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Geography Final Review Chapter 1 Vocabulary Location Absolute Hemisphere Grid System Latitude Longitude Relative location Place Region Formal Region Functional Region Perceptual region ecosystem Movement Human-environment interaction Physical Geography Human Geography Meteorology Cartography Geographic Information System Concepts Hemispheres Absolute Location Relative Location Concept of Place verses region Latitude Longitude Degrees (North, South, East, & West) Equator Prime Meridian Types of Geography Scientific Method – Make an observation – Restate as a hypothesis – Determine technique to test hypothesis and collect data – Test the validity of hypothesis Fall 2016 5 Themes of Geography Location Place Region Movement Human-Environment Interaction Chapter 2; Sections 1 & 2 Vocabulary Hydrosphere Lithosphere Atmosphere Biosphere Continental shelf Mantle Continental drift Magma Plate tectonics Subduction Accretion Spreading Fold Fault Weathering Erosion Loess Glacier Moraine Concepts Geography of the solar system The planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Geography Final Review Pluto Moons Asteroids Meteoroids Comets Composition of the planet Hydrosphere Lithosphere Atmosphere Biosphere Landforms Continents North America South America Europe Africa Asia Australia Antarctica Mount Everest Dead Sea Mariana Trench Interior of the planet Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core San Andreas Fault Ring of fire Results of Tectonic plates Earthquakes Volcanoes Process of weathering Results of erosion Chapter 2 Section 3 Vocabulary Water cycle Evaporation Condensation Fall 2016 Precipitation Desalination Groundwater Aquifer Know and Locate Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Southern Ocean Be able to label the Water Cycle Zone of Infiltration Zone of saturation Water Table Filtration/Natural/Soil/Sand Factors affecting groundwater Amount of precipitation Rate of evaporation Capacity of ground to accept and transmit water too subsurface Amount and type of vegetation Porosity Permeability Perched Water Table Aquifer Artesian Spring Wells Ogallala Aquifer Subsidence Hard Water Groundwater pollution Mine leavings/acid Geothermal Water Geysers Dissolves, removes, transports, and deposits rock-forming materials Mechanical role Encourages mass movement Chemical role Carbonation and other solutions Geography Final Review Fall 2016 Chapter 3 Section 1 Vocabulary Weather Climate Axis Temperature Revolution Equinox Solstice Greenhouse effect Global warming Concepts North Pole 90 degrees North Arctic circle 66.5 degrees North Tropic of Cancer 23.5 degrees North Equator Zero degrees Tropic of Capricorn 23.5 degrees South Antarctic Circle 66.5 degrees South South Pole 90 degrees South The season of the northern hemisphere diagram • Five basic atmospheric elements – Solar energy (insolation), temperature, pressure, wind, and precipitation • The sun’s energy comes from fusion – Electromagnetic energy – Shortwave radiation: gamma rays; x-rays, ultraviolet rays; visible light and near-infrared light – Longwave radiation: thermal infrared; microwaves; television and radio waves – Measures of energy: calorie, watts per square meter, joules per square meter, and solar constant • Insolation, sun angle, and duration – Seasonal temperature variations – Factors affecting insolation: sun angle and duration Sun’s vertical rays Sun’s oblique rays What is declination of the sun • Variations of insolation with latitude – North tropical zone – North middle-latitude zone – North polar zone or Arctic zone – South tropical zone – South middle-latitude zone Geography Final Review – South polar zone or Antarctic zone Characteristics of the atmosphere • Abundant gases – Nitrogen: largest proportion of air – Oxygen: vital to life • What is oxidation? • When iron reacts with oxygen it forms a chemical called rust because it has been oxidized (The iron has lost some electrons.) and the oxygen has been reduced (The oxygen has gained some electrons.). Fall 2016 – Toxic pollutant in lower atmosphere – Beneficial in upper atmosphere Energy Interaction • Energy transfer processes – Radiation: sun to Earth – Conduction: substances in contact – Convection: vertical transfer of heat – Advection: horizontal heat transfer • Water, energy, and heat – Latent heat exchange – Evaporative cooling • Temperature and heat – Heat: form of energy – Temperature: energy of individual molecules – Temperature scales: Fahrenheit and Celsius – • • • Argon: chemically inactive gas Water, particulates, and aerosols – Water vapor: absorbs heat in the lower atmosphere – Aerosols: particulates or liquids suspended in the atmosphere Carbon dioxide – Carbon cycle – Photosynthesis – Atmospheric greenhouse effect – Deforestation Ozone What is the greenhouse effect? Geography Final Review Chapter 3; Sec 2&3 Vocabulary Prevailing wind Coriolis Effect Doldrums Current El Nino Windward Leeward Rain shadow Natural vegetation Oasis Coniferous Deciduous Mixed forest Chaparral Prairie Permafrost Hypothesis Smog Subjects Latitude and climate Elevation and climate Wind and Ocean Currents Landforms and Climate Climate regions Climatic change Climate indicators Koppen System Based on, advantages, & disadvantages Koppen 6 climate categories Define climate region Define climate boundary line Climographs Biomes (4) Humid Tropical Forest Biome Tropical Rainforest Savanna Fall 2016 Arid Climates Desert Steppe Mesothermal Climate regions Mediterranean Humid subtropical Marine west coast Microthermal Climate regions Humid Continental Hot summer Mild summer Subarctic Seasonal changes Polar Climate Tundra Ice Sheet Highland Climate Region Windward slope precipitation Mountain Climates Tree Line Equilibrium line Climate change Global warming Radio carbon dating Sediments Ice Cores Causes of climate change Astronomical Ocean currents Land mass Impact Atmosphere Glacial melt Rising temperatures How we can affect climate change Map Quizzes Political Maps South America North America Geography Final Review Europe Africa Asia Land Form & Water Ways North America South America Europe, Africa, & Asia Fall 2016
