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SPECIAL DIETS Powerpoint © PDST Home Templates Economics. Page 1 • ANAEMIA •BOWEL DISORDERS •COELIAC •CORONERY HEART DISEASE •DIABETES •DENTAL CARIES •OBESITY •OSTEOPOROSIS •VEGETARIANISM Powerpoint Templates Page 2 Anaemia Powerpoint Templates Page 3 Anaemia • Anaemia is a disorder that occurs when there is an inadequate amount of iron in the blood • Causes: 1. Not getting enough iron from the diet 2. Not getting enough Vitamin C. 3. Heavy blood loss Powerpoint Templates Page 4 Groups at Risk 1. Teenage girls: due to loss of blood through menstruation and inadequate intake. 2. Vegetarians: there diet is deficient in meat and liver which are excellent sources of iron Powerpoint Templates Page 5 Dietary Guidelines • Eat foods rich in iron-red meat, dark green vegetables, cereals • Eat foods rich in vitamin C- citrus fruits, green vegetables Powerpoint Templates Page 6 Bowel Disorders Powerpoint Templates Page 7 Bowel Disorders • Caused by a lack of fibre in a person’s diet • Prevalent in developed countries where a lot of processed foods are eaten • Disorders include: 1. Constipation 2. Haemorrhoids(piles) 3. Diverticulitis 4. Colon cancer 5. Irritable bowel syndrome Powerpoint Templates Page 8 CONSTIPATION Constipation occurs when the stool passes through the large intestine too slowly and too much water is reabsorbed thus the faeces becomes hard and more difficult to expel Powerpoint Templates Page 9 What causes constipation? Powerpoint Templates Page 10 Some medical conditions that may cause constipation: 1.Pregnancy or having given birth 2.problems with the muscles and nerves in the intestine, rectum, or anus 3.Irritable bowel syndrome, a condition in which the nerves that control the muscles in the intestine don’t function correctly; the intestine becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress 4. Diabetes a condition in which a person has high blood sugar, because the body cannot use blood glucose, or blood sugar, for energy 5.Hypothyroidism a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormone to meet the body’s needs and many of the body’s functions slow down Powerpoint Templates Page 11 Haemorrhoids (Piles) Are swollen veins caused by severe straining during defecation. Internal piles are generally painless but can bleed if a hard stool rubs against it during a bowel movement. If an internal pile protrudes outside the anus it can cause severe pain External piles are painful swollen veins on anus they can cause itching and if ruptured they can bleed. Powerpoint Templates Page 12 Diverticular* Diverticular Disease disease affects the colon. The colon is part of the large intestine that removes waste from your body. Diverticular disease is made up of two conditions: diverticulosis and diverticulitis. Diverticulosis occurs when pouches, called diverticula, form in the colon. These pouches bulge out like weak spots in a tire. Diverticulitis occurs if the pouches become inflamed Powerpoint Templates Page 13 Causes of diverticular disease • Diverticulosis is thought to be caused by straining when passing stools. Diverticulitus is caused when the pouches become full of food waste. The bacteria present produce acids and gases causing inflammation and pain. Powerpoint Templates Page 14 Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) • Irritable bowel syndrome is not a disease it’s a function disorder meaning the bowel does not work correctly. • People with IBS can suffer from abdominal camps, bloating, diarrhea or constipation. • It does not damage the bowels Powerpoint Templates Page 15 • • • • • Bowel cancer Disorder of the colon and rectum Common in both males and females Can lead to anaemia due to blood loss Can spread to surrounding areas Curable if diagnosed early Powerpoint Templates Page 16 RDA of fibre • RDA of fibre: 25 – 35g of fibre every day Powerpoint Templates Page 17 Non-Starch Polysaccharides (NSP) • Also known as dietary fibre • Cannot be digested by the body • Prevents bowel disorders as it stimulates peristalsis (muscles in the gut move the food along). • Some NSP found in fruit & vegetables is soluble and is associated with reducing cholesterol. Powerpoint Templates Page 18 How to reduce the risk of bowel disorders • Follow a high fibre diet – Increase intake of fruit and vegetables – Eat fruit and vegetables with skin (contains fibre) – Add bran to breakfast cereals – Reduce intake of sugar and refined starch, choose wholegrain bread pasta etc. Instead – Increase intake of nuts and seeds Powerpoint