Download The Participative Action Research Approach to Climate Change

Theparticipativeactionresearchapproach
toclimatechangeadaptationinAtlantic
Canadiancoastalcommunities
Session 1B: Climate Adaptation Management in Rural and Urban Areas (Wood Auditorium)
14:30-14:50- The Participative Action Research Approach to Climate Change Adaptation in Atlantic
Canadian Coastal Communities (Omer Chouinard and Sebastian Weissenberger, Département de
sociologie, Programme, de Maîtrise en études de l’environnement, Université de Moncton, Institut des
sciences, de l’environnement, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada)
14:50-15:10Recent Harm, Problematic
Impacts, and Socially Feasible Adaptation Options to
OmerChouinard,Université
deMoncton
Heatwaves and Heavy Rain Events in New York City (Diana Reckien, University of Twente, The
Netherlands)
StevePlante,Université duQuébecà Rimouski
15:10-15:20Discussion
SebastianWeissenberger,Université
duQuébecà Montréal
Noblet,Université
PicardieJulesVerne
15:20-Mélinda
15:50- Break
and visits to displays
JulieGuillemot,Université
deMonctonCampusdeShippagan
15:50-16:10Climate-Based Agricultural
Decision Tools for the Northeastern United States
(Jonathan Lambert, Cornell University, USA)
16:10-16:30- Selection Support Framework Fostering Resilience Based on Neighbourhood Typologies
(Laura Kleerekoper, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Netherlands)
16:30-16:50- A Framework For Evaluating and Comparing Climate Change Adaptation in U.S. Cities
(Meghan Doherty, ND-GAIN Urban Adaptation Assessment, USA)
Québec
Founded1608
NewBrunswick
Founded1604(Acadia),NB1784
Area
1542056km2 (595391mi2)
2nd,15.4%ofCanada
Area
72908km2 (28150mi2)
11th,0.7%ofCanada
Population7903001(2nd)
Density5.79/km2 (15.0/mi2)
Population751171(8th)
Density10.51/km2 (27.2/mi2)
GDPpercapita
C$44,499(10th)
GDPpercapita
C$42,606(11th)
Languages
French78%
English7.7%
SeveralFirstNations
Languages
English 65.6%
French 31.9%
Míkmaq 0.42%
CoastlineGaspésie800km
Humidcontinentalclimate
EasternCanadianforest
USA
Coastline5500km
NS
Humidcontinentalclimate
EasternCanadianforest
Sealevelrise
Stormfrequencyandamplitude
Increasein
high
amplitude
storms
Decreaseinice
cover
Winterstormof2001
January2010
January2010
Coastalerosionanddamagetoinfrastructure
PhotoS.Weissenberger,2012
New-Brunswick: 70% of the coast retreating, 40% protected by dykes
Quebec: 56%-80% of coast retreating, depending on the sites
PhotoS.Weissenberger,2013
Coastalerosionanddamagetoinfrastructure
PhotoS.Weissenberger,2012
PhotoS.Weissenberger,2012
Coastalerosionanddamagetoinfrastructure
Abandoned road due to coastal
erosion – Richibucto Head
PhotoS.Weissenberger,2012
N-B,n.d.
PROTECTION>IMPACTONTHELANDSCAPE
PhotoS.Weissenberger,2014
PhotoS.Weissenberger,2014
Institutionalcontext
1. Quebechasaproactiveclimatechangestance,butmore
centeredonmitigationthanadaptation,andmoreondisaster
riskreductionthancoastalzoneplanning,10mbufferzone
2. New-Brunswickhasaclimatechangepolicysince2002,butstill
isn’tenforceablelegislation
3. Inbothprovinces,adaptationmostlyfallsontheshouldersof
localgovernments(notfederalorprovince)
4. InN-B,~30%ofthepopulationlivesinLSD=>governance
reform2013,creationofRSC
Researchgroupsandprojects
• Umoncton researchgroup,O.Chouinard,S.Weissenberger,M.Noblet
• Shippagan researchgroup:UMOncton (J.Guillemot),IRZC(M.Aubé)
AcadianPeninsula
• UQARresearchgroup:S.Plante,M.Noblet – Quebec,CURAproject
• EnvironmentCanadaprojectontheimpactofsealevelriseand
climatechangeonthesouth-eastcoastofNewBrunswick,2006,Réal
Daigle
• FinancingfromHSRC,EnvironmentCanada,NaturalResources
Canada,NBETF,FQRSC,other
Participativeactionresearch
• Advocatedasausefulapproachintacklingclimatechangeadaptation
byresearchersandinternationalagenciesCare,CGIAR,IDRC,IIED,or
IISD(Bizikova etal.,2014;BrownandHarvey,2009;Germanetal.,
2012;Jost etal.,2014;McClymont PeaceandMyers,2012;Reidetal.,
2012,vanBuuren etal.,2015)
• ResearchWITHpeopleandnotONpeople
• Co-constructionofknowledgeandadaptationplans
• Researchersarepartners,neitherleadersnorconsultants(facilitators)
• Communitydevelopment,community-basedadaptation
• Groundedtheory(i.a.GlaserandStrauss,2nd Chicagoschool)
Methodology– varies!
