARTHROPODS. II. mole cricket, cinaracterizetl of coagulations coagulation of Orthoptera of the earsvig (Forficula scorpions (Nepa cinerea, , IN arounid in all tine inyahinne the preparations, examirned (plate auricularia, hemocytes, (plate 15, I 4); tss-o water species i)eetle of Coleoptera Tenebrionidae (Tenebrio molitor, Blaps gigasni), of the (Meloe proscarabaeus, Coleoptera) arid of t-wo species of Hymenoptera (Dolerus 2. Absence the Hyaiine pratensis, of Islands Hemocytes. sp.) Arge (plate 3, figs. 3, fig. 16), of of the Tenthredinidae plate de- si-as fouusd inn tue 2, figs. 9-I I ; plate Derinaptera-) Hemiptera, the by 4, figs. 22, oil 23). of Coagulation. Production of Pseudopodiai Occasional Outgrowth of Diffuse Veils Ta1ing Meshworks by Origin in the Plasma Samples of hemolymph Cai-abidae) may from be selected the Coagulation islands were Hosvever, hyalinne hemocytes, inn the mole cricket, undergo pseudopodia exhibit beetle the Cychrus second type not observed in the films similar in their cytologic alteratiorns of a different of hemolymph is still spreading hemocytes send out long straight them black cytoplasmic produces ins the growinng grournd to illustrate out granules. pseudopodia a high between threadlike rostratus of blood from this iunsect. features to those found nnatusre. Whets the droplet slide ansd pseudopodia coverglass, carrying Innt-enise brosvrsiann motions continuous trepidatiouns. degree of thigmotropism cars the of size reach the considerable hemocyte lengths, from towards sometimes which they solid more proceed. strings, cytes. formed By exclusively drawing by the out the pseudopodial eytoplasmie hvaline arietis FIGs. 19, 20, Longic.). Frinoges of 21.-Larva of potato Colorado beetle with svit-h of the these straigint hyalinse hemo- pseusdopodia, coagulating plasnmma (Leplinotarsa Five to 7 minutes after blood withdrawal. severrol hyaline hemocytes. Fig-are 15 shows seen coating found inn the larval ma coagulation. spinn(lle shooped agulunn irsto (Irawal. stage. Figure (lark bundles Fio . 22.-A rye sp. Coalescence honnogersous FIG. times together the around fotnr inennoc-tes. Chrysoinel.). lation (Coleopt. a husndred joins category. meshworks, innto bodies, 4 PLATE 18.-Clylus FIG. than expannsionns substance foreign bits of chitineous slip arournd them pseudopodial for- They similar structures sent out by hemocytes of the same As shosvns ins plate 5, figure 24, there arise polygounal the hyaliune along with of these grannules These cytoplasmic other hemocytes and physical interfaces (dust particles, crystals, debris, air bubbles). They adhere to these bodies or bubbles, and proceed on their exparssion to farther annchorages. These mationis (Coleoptera of pictures. to henmocyte process over inn the is passively helc!. of carried threads (Hymenopt. away plasma hemocytes. of tloe arournd . Twenty aroun! Dark of (‘oleop!. corogulatinig plasnmto tore the two kinds of hyotlinse Isemocytes adult stage, does riot insc!uce anny 1)1005- Figure from Tenthredinidae) coagulated seven imenmocytes coagulooted 2! shows the materials the inytolinme nninsutes inn which !roowinng of time a (‘0- hemocytes. oofter inenmmolynmph exparoc!e! aund scoottereci, obviously wit Is- cvtol\-zing (hazy without re- process. pratensis surrounded a loorge absent- hemocyte hyaline 23.-Dolerus cell, extensions coagulation hyaline large a veil-like of niuclei) tine The 20 shows decenilineata, Frinnges area. (Hymenopt. by a dense Tenthredinidac). coatinsg of Inn tine cotogulottec! center 5)lasnsoo. of tue Extennsiono picture, of a tine From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. CII. I 151 GutEGOISIE F .(c* : -.. :%2;:$ -;o4-( -. . a ‘ .k:’ - ‘ - a- , #{149}av$t‘ j4 - #{149} - , ‘: ;‘ . , . ‘ s, : . .‘ :, 1 ‘ . -‘ : ‘ -- -a’ . -, 4 . ‘ -: Pu.s’rn: -a, .r’,. ;. . ‘&. : ‘ . #{149}, .I:a , . ,o_’ . o____s t rff? : -i-. .. . . . . .... . - .. - From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. I 182 BLOOD cell body is greatly OtiC side of tlecreased the striungs. particles, normally aund represenntinng of cobwebs Meanwhile, these 24, ansci ofteun frequennt probably pseudopodial systems. 26). inn the to take The other of categories pseu(lopodial these passive anchorages or they cytes, The type was rostratus part-i(’les (plate become visible fluid of the of reactions observed beetles traunsformed (Dytiscus veil-shaped of this to the does not inn the buildiung bodies, they sent oust- iy the do unot (lisiust-egrate. Odonata), ins several Coleoptera, Cybister structure, coagulusm strtrctunres hyalinne inn the hemolymph of the grouund specimenns of nnymphs o)f (lragoun sp. arid inst-o meshsvorks. cytoplasmic filaments ins the veils. They and Libellukz quadrimacukiki, ( caterpillars), inn sevesal species of by particles are scattered (plate 5, or tra(’tions exerted onn the coser- of such grandis water is progressively pseudopodial described inn most o)ni grausinlar (‘ircurmscril)ecl of hemocytes do riot actively take pantsystems. Like the other innert foreigun for the embedded are area corntractile (‘ounsisteuscy ann appearansce similar Development otnt of spe(’ially inn Coleoplera, strings the appean’annce 5, fig. 25). ins the flusid plasma btnlginsg strinsgs of mausy iunsects, n-emnsarnts, gi\e these elasti(’ arid up, assumes outside nnucleus pseurtlopodial i)lOOdl The Orthoptera. place IS. to tine these glassy veil, on svhich granular I\Iechannical agenncies, as pressure discloses the jelly-like, svhich, by foldinng or rolling observed ARTHnR)poDs. ret!uced on inn the inistolytic glass, seem IN Adsorptions spriunklet! with dust sloss alterations a transparentfigs. COAGUL.