Templates Page 19 • Exercise- lack of exercise increases risk of bowel cancer. • Drink more water – This assist the passage of fibre through digestive system Powerpoint Templates Page 20 COELIAC DISEASE Powerpoint Templates Page 21 What is Coeliac Disease? “ A disease where an individual cannot digest gluten” • Gluten is a protein. • It is found in wheat, rye, oats and barley and their products. Powerpoint Templates Page 22 What happens in the body? • The body lacks an enzyme which is needed to digest gluten. • The body sees gluten as dangerous and the small intestine inflames. • The gluten damages the lining of the intestine by flattening the villi meaning nutrients aren’t absorbed properly. • Results in weight loss, stomach pain, anaemia, tiredness, slow growth. Powerpoint Templates Page 23 Dietary Guidelines (Think GUIDE) • • • • • Gluten-free diet should be followed. Use gluten-free products. Include naturally gluten-free foods. Dieticians recommendations should be followed Eating processed foods requires being able to understand food labelling Powerpoint Templates Page 24 Avoid •Bread •Pasta •Biscuits •Cakes •Sausages •White sauce •Pastry •Soups •Sauces etc. Gluten free foods (natural) •Fruit •Vegetables •Meat •Fish •Yoghurt •cheese Powerpoint Templates Gluten free food products available Gluten free flour used for making.... •Gluten free biscuits •Gluten free cakes •Gluten free breads Page 25 Coronary Heart Disease Powerpoint Templates Page 26 Coronary Arteries The heart has its own supply of oxygenated blood. It gets this from the coronary arteries. Powerpoint Templates Page 27 What is Coronary Heart Disease? • Coronary heart disease occurs when fatty substances, including cholesterol become lodged on the walls of the coronary arteries causing narrowing of the arteries. • This blockage/hardening of the arteries is called atherosclerosis. Powerpoint Templates Page 28 Factors which increase the risk of CHD • • • • • Males over 45 Females over 55 Family history of CHD High cholesterol High blood pressure (hypertension) • • • • • • Lack of exercise Smoking Obesity Excess alcohol intake High stress level Diabetes mellitus Powerpoint Templates Page 29 Symptoms/effects of CHD • Often there are no symptoms at first • Angina: If the blood supply is restricted the lack of oxygen causes shortness of breath and severe chest pain. Brought on by exertion and emotional stress. • Heart attack/coronary thrombosis: explained on next slide • Sudden death Powerpoint Templates Page 30 Heart attack/coronary thrombosis: • A blood clot can develop in an already narrowed artery cutting off the oxygen to a part of the heart causing a heart attack. Powerpoint Templates Page 31 Lifestyle changes • Follow a low cholesterol, low salt diet. • Keep weight within acceptable range. • Do not smoke • Avoid alcohol • Exercise • Reduce stress levels Powerpoint Templates Page 32 Dietary guidelines • Decrease the overall fat content • Use fish and chicken as your source of protein instead of red meat which is high in saturated fat (and cholesterol). • Reduce salt intake Powerpoint Templates Page 33 • Increase fibre intake e.g. oats, bran, fruit and vegetables as they reduce LDL levels • Use mono and poly unsaturated sources of oil (they reduce LDL levels and reduce hardening of arteries Powerpoint Templates Page 34 What is Cholesterol? • Cholesterol is a soft wax-like substance. • It is found in every cell in the body. • Most cholesterol is made in the liver, some is obtained from food. • Essential part of cell membranes. • Cholesterol in blood helps transport fats around the body • Total cholesterol should be less than 5mmol/litre. Powerpoint Templates Page 35 • Cholesterol is carried through the body in the blood as part of a lipoprotein molecule. • There are two types of lipoprotein: Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) High-density lipoprotein •Good •Helps to remove cholesterol from tissues •Reduces the risk of CHD Powerpoint Templates •Harmful •Helps the build up of cholesterol Page 36 Lipoproteins 2 types: 1. Low Density Lipoproteins: leads to build up of cholesterol L for Lousy! 