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SPECIAL DIETS
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• ANAEMIA
•BOWEL DISORDERS
•COELIAC
•CORONERY HEART DISEASE
•DIABETES
•DENTAL CARIES
•OBESITY
•OSTEOPOROSIS
•VEGETARIANISM
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Anaemia
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Anaemia
• Anaemia is a disorder that occurs when there is an
inadequate amount of iron in the blood
• Causes:
1. Not getting enough iron from the diet
2. Not getting enough Vitamin C.
3. Heavy blood loss
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Groups at Risk
1. Teenage girls: due to loss of blood through
menstruation and inadequate intake.
2. Vegetarians: there diet is deficient in meat and
liver which are excellent sources of iron
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Dietary Guidelines
• Eat foods rich in iron-red meat, dark green
vegetables, cereals
• Eat foods rich in vitamin C- citrus fruits, green
vegetables
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Bowel Disorders
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Bowel Disorders
• Caused by a lack of fibre in a person’s diet
• Prevalent in developed countries where a lot of
processed foods are eaten
• Disorders include:
1. Constipation
2. Haemorrhoids(piles)
3. Diverticulitis
4. Colon cancer
5. Irritable bowel syndrome
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CONSTIPATION
Constipation occurs when the stool passes through
the large intestine too slowly and too much water is
reabsorbed thus the faeces becomes hard and more
difficult to expel Powerpoint Templates
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What causes constipation?
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Some medical conditions that may
cause constipation:
1.Pregnancy or having given birth
2.problems with the muscles and nerves in the intestine,
rectum, or anus
3.Irritable bowel syndrome, a condition in which the nerves
that control the muscles in the intestine don’t function
correctly; the intestine becomes sensitive to
food, stool,
gas, and stress
4. Diabetes a condition in which a person has high blood
sugar, because the body cannot use blood glucose, or blood
sugar, for energy
5.Hypothyroidism a condition in which the thyroid gland does
not produce enough hormone to meet the body’s needs and
many of the body’s functions slow down
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Haemorrhoids (Piles)
Are swollen veins caused by severe straining
during defecation.
Internal piles are generally
painless but can bleed if a
hard stool rubs against it
during a bowel movement. If
an internal pile protrudes
outside the anus it can cause
severe pain
External piles are painful
swollen veins on anus they can cause itching
and if ruptured they can bleed.
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Diverticular*
Diverticular Disease
disease affects the
colon. The colon is part of the
large intestine that removes
waste from your body.
Diverticular disease is made up
of two conditions:
diverticulosis and diverticulitis.
Diverticulosis occurs when
pouches, called diverticula,
form in the colon. These
pouches bulge out like weak
spots in a tire.
Diverticulitis occurs if the
pouches become inflamed
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Causes of diverticular disease
• Diverticulosis is thought
to be caused by
straining when passing
stools. Diverticulitus is
caused when the
pouches become full of
food waste. The
bacteria present
produce acids and gases
causing inflammation
and pain.
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
• Irritable bowel syndrome is
not a disease it’s a function
disorder meaning the bowel
does not work correctly.
• People with IBS can suffer
from abdominal camps,
bloating, diarrhea or
constipation.
• It does not damage the
bowels
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•
•
•
•
•
Bowel cancer
Disorder of the colon and rectum
Common in both males and females
Can lead to anaemia due to blood loss
Can spread to surrounding areas
Curable if diagnosed early
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RDA of fibre
• RDA of fibre: 25 – 35g of fibre every day
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Non-Starch Polysaccharides
(NSP)
• Also known as dietary fibre
• Cannot be digested by the body
• Prevents bowel disorders as it stimulates peristalsis
(muscles in the gut move the food along).
• Some NSP found in fruit & vegetables is soluble and
is associated with reducing cholesterol.
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How to reduce the risk of
bowel disorders
• Follow a high fibre diet
– Increase intake of fruit and vegetables
– Eat fruit and vegetables with skin (contains fibre)
– Add bran to breakfast cereals
– Reduce intake of sugar and refined starch, choose
wholegrain bread pasta etc. Instead
– Increase intake of nuts and seeds
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• Exercise- lack of exercise increases risk of bowel
cancer.