-TION f-hem arid of tine (br Roeselii) hemo- beetle flies species among tsp au’e Cychrus (Aeshna of Lepidoptera most specimens beetle of (Geotrupes stercorarius). 3. 1 and Types Frequennt 2 Combined or inncidennta! hemocytes, combinned of cells, category developmennt with arid of islannds product-ions outgrosvth of of (-oagulat-ioul pseudopodial of plasma veils, around mcshsso)rks has beens by ohservetl hyalinse the of insects listed inn the precediisg group, for instance in usymphns of tiragoin various Coleoptera (Cybister: plate 6, figs. 27 and 28; (‘iytus arietis: plate 18; Leaf beetles: plate 3, fig. 17; plate 4, figs. 19-21) ansd inn thnu’ce species menoptera Tenthredinidac (plate 4, figs. 22, 23). these In hut various generally is species, munch the smaller size of the than islannds of co)agtslatioun Orthoptera. As sisossns inn the Fnas. 24, 25, after 26.-Grouund beet hennolvmph le (Cychrus withclroowoil. flies,15 4, fig. of Hg- varies greatly, ins tine pictunn’es, 5 PrATE minutes same inn specimeuns rostratiis. Polvgonsool ( olo’:p( meshwork . ( ‘arab. fornsned ). Fiure 9() 24 : exclusively lnv hoe I of severtol hvooline henmocytes (H ) drtowns out inst (i st rttighit t Isretoci-like 5)seudoexpansions uunite(1 with sinmiloor fornnootionss of o)ther lsytolinoe honssocytes. Tue Pseu(lpodial strings are anscinore(l t o foreign bodies, ot her (loork isensiocyt es tonsil bubbles ( lonng rtonsge thigmotropisnn) . Cell body of t he hyahine henmocytes oftens reduco’d t o t hoe bulging nsucletis. cytoplasm 5)oolial Other 6 exhibit nminutes sorption the of highly henmolvmph poolial veloping protru(hmsg tofter blisters. coarse particles, aolhesive in tine ars(l lower H : rsuclei Troinnsparenst sprinnkleol poort groonsules A frequently strirsg. withclrtowtol. meshwork Black withdroowool. hennmolvnmpis of tine floootinng of gloossy with sctottereol l)etooleol veil oo(lsorl)ed! nmeshwork free hyoohinse tolonig tot inn tine iienssolynsnl)is hennocytes. (!evelope(l bloock inn figure I he strinng Piqure mo l)ltosnsnto groinsules. 24. st rinngs. higher b’iynre 25: nonoognsifiototions. of 26: (‘oleoptera, 015 9() nninsutes inssiole A sinnniltor Aol- of I lie veil after l)seu(1- is seeno (Ic- From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. (ti. I GItEGUItIE : ._,uI ‘- . 4 . . .. , ri .... %pa ,..#{248} .-. S ‘:Z*’ :4? m l’1.-srE ‘:: #{149} :‘ -- #{149}:: 183 From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. 1184 BLOOD COAGULATION the plasma reactions often by coagulating materials, 4 No . Visible Most Plasma samples p1cc-us) arid appears without of the No hemolymph II. coatinng of the hyaliune extennsionn to tine wisole Reaction of the caterpillars third type of pictures No visible chasige ARTHROPODS. as a narrow subsequent Coagulation. of several IN of the Hyaline great silver of butterflies svater may Hemocytes i)eetle (Hydrophilus be selected (plate 6, figs. 29, 30 annd plate could be observed inn the plasma to illustrate 7, fig. 32). of these inssects a long stay of the preparationns in a moist chamber. rFine hyahinne gennerahly of large size, do not unndergo amy alteratiorn or they seund out a few short actively pseudopodial movinng several hours. Similar absensce ptera), the arid With the cytoplasm, these hemocytes of reactions svater Corixa expansions. irs their was boatman geoffroyi, found arsd Hemiptera), exceptions inn three the lesser arid of the still species water inn various hemocytes plasma. es-ens after inemocytes, inscidenntally black appear grannules insert of Pentatomidae boatman species the after (Hemi- glauca (Notoneta of Coieoptera. DISCUSSION mains rFhe results of the I Inn the hemolymph cans easily be distinguished of all the under . may be sunmmarizetl paler tb inucleus snot exhibit 3. Inn species appear to be ansd insects hyaline the hemocytes dark ins which cytoplasm the blood highly are of tsvo kiinds, sequennt plasma The first kinid, of the does labile to structure plasma contact with ivhich coagulatiorn. play blood each of them being reactiors. described previously arouno! into threadl-!ike other Fio0s. hyaline 29, nmechanical Inn t hese inn sshich conntrast categories clot-, 30, 31.-Greathemolvniph hemocvtes product of large these to structures silver water hemocytes inyalinse inemocytes beetle reaction. (H) round other of st raight Figure cells t bread-like appearance - or ion ‘#{176} is rapid of the stnh- characterized! by corogulateo! foreign bodies. in figure 24, (Hydrophilus inert altered. parallel No plasnma 5)seu(!opodlitol pressure arid squeezing exerted on the coverglass in a otherwise Inn spite of a similoor general alteration in all hyaline hemocytes ansd development of substantial meshworks, nso plasma reactions prepoorootionss (‘oleopt.) from 29: Fiqure 10 without withdrawal. expannsions out strings. henmocyte conigulation. - is drawns Pseud!oPo(!iool hyalinse isenmolymph exception nmateritil Most- piceus. after developec! with spherical 15 nmminnutes oofter tond islooniols of the 30: 2 hours variously unntlergo if unot exclusive part inn material, these alterationns Tlmirtv-two coagulat A part A large of elements. hyalinse They Orthoptera’tm Coleopt.), bubbles scattered svitis the 6 numerous shown withdrawal. surfaces. to a differennt its tsvo size. the plasma ion , glass related Roeselii, specimens attached resembled after (Cybister henmocytes structures, surrounding hvaline beetle . sPecimens nninut-es any 28-Water wit Isclrawal ally other riot an importannt Inn the present PLATE 27, characterized anny importannt alterations ins their st-ructure. inn which hemolymph coagulation occurs, these alteratiorns inn their the insitiationi of the Fnns. are by a relatively of blood aund sharply outliuned nucleus, a pale hyalinne cytoplasm grannules exhibit active brownian motions. These featusres Ins those as follosss: innsects studied, a categony of hyahinne hemocytes the phase contrast microscope fn-om tine other kinds 2. These iunvestigatioun small 1)lack larger cells. presennt- Inert Fiyiorc by 31: st ronng insert hyaline hemocyte. preseust ins tine preparat ions, occurreol. From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. CS-I. GuIEG0)IuIE *&L:;, i - PL;uTF: 6 I 185 From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. 