1. High Density Lipoproteins: eliminates excess cholesterol in blood H for Healthy ! Powerpoint Templates Page 37 DENTAL CAVITIES Powerpoint Templates Page 38 Dental Caries • Dental caries is the decay of the enamel of teeth • Two main forms of dental disease are 1. Periodontal disease 2. Dental Caries • Plaque is the main cause of these diseases – it is composed of bacteria and minerals from saliva. • Plaque can harden on teeth & if not removed – it causes a plaque build-up – causing irritation of the gums Powerpoint Templates Page 39 Guidelines to prevent Cavities • Increase the resistance of the tooth by regular brushing at least twice a day • Remove bacteria by using a mouthwash • Floss regularly to remove lodged food from between teeth • Visit a dentist at least twice a year • Use artificial sweeteners instead of sugar • Drink fluoridated water instead of fizzy drinks Powerpoint Templates Page 40 Diabetes Powerpoint Templates Page 41 Diabetes • Diabetes is the most common of the endocrine disorders • Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, controls the amount of glucose in a person’s blood • If there isn’t enough insulin, large amounts of glucose remain in the bloodstream Powerpoint Templates Page 42 What is Diabetes Mellitus? • Diabetes occurs when the body is unable to control glucose levels in the blood because of a deficiency of insulin or an inability of insulin to function properly in the body. Powerpoint Templates Page 43 Forms of Diabetes Type1: Insulindependent diabetes(juvenileonset diabetes) Type 2: Non-insulin dependent diabetes(maturityonset diabetes) Powerpoint Templates Page 44 Insulin dependent diabetes • Occurs mainly in children (some adults) Cause: Pancreas fails to produce insulin Treatment: Controlled by diet and insulin injections Powerpoint Templates Page 45 Insulin-Dependent Diabetes(IDD) • This form of diabetes usually begins in childhood or adolescence • Patients have a total lack of insulin & must inject insulin into their bloodstream daily or take oral medication Dietary Guidelines 1. Inject insulin before all meals – this enables the insulin to control the body’s glucose level, which rises when food is consumed 2. Reduce saturated fat intake, as a high fat intake could lead to coronary heart disease 3. Salt intake should be low, as salt increases the risk of high blood pressure 4. Maintain a high fibre diet Powerpoint Templates Page 46 Non-insulin dependent diabetes • Usually occurs in middle aged people or those who are overweight. Causes: •Not enough insulin is made in the body or •The body is not able to respond to the insulin. Treatment •Controlled by diet alone •Diet and tablets which control blood sugar levels Powerpoint Templates Page 47 Non-insulin dependent diabetes(NIDD) • Occurs in middle/later life & is associated with weight gain • Accounts for 90% of all cases of diabetes • NIDD patients either do not have enough insulin or the insulin they do produce is ineffective • NIDD is controlled by a rigid diet & in some cases medication is prescribed Dietary Guidelines 1. Body weight should be reduced by eating fewer calories 2. The intake of saturated fat should be reduced 3. The intake of fruit & vegetables, which are healthy alternatives to sugary snacks, should be increased 4. Salt intake should be kept low 5. Low glycemic index(low GI) foods should be consumed as they release energy slowly eg. starch Powerpoint Templates Page 48 Hypo & Hyperglycaemia Hypoglycaemia Hyperglycaemia • Occurs when a person’s • Occurs when there is not blood supply level drops enough insulin in the body considerably & their & a person’s blood sugar insulin levels remain high level rises • Glucose intake is • Insulin is needed to essential in order to prevent diabetic coma overcome a • Symptoms: vomiting, hypoglycaemic attack heavy breathing, diabetic • Symptoms: feeling ill, coma irritability, hunger & perspiration Powerpoint Templates Page 49 EATING DISORDERS Powerpoint Templates Page 50 2 Main Types... • Anorexia Nervosa: losing weight due to starvation, self-induced vomiting and abuse of laxatives • Bulimia: binge-eating followed by self induces vomiting Powerpoint Templates Page 51 Eating Disorders.... • ...are physiological problems where the victims are extremely thin but see themselves as not thin enough. • ....symptoms dizziness, tiredness, weakness, inability to concentrate, dry skin and hair. • ...visible signs extreme thinness, rotting teeth, facial & body hair. • ....can be fatal. Powerpoint Templates Page 52 Treatment... • Psychotherapy • Special dietary treatments However, eating disorders can harm the body in ways it cannot be repaired. Powerpoint Templates Page 53 Obesity • Obesity is a condition in which the body accumulates excess fat. • A person is considered to be obese if body weight is 20% or more above the recommended weight for a persons height. Powerpoint Templates Page 54 Some people store more fat than others High intake of convenience foods Certain drugs increase