• Drink more water – This assist the passage of
fibre through digestive system
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COELIAC DISEASE
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What is Coeliac Disease?
“ A disease where an individual cannot digest gluten”
• Gluten is a protein.
• It is found in wheat, rye, oats and barley and their
products.
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What happens in the body?
• The body lacks an enzyme which is needed to digest
gluten.
• The body sees gluten as dangerous and the small
intestine inflames.
• The gluten damages the lining of the intestine by
flattening the villi meaning nutrients aren’t absorbed
properly.
• Results in weight loss, stomach pain, anaemia,
tiredness, slow growth.
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Dietary Guidelines
(Think GUIDE)
•
•
•
•
•
Gluten-free diet should be followed.
Use gluten-free products.
Include naturally gluten-free foods.
Dieticians recommendations should be followed
Eating processed foods requires being able to
understand food labelling
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Avoid
•Bread
•Pasta
•Biscuits
•Cakes
•Sausages
•White sauce
•Pastry
•Soups
•Sauces etc.
Gluten free foods
(natural)
•Fruit
•Vegetables
•Meat
•Fish
•Yoghurt
•cheese
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Gluten free food products
available
Gluten free flour
used for
making....
•Gluten free
biscuits
•Gluten free
cakes
•Gluten free
breads
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Coronary Heart Disease
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Coronary Arteries
The heart has its own supply of oxygenated
blood. It gets this from the coronary arteries.
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What is Coronary Heart Disease?
• Coronary heart disease occurs
when fatty substances,
including cholesterol become
lodged on the walls of the
coronary arteries causing
narrowing of the arteries.
• This blockage/hardening of
the arteries is called
atherosclerosis.
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Factors which increase
the risk of CHD
•
•
•
•
•
Males over 45
Females over 55
Family history of CHD
High cholesterol
High blood pressure
(hypertension)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lack of exercise
Smoking
Obesity
Excess alcohol intake
High stress level
Diabetes mellitus
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Symptoms/effects of CHD
• Often there are no symptoms at first
• Angina:
If the blood supply is restricted the lack of oxygen
causes shortness of breath and severe chest pain.
Brought on by exertion and emotional stress.
• Heart attack/coronary thrombosis: explained on next
slide
• Sudden death
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Heart attack/coronary thrombosis:
• A blood clot can develop
in an already narrowed
artery cutting off the
oxygen to a part of the
heart causing a heart
attack.
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Lifestyle changes
• Follow a low cholesterol, low salt diet.
• Keep weight within acceptable range.
• Do not smoke
• Avoid alcohol
• Exercise
• Reduce stress levels
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Dietary guidelines
• Decrease the overall fat content
• Use fish and chicken as
your source of protein
instead of red meat
which is high in saturated
fat (and cholesterol).
• Reduce salt intake
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• Increase fibre intake
e.g. oats, bran, fruit and
vegetables as they
reduce LDL levels
• Use mono and poly unsaturated sources
of oil (they reduce LDL levels and
reduce hardening of arteries
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What is Cholesterol?
• Cholesterol is a soft wax-like substance.
• It is found in every cell in the body.
• Most cholesterol is made in the
liver, some is obtained from food.
• Essential part of cell membranes.
• Cholesterol in blood helps transport fats around the body
• Total cholesterol should be less than 5mmol/litre.
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• Cholesterol is carried through the body in the blood as
part of a lipoprotein molecule.
• There are two types of lipoprotein:
Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL)
High-density lipoprotein
•Good
•Helps to remove
cholesterol from tissues
•Reduces the risk of CHD
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•Harmful
•Helps the build up
of cholesterol
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Lipoproteins
2 types:
1. Low Density Lipoproteins: leads to
build up of cholesterol
L for Lousy!
1. High Density Lipoproteins: eliminates excess
cholesterol in blood
H for Healthy !
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DENTAL CAVITIES
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Dental Caries
• Dental caries is the decay of the enamel of teeth
• Two main forms of dental disease are
1. Periodontal disease
2. Dental Caries
• Plaque is the main cause of these diseases – it is
composed of bacteria and minerals from saliva.