1 186 BLOOD a successions hemocytes, metnts, COAGULATION IN ARTHROPODS. II. of various local changes inn the cytoplasm of a snumber of inyalinne brought about by disturbansces of the superficial tennsionn ins these dc- which are accompannied or rapidly by tine developmennt follosved of a thins fog, ins the plasma surrourndinng them rapidly thickenninng innto an islannt! of coaguslatirng materials. In various species, extennsiorn of the process briungs aboint genneral clottinsg. The seeonnd kind of alteration inn the hyalinne hemocytes counsists of tine extrusions of thread-like pseudopodial expanssionss simultaneously by several cells ant! consstitution are pseudopodial of followed systems by of Both the thin, meshsvorks formatiors trarnsparennt, kinids of various inn the plasma elastic, of alterations complexity. slosvly of the These circumscribetl developinng hyalinse pseudopodial veils. hemocytes assd their corresponndinng plasma -1 . riot they reactions earn occur together. Irs contrast to the hyalinse hemocytes, take part inn the process of coagulation. alterations by the are passively embedded clusters, strannds or inn pseudopodial 34). 5. Irs the ess, innitiated present onnly already material, urnder the place are J)ifferences sponsii)le in degree the the other in with transition ol)served part of sensitiveness played by categories forms). in a fesv tinme had elapsed of specimens since to contact the However, hyahinse blood cells small amounots (small Phraginatobia Ftc;. hvaline from hemocvtes various a thom folded otclsorbed. veil of similar vitreous, constrasts proc- of plasma detectable with their Agglomertotion structure. of (No “cell material tore attached currents in plasma. in Plasma in lines. On intact trannsformed the row from toppearannce left innto side reob- together exceptionally elements, oofter a lonig torso! Gunnnn,2#{176}it is possil)le Forty-five inensiolymph unsooltered agglutinooted Fifty figure ins cooterpillars. l)loosnsna nninnutes substance, various of after to . Other tot randons. adhesive which nninnutes (conmmpare scosttered these tofter henmo- circunnscribinsg hsennocvtes forrnationss tore ins Lepidoplera inn Coleoptera. (Lepidopt). hemocytes Etocln were occurred (Lepidopt). highly on fuliginosa Arch-like and consistenscy expansiorns the latter Tooit apparently Schiff and aspect- coagulation.”) (pseudopodial by (Lepidopi). intact cornsisterncy, refractive nnumerous of the Prol)abb’ insoictivity lnemocvtes, nnateriotls coagulation in the auricoina granular granular of nouncoagulating are Phraqmatobia and are tonic! the 7 shown of glassy elastic highly 34.-Caterpillar. F1G. strinngs round no plasma categories Parallel The are 4cronycta 33-Caterpillar. withdrawal. embedoled 7, isemocyt-es degrees reaction, surftoces process of coagulatinsg fuliginosa In this specimen is typical for preparations hemocytes lvnmph by of hyalinne foreign in the around some As suggested withdrawal. withdrawal. 34) . The picture Nine vesicular cvtes (plate to be a conitiusuous category with hemocytes Orthoptera of the blood 32.-Caterpillar. hensolymph hesive appears or gatisered adhesive hemocytes follosved by various clottinng to a limited PLATE FnG. 32. hyahinne veils, highly microscope. for served oftenn inn the the of the Coagulation Mechanism doork the ins a sinngle alterations macroscopic , by coagulationn taking These a genneral 15) . from is-ovens blood by alterations (coagulocytes,r4 coagulation, categories of blood cells tb or agglutisnat-ed at- random, in the islansds of coagulationn, tissue-like structures along expannsionis fig. the other Scattered of the a gloossy Annotlser inn 5)ooroollel conosists hyroline of torn axis hemocytes). brought oobout picture, various jelly-like rows specinmneno fornsminng nnoo(le of tos ins figure to tissue-like trtonnsptorenst otci- on winich other memol)y benndinmg of tine structure substoonsce. inntact inenmocytes are seen From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. (II. CSIX)IItE 1187 I_.____J ---.. #{149} 4 A _._)_-_‘ -, . ‘,‘4’ - ,---- .: #{176}- Pr-s’n’F: ‘_li() 7 ‘: From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. 1188 BLOOD the thttt oolinne the other cootegories henmocvtes, nmigiot inductions loiter, of hoove delay trootionss or occur. ARTHROPODS. to nmore cooogulation Prehinninnary grtoolual cyto)lvsis process slmoore observootionos, tonic! cocainn oolterationss inn the The seenns process II. to which hydrochloride hyalinme thnoons the oo snmiooller to will reported ins todequoote Isenmocytes. be bounsd le concern- Co:ogulootions witlo Up cioooroges Isv- extenot c)f tookinsg tine 5)100cc cells. inn these The two patterns l)robotl)b tore of the oxtiltite the to IN unsdergoinng stages potassium prevenot then hemocytes, coagulation. tlmoot fails isenmolvnnph of ins later 5)loosnna shown COAGULATION reaction of ploosma sul)sidittrv observed nnorphologic ins insects, variations of the cotogultotiono sanme l’es islooncls Sloth tonic! veils, nnigiot be pro- oluceol, tos previousb suggested for the development of islanmds of cotogulootion oorounnc! cxplosive cells in