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Theparticipativeactionresearchapproach toclimatechangeadaptationinAtlantic Canadiancoastalcommunities Session 1B: Climate Adaptation Management in Rural and Urban Areas (Wood Auditorium) 14:30-14:50- The Participative Action Research Approach to Climate Change Adaptation in Atlantic Canadian Coastal Communities (Omer Chouinard and Sebastian Weissenberger, Département de sociologie, Programme, de Maîtrise en études de l’environnement, Université de Moncton, Institut des sciences, de l’environnement, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada) 14:50-15:10Recent Harm, Problematic Impacts, and Socially Feasible Adaptation Options to OmerChouinard,Université deMoncton Heatwaves and Heavy Rain Events in New York City (Diana Reckien, University of Twente, The Netherlands) StevePlante,Université duQuébecà Rimouski 15:10-15:20Discussion SebastianWeissenberger,Université duQuébecà Montréal Noblet,Université PicardieJulesVerne 15:20-Mélinda 15:50- Break and visits to displays JulieGuillemot,Université deMonctonCampusdeShippagan 15:50-16:10Climate-Based Agricultural Decision Tools for the Northeastern United States (Jonathan Lambert, Cornell University, USA) 16:10-16:30- Selection Support Framework Fostering Resilience Based on Neighbourhood Typologies (Laura Kleerekoper, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Netherlands) 16:30-16:50- A Framework For Evaluating and Comparing Climate Change Adaptation in U.S. Cities (Meghan Doherty, ND-GAIN Urban Adaptation Assessment, USA) Québec Founded1608 NewBrunswick Founded1604(Acadia),NB1784 Area 1542056km2 (595391mi2) 2nd,15.4%ofCanada Area 72908km2 (28150mi2) 11th,0.7%ofCanada Population7903001(2nd) Density5.79/km2 (15.0/mi2) Population751171(8th) Density10.51/km2 (27.2/mi2) GDPpercapita C$44,499(10th) GDPpercapita C$42,606(11th) Languages French78% English7.7% SeveralFirstNations Languages English 65.6% French 31.9% Míkmaq 0.42% CoastlineGaspésie800km Humidcontinentalclimate EasternCanadianforest USA Coastline5500km NS Humidcontinentalclimate EasternCanadianforest Sealevelrise Stormfrequencyandamplitude Increasein high amplitude storms Decreaseinice cover Winterstormof2001 January2010 January2010 Coastalerosionanddamagetoinfrastructure PhotoS.Weissenberger,2012 New-Brunswick: 70% of the coast retreating, 40% protected by dykes Quebec: 56%-80% of coast retreating, depending on the sites PhotoS.Weissenberger,2013 Coastalerosionanddamagetoinfrastructure PhotoS.Weissenberger,2012 PhotoS.Weissenberger,2012 Coastalerosionanddamagetoinfrastructure Abandoned road due to coastal erosion – Richibucto Head PhotoS.Weissenberger,2012 N-B,n.d. PROTECTION>IMPACTONTHELANDSCAPE PhotoS.Weissenberger,2014 PhotoS.Weissenberger,2014 Institutionalcontext 1. Quebechasaproactiveclimatechangestance,butmore centeredonmitigationthanadaptation,andmoreondisaster riskreductionthancoastalzoneplanning,10mbufferzone 2. New-Brunswickhasaclimatechangepolicysince2002,butstill isn’tenforceablelegislation 3. Inbothprovinces,adaptationmostlyfallsontheshouldersof localgovernments(notfederalorprovince) 4. InN-B,~30%ofthepopulationlivesinLSD=>governance reform2013,creationofRSC Researchgroupsandprojects • Umoncton researchgroup,O.Chouinard,S.Weissenberger,M.Noblet • Shippagan researchgroup:UMOncton (J.Guillemot),IRZC(M.Aubé) AcadianPeninsula • UQARresearchgroup:S.Plante,M.Noblet – Quebec,CURAproject • EnvironmentCanadaprojectontheimpactofsealevelriseand climatechangeonthesouth-eastcoastofNewBrunswick,2006,Réal Daigle • FinancingfromHSRC,EnvironmentCanada,NaturalResources Canada,NBETF,FQRSC,other Participativeactionresearch • Advocatedasausefulapproachintacklingclimatechangeadaptation byresearchersandinternationalagenciesCare,CGIAR,IDRC,IIED,or IISD(Bizikova etal.,2014;BrownandHarvey,2009;Germanetal., 2012;Jost etal.,2014;McClymont PeaceandMyers,2012;Reidetal., 2012,vanBuuren etal.,2015) • ResearchWITHpeopleandnotONpeople • Co-constructionofknowledgeandadaptationplans • Researchersarepartners,neitherleadersnorconsultants(facilitators) • Communitydevelopment,community-basedadaptation • Groundedtheory(i.a.GlaserandStrauss,2nd Chicagoschool) Methodology– varies! • Questionnaires • Semi-directedinterviews • Focusgroups • “Kitchenassemblies” • Participativeobservation • Publicpresentations • Tools:participativemapping,participativeranking,methodof evaluationbygroupfacilitation(MEGF,astructurediterative approachtoelicitconsensualstatementsbyagroupofindividuals Projecttimeline– varies! • 1)Negotiatethetermsofreferenceoftheprojectwiththe communities,includingtheconcernsofthecommunities,the desiredoutcome,thetimetable, • 2)establishadiagnosisofthepresentsituationthrough questionnaires,interviews,participantobservation, bibliographicalreview,dataanalysis,cartography, • 3)engaginganopendialoguearoundtheimplicationsofclimate changeandadaptationwiththecommunity Tools:Resilienceplanning(Plante,2016) Advantages • Locallyadaptedsolutions • Abilitytothinkoutsideofthebox(i.e.outsideofthedam…) • Betteracceptabilityandcooptionbecauseofdeliberativeprocess • Appropriationofknowledgeandtools,betterunderstandingand preparedness • Moreabletonegotiatewithgovernmentlevelsandleverage funds • Strengtheningcommunitycohesion • Contributiontocommunitydevelopment Infrastructuretools Example:Pointe-Du-Chêne PhotoS.Weissenberger,2014 Photo:S.Doiron,2010 Regulatorytools Beaubassin-Est: the rural community voted a by-law (CGVD28, by-law 09-1 B, February 2011) that specifically includes future sea level rise in the maximum height of the habitable part of new constructions. Since then adopted by neighbouring communities. Sainte-Marie-Saint-Raphaël, Shippagan: introduction of a no-build zone of 30 m from any fresh- or saltwater body. Governancetools Cocagne: creation of a rural community by majority vote in 2013. GrandeDigue held no referendum, Dundas referendum ended in a tie. Planningtools Le Goulet, Shippagan, Bas-Caraquet: flood zone modelling using LiDAR DEM models and IPCC SLR projections. BasCaraquet a hundred-year storm flood in 2011, Shippagan and Le Goulet 50 and 100-year storm surges in 2055. Study site Priority actions at the end of the project Bathurst/Bayshore Protection structures built uniformly according to specifications 1) Evaluation of the risk of submersion and erosion, identification of risk zones under different sea level rise scenarios 2) Mitigation measures against sea level rise: - Restriction of development in risk zones Shippagan - Comparison of different adaptation measures (riff-raff, retreat, etc.) - Evaluation of protection options for road 113 3) Education of the population about effective, environmentally friendly and authorized protection means Le Goulet LIDAR measurement of the territory and mapping of flood zones 1 Protection: - A system of dykes in accord with IPCC sea level rise predictions - Barriers placed at an angle 2 Accommodation: Cocagne and - Elevate roads and buildings Grande-Digue 3 Retreat: - Move the road further inland - Move buildings at risk and provide financial incentives - A government buy-me-out program for properties at risk Outreach Carron Point Life in a Coastal Ecosystem “Towards a Sustainable Community Plan” Published by: The Carron Erosion Study Team and Steering Committee, March, 2009 Université de Moncton Your Environmental Trust Fund at work! Challengesandlimitations • Thereneedstobeawilltoengageandadapt • Presenceofleadersandactors(localgovernments,RSC, associations) • Reachingaconsensus(notalwaysthecase) • Time:slowprocess • Long-termfunding • Conflictinginterests • Establishmentofarelationshipoftrust • Communicationissues • Mobilizationoftheentirecommunity • Preconceptions,denial • Roleofgovernmentandagencies Challengesandlimitations ? Science ! Action Challengesandlimitations ? Science ! - Naturaldynamics - Socialdynamics Action Social-ecologicalsystem THANKYOU! QUESTIONS?