• Plaque can harden on teeth & if not removed – it
causes a plaque build-up – causing irritation of the
gums
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Guidelines to prevent Cavities
• Increase the resistance of the tooth by regular
brushing at least twice a day
• Remove bacteria by using a mouthwash
• Floss regularly to remove lodged food from between
teeth
• Visit a dentist at least twice a year
• Use artificial sweeteners instead of sugar
• Drink fluoridated water instead of fizzy drinks
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Diabetes
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Diabetes
• Diabetes is the most common of the endocrine
disorders
• Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, controls
the amount of glucose in a person’s blood
• If there isn’t enough insulin, large amounts of glucose
remain in the bloodstream
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What is Diabetes Mellitus?
• Diabetes occurs when the body is unable to control glucose
levels in the blood because of a deficiency of insulin or an
inability of insulin to function properly in the body.
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Forms of Diabetes
Type1: Insulindependent
diabetes(juvenileonset diabetes)
Type 2: Non-insulin
dependent
diabetes(maturityonset diabetes)
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Insulin dependent diabetes
• Occurs mainly in children (some adults)
Cause:
Pancreas fails
to produce
insulin
Treatment:
Controlled by
diet and insulin
injections
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Insulin-Dependent Diabetes(IDD)
• This form of diabetes
usually begins in
childhood or
adolescence
• Patients have a total
lack of insulin & must
inject insulin into
their bloodstream
daily or take oral
medication
Dietary Guidelines
1. Inject insulin before all meals –
this enables the insulin to
control the body’s glucose level,
which rises when food is
consumed
2. Reduce saturated fat intake, as
a high fat intake could lead to
coronary heart disease
3. Salt intake should be low, as salt
increases the risk of high blood
pressure
4. Maintain a high fibre diet
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Non-insulin dependent diabetes
• Usually occurs in middle aged people or those who are
overweight.
Causes:
•Not enough
insulin is made
in the body
or
•The body is not
able to respond
to the insulin.
Treatment
•Controlled by
diet alone
•Diet and tablets
which control
blood sugar levels
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Non-insulin dependent
diabetes(NIDD)
• Occurs in middle/later
life & is associated with
weight gain
• Accounts for 90% of all
cases of diabetes
• NIDD patients either do
not have enough insulin or
the insulin they do
produce is ineffective
• NIDD is controlled by a
rigid diet & in some cases
medication is prescribed
Dietary Guidelines
1. Body weight should be
reduced by eating fewer
calories
2. The intake of saturated fat
should be reduced
3. The intake of fruit &
vegetables, which are healthy
alternatives to sugary
snacks, should be increased
4. Salt intake should be kept
low
5. Low glycemic index(low GI)
foods should be consumed as
they release energy slowly
eg. starch
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Hypo & Hyperglycaemia
Hypoglycaemia
Hyperglycaemia
• Occurs when a person’s
• Occurs when there is not
blood supply level drops
enough insulin in the body
considerably & their
& a person’s blood sugar
insulin levels remain high
level rises
• Glucose intake is
• Insulin is needed to
essential in order to
prevent diabetic coma
overcome a
• Symptoms: vomiting,
hypoglycaemic attack
heavy breathing, diabetic
• Symptoms: feeling ill,
coma
irritability, hunger &
perspiration
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EATING DISORDERS
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2 Main Types...
• Anorexia Nervosa: losing weight due to starvation,
self-induced vomiting and abuse of laxatives
• Bulimia: binge-eating followed by self induces
vomiting
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Eating Disorders....
• ...are physiological problems where the victims are
extremely thin but see themselves as not thin enough.
• ....symptoms dizziness, tiredness, weakness,
inability to concentrate, dry skin and hair.
• ...visible signs  extreme thinness, rotting teeth,
facial & body hair.
• ....can be fatal.
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Treatment...
• Psychotherapy
• Special dietary treatments
However, eating disorders can harm the body in ways it
cannot be repaired.
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Obesity
• Obesity is a condition in which the body
accumulates excess fat.
• A person is considered to be obese if body weight
is 20% or more above the recommended weight for
a persons height.