crustoocea’727#{176}#{176} by the release of sonme coagulations-insducinng substoormce innto the surrounding plasmos, either after rupture of the hyaline henmocytes (Giylloolus,’#{176}. ‘5 or by exuclootiorm from the 1)erii)hery of the expanding hemocyte, Gryllotalpa. It is oorounnd the locool beam-like ceilu!otr expaission thoot tue process of coagulootions tttkes 1)100cc under the sinape of a circular ooreoo, tond tIme thickest coagu!um occurs irs the close nseighnborhoocl of tine invto!inse hemocyte, where the concentrations of the osctive substoonoce is expected to be the gretotest (plate 1, figs. 2, 3). mm the second cvtoplasmic PhSica! wouldl oi)servationn troonnsparennt cal torounnd between identity the exhibited pseudopoclia! variations in casionally take Tentative Distribution little the of of veil-like of the inennocytes, dirawing of the ai)Out tons innportoonst increase of the This dispersion tlnann when the and loorge areas. coagulunn hyaline plasma hennocyte. veils seenms to be further supported up and crumpling under nmechannical oogenncies, the thin jelly-like, elastic and contractile consistency as the typiin species with conspicuous ploosma coagulation, in- thickness the aspect hvalinse over veil-like expanded islands by rolling the same Conversely, assume tine brinngs of the ooctive sui)stance tornd more extended coagulation islands. 1w strirogs a relatively that veils co)agulation divic!ual oolteratiorn anno! to dispersion for to thinner limited is The of unto interfaces be responsible reaction i)y kind substance the coagulation structures (plate Types of islands 2, fig. Hemolymph show that these cttn oc- 9). Coagulation among the Insects Investigated In the present scribed. Besides, fication of the nnat-erial, large every gradation individual material was variations recorded in found occurred table 1 in between sharp-cut types the in several species. of pictures Therefore, coagulatiorn types de- a classi- is not presently i)eeno observed from different possible. Development of gradations in ith but orders, hvaline islarnds to the process by the of veil-like oi)served is aimsent total investigated. of occasionally by mechanical study of the present of coagulationn the species hennolymph the films hyaline combined contribution of of the all of the time speci- coagula- henmolymphs. hemocytes with of fornnsationn followed islands of of Odonata, Lepidoptera, Coleoplera. spontaneously irs Orthoptera. In the agencies (looying of the coverglooss seldom nnostlv the species, the has various A general in Inn these i)v henmocytes in occurs coagulation species place Lepidoptera meshworks inn various hyaline substance studied. structures or takes around coagulating consistently tonc! of Forficula of pseudopodial it is in(!uced sure, coagulation of in the is followed format-iorn s5)ecially of amount- founnd of Orthoptera Constitution tionn not hemocytes mens tiorm was islands the by frecjuennt coaguhotion, This insects of altera- of this tue onoto was type order, slide, pres- traction). The tribution fooctors. However, lymph coagulrttion. Factors material l)ictures, the Responsible order for does not zoological Orthoptera the Differences show tony striking classification appears of be highly to Exhibited coinsciolensce innsects, evolutive homogeneous by Insects hetweero or oos regoorc!s as J?eyards (lis- ecological inennno- Hemoiymph Coagulation Differences senssitivenness inn the to foreignn relottive surfooces, number inn tine of hvaline aniounnt hemocvtes or efficiermcy in of time blood, inn degree to cotogu!ootionn-inoc!ucirog of their sub- From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. CII. stance expected availoible to inn tue serve(1 inn the be present- ins these Ioensolynspio, elenmenits nnight- coagulootionn be process of of As shown ins table I , species centooge little of elemenots There seennms conotooct- with cells appeared for necess:orv to I)ifferenmces degree of as inn tine otnmounts High coagulunn 4, figs. 17, art-ificiool around 18). Onm tIne rupture (Geotrupes inn Orthoptera, founsc! expttnnsionos, ster- the winile winich takes 1)100Cc sponot Whets the tonic- rostra(ins). mtoteritols tore (hiluted is earn he olecreased about hemocytes probtoi)le. (Gryllotalpa) in the oobove mo plasnmos henmocytes reIn- coagulation. with a relootively low pera conspicuous coagulat ions. of the hyaline hemocytes to woos (Cychrus described i)etween of in (connpare reactions co- exhibiting 1, fig. 1, to in Hydrophilus, occurs to the of Gryllotaipa species plate Meisero- l)roportionsally hemolynsph insect henmolynmph with only plates even a 3 and follosving inennocytes. of Former The reports ins the the conceptions Several degrees type isotnnd, oh- of Lepidoptera and of Coleoptera. ho film of hemolynmph (plate 6, fig. 31) is tine I)rinsg loyalinse isyoohinse nmaterial vooriootionss Investigations Hemoiymph on Coagulation Insects in A rthro pods flict-ing; tion of beetle those other Study Other of lability species squeezing of dilutions their the of Comparative and have senositivenoess of cotogultoble resembling the importansce hyalirse species (Caiaiosins) tos regards grouro! rates in of correlootion anc! of of 1)seudopodliool the of coagulable irnvolved (!egree Conversely, for their conspicuous cotogulontiorn the size of tine cooogulations isloonsds pictures narrow of a highs )ercenstage category extrusion oomounts fooctors ioennolvnmpin A high degree stable ins various species, dilution. agulottionn same a strong oohout selected 1tinmger,* to higin coagulootions. differences instance. bring in other of insects heimer’s the exist glass surfaces. to he nmore Hydrophil-u.s-, ouslv of to wit-in mo or the