• Questionnaires
• Semi-directedinterviews
• Focusgroups
• “Kitchenassemblies”
• Participativeobservation
• Publicpresentations
• Tools:participativemapping,participativeranking,methodof
evaluationbygroupfacilitation(MEGF,astructurediterative
approachtoelicitconsensualstatementsbyagroupofindividuals
Projecttimeline– varies!
• 1)Negotiatethetermsofreferenceoftheprojectwiththe
communities,includingtheconcernsofthecommunities,the
desiredoutcome,thetimetable,
• 2)establishadiagnosisofthepresentsituationthrough
questionnaires,interviews,participantobservation,
bibliographicalreview,dataanalysis,cartography,
• 3)engaginganopendialoguearoundtheimplicationsofclimate
changeandadaptationwiththecommunity
Tools:Resilienceplanning(Plante,2016)
Advantages
• Locallyadaptedsolutions
• Abilitytothinkoutsideofthebox(i.e.outsideofthedam…)
• Betteracceptabilityandcooptionbecauseofdeliberativeprocess
• Appropriationofknowledgeandtools,betterunderstandingand
preparedness
• Moreabletonegotiatewithgovernmentlevelsandleverage
funds
• Strengtheningcommunitycohesion
• Contributiontocommunitydevelopment
Infrastructuretools
Example:Pointe-Du-Chêne
PhotoS.Weissenberger,2014
Photo:S.Doiron,2010
Regulatorytools
Beaubassin-Est: the rural community voted a by-law (CGVD28, by-law 09-1
B, February 2011) that specifically includes future sea level rise in the
maximum height of the habitable part of new constructions. Since then adopted
by neighbouring communities.
Sainte-Marie-Saint-Raphaël, Shippagan: introduction of a no-build zone of
30 m from any fresh- or saltwater body.
Governancetools
Cocagne: creation of a rural community by majority vote in 2013. GrandeDigue held no referendum, Dundas referendum ended in a tie.
Planningtools
Le Goulet, Shippagan, Bas-Caraquet:
flood zone modelling using LiDAR DEM
models and IPCC SLR projections. BasCaraquet a hundred-year storm flood in 2011,
Shippagan and Le Goulet 50 and 100-year
storm surges in 2055.
Study site
Priority actions at the end of the project
Bathurst/Bayshore Protection structures built uniformly according to specifications
1) Evaluation of the risk of submersion and erosion, identification of risk zones
under different sea level rise scenarios
2) Mitigation measures against sea level rise:
- Restriction of development in risk zones
Shippagan
- Comparison of different adaptation measures (riff-raff, retreat, etc.)
- Evaluation of protection options for road 113
3) Education of the population about effective, environmentally friendly and
authorized protection means
Le Goulet
LIDAR measurement of the territory and mapping of flood zones
1 Protection:
- A system of dykes in accord with IPCC sea level rise predictions
- Barriers placed at an angle
2 Accommodation:
Cocagne
and
- Elevate roads and buildings
Grande-Digue
3 Retreat:
- Move the road further inland
- Move buildings at risk and provide financial incentives
- A government buy-me-out program for properties at risk
Outreach
Carron Point
Life in a Coastal Ecosystem
“Towards a Sustainable Community Plan”
Published by:
The Carron Erosion Study Team and Steering Committee,
March, 2009
Université de Moncton
Your Environmental Trust Fund at work!
Challengesandlimitations
• Thereneedstobeawilltoengageandadapt
• Presenceofleadersandactors(localgovernments,RSC,
associations)
• Reachingaconsensus(notalwaysthecase)
• Time:slowprocess
• Long-termfunding
• Conflictinginterests
• Establishmentofarelationshipoftrust
• Communicationissues
• Mobilizationoftheentirecommunity
• Preconceptions,denial
• Roleofgovernmentandagencies
Challengesandlimitations
?
Science
!
Action
Challengesandlimitations
?
Science
!
- Naturaldynamics
- Socialdynamics
Action
Social-ecologicalsystem
THANKYOU!
QUESTIONS?