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Some people
store more
fat than
others
High intake of
convenience
foods
Certain drugs
increase
weight
Genetic
Inheritance
Energy intake
greater than
output
Lack of
exercise
Causes
of
Obesity
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Hormonal
Imbalance –
thyroid gland
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High
Blood
pressure
Varicose
veins
CHD –
build up of
cholestero
l
Breathing
Difficulties
Risks
associated
with
obesity
Psychological
problems –
depression &
low self esteem
due to poor self
image
Gall
stones –
high
cholestero
l
Arthritis &
Joint pain
– excess
weight
DiabetesBack pain
maturity
due to
onset
excess
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diabetes
weight
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Dietary Guidelines for Tackling
Obesity
1. Weight Loss – gradual weight loss is more effective
than excessive weight loss
2. Increase the intake of fruit & vegetables
3. Increase the intake of high fibre foods
4. Reduce the intake of saturated fat
5. Avoid convenience foods, which are high in additives
6. Eat a balanced diet – follow the food pyramid
7. Drink plenty of water
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8. It is important to consult
doctor
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Osteoporosis
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What is Osteoporosis?
• Osteoporosis is a disease which causes the bones to
become thin and porous
• This results in bones being fragile and brittle and
break easily.
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Peak bone mass
• Peak bone mass is reached between
25 -35 years of age
• Achieving this peak bone mass can reduce the risk of
developing osteoporosis later in life
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Risk Factors
• Gender:
•
•
•
•
•
More common in females
(especially post menopausal
women)
Diet:
A lack of calcium and vitamin D
in the diet
Hereditary: Family history can increase risk
Age:
Risk increases with age
Weight:
Considerable weight loss may
also cause loss of bone mass
Lack of exercise: Contributes to weakening
of bones
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Symptoms of osteoporosis
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•
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Fragile, brittle bones
Fracture of bones, esp. hips
Neck and back pain
Loss in height
Rounded shoulders
Curved or humped back
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How to reduce risk
• Increase intake of calcium and vitamin D in diet.
These aid calcium absorption.
• Do not smoke and keep alcohol to a limit as these
inhibit calcium absorption
• Exercise regularly
• Balance protein intake- too much or too little can
have an affect on bone density
• Women after menopause can use HRT (hormone
replacement therapy) to help oestrogen loss.
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Types of Vegetarians
• Lacto Vegetarian
• Lacto Ovo Vegetarian
• Pesco Vegetarian
• Pollo Vegetarian
• Vegan
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Ethical
Religious
Reasons
Aesthetic
Reasons for
Vegetarianism
Family
Influence
Economic
Health
Reasons
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Advantages of vegetarian Diets
• Healthier as it contains less saturated fat, and more
fibre therefore there is less chance of CHD and
bowel disorders.
• Eating more fresh produce means that less additives
are eaten.
• A smaller number of vegetarians get diabetes
• Less likely to suffer from obesity
• The high level of fruit/vegetables means obesity is
less likely.
• Has less sugar
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Planning Vegetarian Diets
• Vegans can use alternative dairy foods e.g. Soya
milk
• Ensure you meet nutritional needs
• Good alternative to meat=TVP
• Each meal should include all food groups
• Try to include Vitamin B through using wholegrain
products e.g. Brown rice
• Aim to include cheese, milk, yoghurt in lacto
vegetarian diets for calcium and protein.
• Replace animal fats with vegetable oils
• Include herbs and spices in dished to add flavour
• Aim to use fortified products for vegans
• Note that vegetable stock cubes can be used in
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Vitamin D
Calcium
Cobalamin
Riboflavin
HBV
Protein
Iron
Missing
Nutrients
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Zinc
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Nutrient Plant Source
HBV
Protein
Soya protein is a good source of HBV protein. Seeds & nuts are
also good sources of vegetable protein
Cobalamin
Riboflavin is obtained from wholegrain cereals, leafy green
vegetables, nuts & cereals
Vitamin D
Fortified cereals & soya milk provide cobalamin. Supplements
may also be needed
Sunshine is a good source. Foods – fortified margarine,
breakfast cereals
Calcium
Fortified soya milk, fortified juices & leafy green vegetables
Iron
Dark, leafy green vegetables, wholegrains, prunes & dried fruit
supply non-haem iron
Zinc
Wholegrains, nuts & beans are good sources
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Vegetarian Food Pyramid
Dairy-2+ servings
Legumes-2+ servings
Fruit-2+ servings
Vegatables-3+ servings
Wholegrain 6+ servings
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