insects. Ins tine present nnaterial there is mo evidence nsumber of the invalinne hemocvtes inn the exhibit oonnd inn tine sonic t-ive corarius) 1189 GREGOIRE and on Ioenmolvnnpio ors its mechanism are literature in complexity zoological were cooogultotions controversial. reported with irs innsects little or no are scanty relation torso! cons- i)etween eooogula- classification. pointed out ins specimens of Coleoptera (Hgof Dytiscus narginalis,4 #{176}Orthoptera#{176} (Stenobothrus parallelus) , Heoniptera#{176} (iVotonecta glauca) , Nen’roptera-Odonata#{176} (larvae of Libellula depressa, Aeshna grandis), various caterpillars of Lepidoptera#{176} (Bombyx rubi, quercus and trifolii, Vanessa anliopa, Chelonia caja, Pieris brassicae and rapae, Saturnia cynthia, Deilephila elpenor), Diptera#{176}(Chironomus plumosus) and Hymenoptera (larval honey bee).7 Clotting of the blood was stated wit-isout details in Coleoptera (larvae of Oryctes nasicornis,nn Meloe proscarabaeus#{176}. ins Orthoptera#{176} (Gryllotalpa vulgaris) , in Heniptera#{176} (Ne pa Absensce of coagulation drophilus piceus,. cinerea) , irs various pu(Iica Yeager, dispar Shull roach Periplaneta cells, tine fusifornn and Knightsn reporteti cording to the coagulation coagulootiorn a cell irssects tionn and/or took a gltoss * 0.1; anc! in which These consiste(l sliole Special KCI: or CaCI solution Bombyx that blood castrensis, Chelonia coagulatiorn of a cellultor coagulation. Many threou!like upons the blood ma- to nnegligible in the coagulum of the by blood pseuolopodia, cock- the cells bloool lose thneir rogglutintote into riot the without for plasmro cotogulations are groups insects25: coagulation, tonnd usuoolly shoorl)ly drop tue of 47 differenst species of insects, Yeooger he classified into three tentative groups toe: group one inocludes insects exhihitinsg no l)lasma cell coagulations. The insects of group two had a negligible plasnmoo of submerging 2: 0.2. snmears formations forns the otoninnals process oi)served only tioree pyri, clisinntegroote. mo or only tons(! observing Ringer 0.2; thoot the up, appotrently a conspicuous ploo(’e. observtotionss on mo coagulationn round oI)servatiorns and of oi)vious shapes, and on stairsed coissists nmot undergoing clumps, spreood out Fronm microscopic (Saturnia via u/a). Farroor3#{176} showed discoidool was larva of Lepidoptera#{176} Harpyqia orientalis 5)Itosma or , blood mortisaga,#{176} caterpillars Liparis , of insect Blaps #{176} use of insect d!elinnited. blood while sonme Tine group degree nmethod in to larger three of includes cell cotogula- used drop for tinese of oil (Nujol) of to coverslip. bidist-illed water: 1000; NaCI: 7.5; NtoIICO 3: From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. 1190 BLOOD According cellular From IN ARTHROPODS. II. to Beard2 the hemolynsph of Galleria inellonella coosgulates by forming with only inscidental formation of plasma gelatin. Inn Popiliajaponica gel in which the cells tore passively ioeld with nno osgglutinsations. of the literature, it appears that inn nmost species of insects studie(!, blood agglutinations occurs a plasma there COAGULATION this review coagulation has been described as I)ensg eitlmer a cellultor togglutinsations inn whiclo special no part was recognized to be played by a special kind of cells, or a ploosnmto coagultotion, 1)0th considered as two physiologically distinct processes, which cars occur irso!epennclenntly or together.3 Cell agglutination was described in agreement with Loeb’s oi)servationss#{176} of clotting in various arthropods and especially in the arachnid Limulus. Accorolinsg to Loch), the whole process consists in first instance of agglutirsation of cells (cell coagulatiorm or Fredericq’s 10. 51 first coagulation), which is or is not followed! by a plasma coagulation. Unncler the innfluence of various mechanical-generally strong-agenscies, oni clusters of hemocytes, such as agitation of the blood with a point of a needle30tractiorn ons the slides between which the blood has been pressed”r, the cells themselves can be transfornsed into structureless gelatinous masses, resembling a fibrin clot (Loeb’s cell fibrin) witis secondoory development of fibrin-like fibrils. No special part was recognized to he played ins the process by to category of cells, all elements being involved in the formation of Loeb’s cell fibrino. The results of this study are at variance with those reported! ai)ove. Inn the present ma2 ‘ terial, plasma coagulation was observed under the phase constroost- microscope inn species in which none was recorded either macroscopically#{176} or by means of the light nnicroscope3’ tond a separation of the process into a cellular agglutination and to plasnma cotogulations could riot be observed. Differences in the procedures used are probably responsible for sonic of the divergences. In the present studies, as far as histologic observations are concerne(l, the delicate morphologic relations between hemocytes and plasma were often corsfusedl by a nmere gennt-le traction of the coverglass much as In such ithout along itself. and therefore mechanical Pictures reactions When hemocytes described applying alterations have already above. mechanical described by of oomorphous the contribution In species were avoided as masses in which the burtonn’s56 anic! modiunm ooccompansiecl by tue plasnma similar to those use! by Loch, Yeooger ct aS. , the namely the destructions of toll tine henmocytes, formathreads, are founsd. No distirsctions is thens possiI)le tos regards categories of cells to the process. oouthors, and various hemolymph Nolf’s32 alterationss procedures these of the undergorse coagulation was only of to cellular