weight Genetic Inheritance Energy intake greater than output Lack of exercise Causes of Obesity Powerpoint Templates Hormonal Imbalance – thyroid gland Page 55 High Blood pressure Varicose veins CHD – build up of cholestero l Breathing Difficulties Risks associated with obesity Psychological problems – depression & low self esteem due to poor self image Gall stones – high cholestero l Arthritis & Joint pain – excess weight DiabetesBack pain maturity due to onset excess Powerpoint Templates diabetes weight Page 56 Dietary Guidelines for Tackling Obesity 1. Weight Loss – gradual weight loss is more effective than excessive weight loss 2. Increase the intake of fruit & vegetables 3. Increase the intake of high fibre foods 4. Reduce the intake of saturated fat 5. Avoid convenience foods, which are high in additives 6. Eat a balanced diet – follow the food pyramid 7. Drink plenty of water PowerpointaTemplates 8. It is important to consult doctor Page 57 Osteoporosis Powerpoint Templates Page 58 What is Osteoporosis? • Osteoporosis is a disease which causes the bones to become thin and porous • This results in bones being fragile and brittle and break easily. Powerpoint Templates Page 59 Peak bone mass • Peak bone mass is reached between 25 -35 years of age • Achieving this peak bone mass can reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis later in life Powerpoint Templates Page 60 Powerpoint Templates Page 61 Risk Factors • Gender: • • • • • More common in females (especially post menopausal women) Diet: A lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet Hereditary: Family history can increase risk Age: Risk increases with age Weight: Considerable weight loss may also cause loss of bone mass Lack of exercise: Contributes to weakening of bones Powerpoint Templates Page 62 Symptoms of osteoporosis • • • • • • Fragile, brittle bones Fracture of bones, esp. hips Neck and back pain Loss in height Rounded shoulders Curved or humped back Powerpoint Templates Page 63 How to reduce risk • Increase intake of calcium and vitamin D in diet. These aid calcium absorption. • Do not smoke and keep alcohol to a limit as these inhibit calcium absorption • Exercise regularly • Balance protein intake- too much or too little can have an affect on bone density • Women after menopause can use HRT (hormone replacement therapy) to help oestrogen loss. Powerpoint Templates Page 64 Types of Vegetarians • Lacto Vegetarian • Lacto Ovo Vegetarian • Pesco Vegetarian • Pollo Vegetarian • Vegan Powerpoint Templates Page 65 Ethical Religious Reasons Aesthetic Reasons for Vegetarianism Family Influence Economic Health Reasons Powerpoint Templates Page 66 Advantages of vegetarian Diets • Healthier as it contains less saturated fat, and more fibre therefore there is less chance of CHD and bowel disorders. • Eating more fresh produce means that less additives are eaten. • A smaller number of vegetarians get diabetes • Less likely to suffer from obesity • The high level of fruit/vegetables means obesity is less likely. • Has less sugar Powerpoint Templates Page 67 Planning Vegetarian Diets • Vegans can use alternative dairy foods e.g. Soya milk • Ensure you meet nutritional needs • Good alternative to meat=TVP • Each meal should include all food groups • Try to include Vitamin B through using wholegrain products e.g. Brown rice • Aim to include cheese, milk, yoghurt in lacto vegetarian diets for calcium and protein. • Replace animal fats with vegetable oils • Include herbs and spices in dished to add flavour • Aim to use fortified products for vegans • Note that vegetable stock cubes can be used in soups and sauces Powerpoint Templates Page 68 Vitamin D Calcium Cobalamin Riboflavin HBV Protein Iron Missing Nutrients Powerpoint Templates Zinc Page 69 Nutrient Plant Source HBV Protein Soya protein is a good source of HBV protein. Seeds & nuts are also good sources of vegetable protein Cobalamin Riboflavin is obtained from wholegrain cereals, leafy green vegetables, nuts & cereals Vitamin D Fortified cereals & soya milk provide cobalamin. Supplements may also be needed Sunshine is a good source. Foods – fortified margarine, breakfast cereals Calcium Fortified soya milk, fortified juices & leafy green vegetables Iron Dark, leafy green vegetables, wholegrains, prunes & dried fruit supply non-haem iron Zinc Wholegrains, nuts & beans are good sources Powerpoint Templates Page 70 Vegetarian Food Pyramid Dairy-2+ servings Legumes-2+ servings Fruit-2+ servings Vegatables-3+ servings Wholegrain 6+ servings Powerpoint Templates Page 71