coagulation, it is not exeludeol agulunm around hyaline isemocytes cans sometinmes the disturbtonnces of the hemocytes was observed to occur tot random, arid without amy direct- relatiorn to the process of cotogulation to the cellular or first- coagulation of the literooture, occur disintegration corresponding hvaline tion slide, agglutination conditions, cellular winen the possible. etorly assunmptionss (Geddes’#{176}) of cells, but thoot coint-ains described tistot have the snmall in the literature a microscopic occurre(I. clot first tnnmounsts tos connsistinng undetected Tinis developedl is of cotogultoted l)!asmto would unot co- Hoolli- support to nmmere pins- substoonsce olistinict frons cells. Orm the other agulation sidlere(! innsect illustrated the the the presennt to the Veooger vhich seenme! a-gulationm in this already insect#{176}, to no there sosnme be is gransular o’oiunciclennt took for a striking the with place analogy ansd l)recil)itate without the of tous(I 1’.unigiit inn various a5)pearedl of fornmatiors coagulationi the of to cell inn tine the or i(Ienntical ins tine nninoutes eunviroinmeint appearoonsce i)etweers observed to few imme(lioote the hemolvmph wit-hits to be sinsiltor tolso Belostoma, , tine (lescril)tiono Veonger cocons- ‘ three. ooppeoors as Knsight in the instensely insect- stootecl group Orthoptera, order with whicis fiuuuinea, their of ano! a yellowish nmost- to nnaterial to of Belostousa, Betas/ama of coagulationn I)elonginsg dleveloped lug exception process tnre inn agreenment results presernt water 1 . Accordirng have As , inn the cinerea, blood of ann inmterestinng as Inm this table hsansol, picture process wtoter to that scorpion otiser species tine withdroiwal after ins the pltisnssoo of cert:oins surrounnoliung best .Vepa listed! irs of the onnsol seemed cells, to cytolysis grooniules. of The co- cotogulurns. house cricket of olevelopnmeust touno! in the stick of coagulation From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. Cu. islands iii torounsd crustaceoo nmodes of 1)1000! without any with des Invooline jellying 5)lasma cooogulation sinnple ploosnna blood special jellying process this oI)serve(! tlsree chist inset pltosnma inn two inssignsificarnt. winich sue- The occur “explosive time that tine blooc! corpuscles of tue hloool corpus- of tIne clots, Hardy’s wisich of relatively globultor corpuscles, an(! tot- letost (3) jellying ; beinng occurs rsmtoteriool, togglutinootions ; (2) agglutinototiono 5)riniitively blood preseist Tait#{176}#{176} recognized of tIne plasnma of localized, to inn the cell-agglutinsationn conssists to seconso! : (1) jellvinng preliminary relootion stooge also annd Gunrm.2729 of the general the inn imineditote Tait ins crustooceto subseojuenit sul)sequent stages, recorded Tait, coagulation cessive looter hemocvtes, liv Iloordy,’7 1191 GREGOIRE first arounc! or corpuscles.” involves At a tine whole of the re- was fouru! irs several nnmooinsinng pltosnnto. Inn the species I)resennt anol On the nsooterial, (‘onisist the of the Nature irocess ly occurred enst inovolved inn tine i nn Orthoplera ilyaline C of Tooit type to nnd 1)ermaptera. Hcmocytes Involved in the Initiation tine phoose of the Plasma Alterations Inn fresh invoolinne cvtes. On fixed (ploot-e 6) coons be tine These closssificationss of innsect loio!es , ‘ In ‘2 These cells seenn blood smears reltot-ivelv highs iii casional of tine identified tine of overlooked and present the the nuclei founsd of these cellular on glass surrounsdec! vicinity colorless hvaline less existing innclusionss literature undergo Rooseboomt#{176} outlined inn several ann(! stainninng.” a “leucocytes inenmatologic they tlntot Forficula, granules of a iovalinne tine in alteratiorns of sharply to few existenoce with heenn rapid Carausius percentage presensce susl)ect of of fixation speciesno gennerally 2. 8. cristal- res , ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘leucocvtes a cyt oplasme poussi#{233}reux . “ with suspensions of india ink, milk glohules or observed to insgest particles in their cytoplasnn, numnnulai injected to have tore the of henno- ion sonne they oonsy of the within the niicroscope, cootegories ooppetor hut nsethods with other still altered, on cloossical conotroost tine differenmces witln certooinoty 1, fig. 5), they were (!escrihed elsewhere.8- orm toccounot frons distinoctly similarities insclusiorns Gryllotalpa baker’s yeast- (lltote like the ph:ogocytes proi)ai)ly based otuest-ionable a of tore i)e ranged hemocytes, ‘leucocvtes ‘ urnoler difficulty tine cytologic isemocytes cannnot exisibit specinmens without snnears, hnytolinne elennensts 22, 24 They ni, extonminle(l recognized rors(! stooirsed thought :op)oorenst. no, of loennolvnmpho l)repoorationss hennocvtes i)OdlV. ito by all her bits structures Tinese ono insect surfttces. blood, However, preparations a of cytoplasnn. lead remnsants the ()c- author could to perhaps l:e isennocytes. SUMMARY 1 . Thins films 61 differcnnt process of freshly species were coagulation of picture recordinsgs were 2. Inn the isemolymph hemocytes the (-ann easily other cytes kinnds witis orn fixations 3, Inn the hemocytes do be unot cells. were ins which exhibit tastIer tine of about the Control phase of unnder Attempts hi tine the phase ann importaust if nnot exclusive innsects bebonigiung a category constrast to annd tine by motions of inyahinse microscope from of idennt-ificatioun of these hyalinne (‘lassificationns of insect i)lood cells memobased insconnclusise. the anny 1)100(1 important clotting alterations. coagulat-ionn occurs, the cells of tinis category appear to glass surfaces. Tisey unndergo rapid modificationns the present material lated to a differeunt together. 360 cosntrast microscope the oi)servat-ionns ins a fesi species. innsects investigated, recognnized described stainninng innsects hemolymph performed of all of blood elements aunt! drassnn observed iisvestigatetl. part inn tine innitiationn does nnot occur, Inn species tinese to i)e iniginly labile inn tiieir struncture of tine plasma hyalinse inn which i)lood to coustact svinich play coagislations. these alteratiouss are of two kinsds, eat-is of them appearannce of tine plasma i-eactions. Tiney cann occtrr i)einng alone Inn reor From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. 1192 BLOOD COAGIJLATION IN . ARTHROPODS. II. . E n J . . ‘ on E C = g . : t8 . . . . .. .. g#{149} . U . 1;; ‘ e .E . Q .. .4 .5 .5 . . t . V n cc : ) Sc,, . . . .a . #{149} ‘O ‘0 ‘ . ‘O ‘a a ‘- - a . . - .5 ‘O a .0 0 a 0,,, E a .E ‘-.a 8 . aira #{149}) a a 0.) a a #{149}t’ #{149}t’ a a Ia a I 00 #{149}-, 0 . aI. 1 aI , .4 ., #{149} C5 ? ; 0 a a 0 a 9 Z n a) a a 0 a ) E a 0 .0 I- #{149}. I Q . Zo - 0 -U ., I., I J h I t o .a . :s . . -.:; t - #{149} i d ‘ : I s u ; . -#{149} 0 ,0 -0 -- . ttL - :c& 00+ 0. -0’0 -- 0- a From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. CH. 1193 GHGOIRE . a r : c .E = .E , ‘O . . :: ‘: - .E ? > ‘ .a. 8 : : I .. > 0- a a E - z ? (‘. - -. a- .. ? .‘ .. 0- 0- #{149}. . . #{149} #{149}8 . #{149}8 ‘8 #{149} ‘ 0- ‘ i: ‘i; i; ‘I I I I I I I I I I I I I +0 +; 8 t’ ‘ b . . c - - ‘0 ‘ 0 ‘0 c’ - - - 0. , t i 0, 0 t0 a - a az -o ,a a ‘a a . . S”CF:1 0. :fl . - :U ai.. _) . 0. z U U . . a .-#{149}cf 5 - -.l -. t . . a , , - 0 J z - ‘-. . . - a “ . - ‘ . . . a - .a * . - . , ;L I ‘ - : - ;:‘ . 0 a’. ‘. .‘a , a a 0. ‘b .z_ . s 0 . ; 0, . 0, t From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. 1194 BLOOD COAGULATION IN ARTHROPODS. II. ‘ : n 2 0 ‘O 2 0 .! a ‘ ‘8 .0 .5 a 0 $- n--- .0 .th 0 8 a . #{149} - .0 .0 - . .0 C) V a a 0 0 . ) n . 0- . C) a) a ‘a a 0- E ‘- ‘- . ‘ 0-) a a E . a) a a) a) a a aa a- a ,!s . . C) ) a 0 ‘a a . 0 . 0, .a) . a E a C a) ‘-‘a ‘a C) ‘a .E . ‘O C) ‘a ‘a C) ‘a : 8 ‘0 C) ‘a ‘0 C) ‘a ‘a C) ‘a ‘a C ‘8 ‘2 C) ‘a ‘a ‘ : (Ca) . O.1 .0 a) I Cd 0 0.) ‘8 ‘C ‘0 ‘2 ‘a ‘a i i a 0 0 z a a EatE ; Cc Z ‘ #{149} - e - . 0-’ 0 C & a)_ .0 C) . ; I’-- Cd ‘ E :I 9 OC) 0. 0. c -a:;: - (C a _ e e Zo - . C) a r I _ 7 o a S a IL: . ‘8 ‘ #{149} i .8 0C . ? #{149} #{149} J I . ‘8 : .. .E I #{149}‘t .c - 0 L . - - ‘ . 1. ;:- II :: -0 . L -a? . . - ‘0 a 0 ‘-C .0 . - a‘- a. ,) ‘8 a Ii #{149} : . -:- z ‘a ‘ .2 V tt -‘., :a:o.5 t:11:o z - :#{149} F ,0 ; 4 ‘a 0 From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. CH. 1195 GRGOIRE a ‘C C) -C.- ‘a .5 :. 0. V 4) C) C) V a .0 V C) V C) V 0-) a ) C) ; a . C) :: ‘ ‘8 : . . 0- E .; .. 0-C C.’ a’ r C) 0- . * a . . ‘C) ‘ CJ 0 0-) a (t C) 0- - . C) 0- . C) 0- C) 0- 0 C’ 0 ‘C C ‘8 ‘8 ‘E ‘ ‘‘E ‘a a ‘a ‘a ‘ ‘a ? 0 _#{149}0-) I--a 0-)V a a C a C a a a c 0 Z Cd’, : C ‘ C C., C’ ‘0 Cl - - C a bc C C a I a n ; : E0. :; -o ‘a ‘ + > V 0-) C - a) 0-) V C : - ‘a . - a) ‘0 C C C eq Z ei - a) -‘ = C) ‘ C - - I “ C). n.5 )- a) .a) C) a) C) . C) C) c .0 a IC) . #{149}u; t - . E- : ‘a 0 t 2 ‘a)3 C -- -a) ‘ a) a, - #{149} C a. - - a ‘-u.) ‘a c#{149} o. From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. 1196 BLOOD COAGULATION IN ARTHROPODS. E 0-) - a) .0 a) .- aa § . i $ 8 ! -or lIE; . .._.0o Va a 0’) a a a) 0’) a) C - CCC) 00 .z C_a a).) a- a- a- C C) t = 0- a-C.‘a C) C) C) 0- 0- 0- C(C ‘8 . . 0 a) a) .0’) a) . E C) .E a a a 0 . , “ -‘a .) .-. . .E 0CC .2.E ‘C V - . a) E #{149} 0- LO a) a)aa) .2 .E 0’ a) .0 . , . C C., ‘d C . ‘E i Cl 0 C3 - Zo ‘0 a 0 cC ‘C C p S .-.- Ii ‘8-v . (Ca) a’a a) I: ‘0 : .: ,. oz. ‘ (Ca) C’a 4CC) ‘ 8 II. From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. CH. 4. do at Inn (‘onntrast- to tine hyalinnc hemocyt-es, snot take part ins the process of raundom, they are passively emi)etlded Inn the 5. process, These preseust material, innitiat-e(l alteratiouns i ma-d’ros(’opid’ microscope. 6. The resunlts at cOaguslatu)nn, svith Tait, as degrees to a limiteti svith former- Tait coagulatious, detectable data from onnly inn ivinich as tsvt) physiologically or together. from of hemocytes. plasma reactions cells agglutinnated to be a conntinnusoiss category of tlistinnct (inn tine other hannd, tine unnder the coagulationn the other 1)100(1 (‘ells, processes, tine presennt of svhio’h results inas a specific ausd (-ann shosv inn crustaceans i)lood by of cells, Hardy’s explosive the (listinigusished of blood or appears inn a single type of coaguslatioun tles(’ribed a-nnd Gunsun, inn si-hit-h a spet’ial (‘ategory analogy categories as beinng eithen’ a celluslar agglutinnatioun, inn which rio to he played by a special category of cells, or a plasma (‘ounsidere(l 1)0th inntlepennderntly occur’ place by various variance innset’t- 1)100(1 si-as (leso-rii)ed special part si-as recognnized other (‘oagunlatious taking (-lOttinmg are the o’oagurlationn. Scattered inn the (‘oaguslum. hemolympin alterationss are follosved a genneral 1197 GREGOIRE ann Han-dy, c-ells, importannt part to stonsg (he play. R1;FF;Rl-:xc’Es ( A BE 1 , L. , 1 AR5 ANI) 2 a M. deae. 4 ND .J Bull. LHO5TE, : Count . a I ‘et 01(10! nh )ut ions rsiorphsOlOgi(ue Belgique Biol. Frtonnce et saunguirne cinez l’Inmoogo 37, 82: de Jorficula clu 1948. auricularia. Soonng 17: 1946. GABE, _, .* (/eeeuolineala LItOSTE, 596; ?iI . , Say. ,J. : Lto cytologic (hrysoinela 11ev. AN!) J. Lu-IOSTE, caflto(l. de bioh. : Conntributions 8: 184, J. 0. WAKEI.1x ANI) ARNOLt), inarjina1is tonnc! Hydrophilus BARRATT, I)ytiseus o’o l’#{233}tude nnorphologi(ue (lu sang des .l!anti- 1949. G. : A studs- pieces. of the of certain blood J. Microscop. Quart. Sc. Coleopteroo: 56: 149, 1910- 1911. H. 5 BEARD, ‘ - inssects. : Fx5)erinmental Anstot. Bee. : 1xperimenntool 47, ohservtotionss 736, 101: ons hsenmolynsmpim cotogulationn inn two species of 1948. observations ons cooogulootions of irssect isensolvmph. Phvsiol. Zo#{246}I.23: 1950. G. A., BRnu;s. 7 BnsHon, A. P. ANn) HONZi)Nr, l-. : Bod1)100(1, ansd! their osnmotic effects. flui(lS of housev-lwe larva. Cinennio,al J. Biol. (‘henm. 6’6: 77, 192,5. 8 CnitNoT, I). : Etu(les sur le sang et les gltonndes lynnphatiques darns Ia s#{233}rie aninmale. 1)euxi#{234}nme Partie: Invert#{233}br#{233}s. Arch. de Zool. exper. et g#{233}n, 2e s#{233}rie, 9: 365, 1890. 9 : 1tudes physiologiques sur les )rthopt#{232}res. Arch. (he Biol. 14: 293, 1896. 10 FREnERncQ, L. : Note sur Ic sansg du honmoord. Bull. Actod. roy. de rsnd de Belgioue 2e s#{233}rie 47: 409, 1879. 11 -: Sur le sanng (les innsectes. Bull. Actod. roy. (he nm&I oie Belgique, 3e srie 1: 1, 181. 12 GEnnF:s, 1. : ()ns the coalescence of tonsoeboid cells into plasnmodia, and oni the so-calleol oonsstituents of tine - 13 coagulation GRo;onR, an _ .kNl nnicroscope 57: 14 of insvertehrate Cu. ANt) 237, - a conntraste ANI) ivitho 16 : Etuole : Blood the HAr.n.nBIRT0N, n7 HARm-, Proc. : Ftal)es (he phase Ho)y Soc. , Lonndonn, s B. 30: 252, 1879-1880. ole ito (‘otogulationo (hun stonng ok’s inosectes extonminse (Wild). I)#{233}nnonmstrtotions. Arch. innternat-. de physiol. 1949. tou Isnicroscope et (Ic Ia cotogulottiors ns fluids. NI. Fn.oRKnN \V. tine origins coagulation phase countrast W. B. : Tine of the r’n.conntrtoste ole phsoose cm coagulocvte, (lu nnuage 5)lasnsiatique I). : On blood dooms Ic stonng des innsectes. Experientia 6: ins arthropools. I. The coagulationn of innsect blood, mi(-roscope. Pisysiol. cOmJ)oortota oond oecologia 2: the 1)100(1 of (Iectol)ool crusttoceoo. J. Physiol. 6: 300, cor5)uscles crustacetorn of the fibrin-fernnment. o-rustacea, J. Physiol. togetlmer 13: with 165, 1892. to suggestions grtonnultoire 297, 1950. ros studied 126, 1885. lOSt). tss to From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. 1198 BLOOD A. no HOLLANDE, insectes 231, 19 Etude : histologique h#{233}niorrh#{233}e. Arch. IN ARTHROPODS. compar#{233}e du II. sang a !es innsectes exp#{233}r. et g#{233}n., Se de Zool. s#{233}rie6: io#{233}morrh#{233}e et des 283, 1911 ; Ibid. 70: 1930. M. : Recherches sur les leucocytes nat. zoo!., 9e s#{233}rie 8: 1, 1908. L. : Uber die Bedeutung der Blutkorperchen et KOLLMANN, Sci. 20 LOEB, undung 21 CH. sans COAGULATION einiger Arthropoden und fiber Ic tissu lympinolde f#{252}r die mechanische traction onn the protoplasm of the blood cells of irsvert#{233}i)r#{233}s.Ann. Blutgerinnung und Einwirkunngen dieser Zellen. Virchows Arch. f. path. Anat. 175: 35, 1903. : On the coagulation of tine blood of some arthropods and and des auf on the das influensce arthropods. die Enntz- Protoplasma of Biol. pressure 4: 301, Bull. 1903. 22 1nLLARA, P. sectes. Bull. : biol. of insect PArnLoT, blood. Si REt-Ar, 202, 26 Bau Ztschr. blood des of insects. III. The 19: 128, Soc. chenilles und Funktiors f. Zellforsch. considerations J.: the physio1ogioue des leucocytes d’in- 1947. Entomological sang de coagulootionn tonod clottinng 1924. Macrol#{233}pidopt#{232}res. u. g#{233}n#{233}rales. Arch Crustacean der Lymphocytern mikro. Anat. coagulation blood n#{233}er.de 613, Compt. rend. Acad. Pe?iplaneta de certairss 2: 432, in the Inosekten 1939. du sang zooS. as studied bei 29: a l’#{233}tude de la cytologic M. : Contribution quelques 28 TArT du Ui)er L. RoosEBooM, on Brooklyn et 81: 129, 1919. ERMIN: americana Belgique et : Studies Bull. A. : Cytologic d. sc. 169: a l’#{233}tude cytologique France R. A. 23 ItTTTKoWSKn, 24 Contribution inosectes, avec 1937. Art-isrostraca. Quart. J. Exper. Physiol. 3: 1, 1910. 28 29 : Types of GO-NN, AND special blood crustacean J. D. reference : The blood coagulation. of Astacus to coagulation and J. Biol. Marine A. fluviatilis: a study phagocytosis. Quart-. 9: 191, 1911. inn crustaceans J. Exper. blood, Physiol. wit 12: is 35, 1918. 30 YEAGER, cockroach, J. F., SHULL, Periplaneta State Col. J. Sc. 3n 32 6: W. E. AND orientalis 325, FARRAR, (Linnn.), M. wit-h P. du sang : Contribution chez : On the special cooogulation referennee of to blood blood fronm snieoors. the Iowa 1932. AND KNIGHT, H. H. : Microscopic observations species of insects. Ann. Entomological Soc. NorF, D. a l’#{233}tude de les crustac#{233}s. Arch. la coagulation internat. on Am. blood 26: du de physiol. cotogulootionn 591, sang in several different 1933. (Se 7: 411, nncmoire). 1909. La coaguloot ion From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. 1951 6: 1173-1198 Blood Coagulation in Arthropods: II. Phase Contrast Microscopic Observations on Hemolymph Coagulation in Sixty-one Species of Insects CH. GRÉGOIRE Updated information and services can be found at: http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/6/11/1173.full.html Articles on similar topics can be found in the following Blood collections Information about reproducing this article in parts or in its entirety may be found online at: http://www.bloodjournal.org/site/misc/rights.xhtml#repub_requests Information about ordering reprints may be found online at: http://www.bloodjournal.org/site/misc/rights.xhtml#reprints Information about subscriptions and ASH membership may be found online at: http://www.bloodjournal.org/site/subscriptions/index.xhtml Blood (print ISSN 0006-4971, online ISSN 1528-0020), is published weekly by the American Society of Hematology, 2021 L St, NW, Suite 900, Washington DC 20036. Copyright 2011 by The American Society of Hematology; all rights reserved.