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Pursuit of Power Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School World History Fall 2009 Chapter Outline • • • • • • • • • I. Power of Kings A. Absolutism Triumphs in France B. Absolutism Spreads in Europe C. Absolutism Defeated in England II. Balance of Power A. War of the Spanish Succession B. War of the Austrian Succession C. Seven Years War D. The Partition of Poland Power of Kings: Absolute or Restrained • Over time, papal power declined and royal power increased. • Absolutism: total power without limit or restraint. • a. control over nation’s finances, religion, and nobility • b. increase size of army • c. develop a navy • d. increase size of government • e. expansion of territory Divine Right of Kings • God granted religious authority to kings, which gave them absolute authority. • They were not bound by man-made laws, but were responsible only to God for their actions • Question: How did one restrain royal power in 17th century Europe? Absolutism in France • Cardinal Richelieu • Cardinal Mazarin • Sought to increase personal power by strengthening royal power • Policies encouraged growth of absolutism in France Henry IV (1553-1610) French king who started French absolutism Converted from Protestantism to Catholicism a. reduced privileges of nobility b. increased government control of the economy c. promoted agriculture by draining swamps to create productive crop lands, • d. public works projects • e. encouraged education • Wildly popular • • • • • Henry IV • Henry IV Louis XIII (took over throne at age 9) • His mother, Marie de Medici, ruled France on his behalf. • At age 14, Cardinal Richelieu became king’s chief minister Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) Richelieu • French Clergyman, noble, and statesman • 1. eliminated Huguenot (French Protestant) opposition He made life unpleasant on Huguenots Forced them to house French soldiers Huguenot children to be reared by Roman Catholics Spies were sent to Huguenot churches • 2. further reduced power of nobility by removing them from government Intendents: officials responsible to the king who replaced nobility. Thirty Years War: See attachment • 1618-1648 (Protestant vs. Catholic) Key players: Gustavus Adolphus: King of Sweden (16111632) “father of modern warfare” Tactics: integrated artillery, cavalry, and infantry. Used more mobile artillery France entered on Protestant side: feared rise of unchecked Holy Roman Empire in Germany Peace of Westphalia (1648) • 1. ended the war • 2. independent Netherlands and Switzerland • 3. Germany was politically fragmented into 300 plus states • 4. German princes could decide religion in their territory • Outcome: France was most powerful nation in Europe Europe in 1648 Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661) • Chief minister of new child king, Louis XIV • Maintained policies of Richelieu • Frondes: nobility sponsored civil war against encroachment on feudal liberties. Middle class sided with nobility because of increased tax burden. It failed to change policies of the king. Cardinal Mazarin Civil War under Mazarin • Frondes: nobility sponsored civil war against encroachment on feudal liberties. Middle class sided with nobility because of increased tax burden. It failed to change policies of the king. • Lesson learned: Louis XIV would be heavy handed with the nobility in controlling them under his reign. King Louis XIV (L’etat c’est moi) • Reigned from 1643-1713 (Age of Louis XIV) • Longest serving European monarch at 72 years • Known as “The Sun King” Louis XIV in all his regal glory Financial Policies • 1. Control French finances: government spent more than it took in. • Appointed Jean-Baptiste Colbert: minister of finance • a. encouraged commercial activity and economic self sufficiency • b. supported mercantilism (more exports than imports) Military policies • 1. naval construction • 2. reorganized army: soldiers would owe allegiance to king, not to officers • Placed lieutenants colonels in army who were responsible to the king, not to the colonel in the army • 3. troops would wear the same uniforms Louis XIV soldier (far left) Edict of Nantes (1598) • Policy that granted religious toleration to Huguenots (French Protestants) was revoked by Louis XIV in 1685 • No Protestant education • Removed Protestant churches • Many Huguenots left France: serious blow to small business class • Louis XIV Versailles • Great palace near Paris that would exemplify power and importance of King Louis XIV • Sun King: center of European life. Versailles would become the center of courtly life in Europe and home to French nobility. Versailles Versailles • Versailles Foreign Policy under Louis XIV • Expanded influence of France through wars • French territory expanded • Wars were very expensive • War of the League of Augsburg • War of the Spanish Succession Louis XV • Great-grandson of Louis XIV Absolutism in Europe • Brandenburg-Prussia • Austria • Russia Brandenburg-Prussia Prussia • Limited territorial definition forced rulers to use other methods for unifying the region. • a. military • b. bureaucracy • Junkers: landed East Elbian gentry and nobility were employed by the state as military officers and bureaucrats. Frederick William (1620-1688) Frederick William • “The Great Elector” • Joined scattered Prussian territories into a state • Increased the size of the Prussian army through heavy taxation • Built roads, established a postal system and developed a bureaucracy Prussian soldiers circa 1698 Frederick William I (16881740) Frederick William I • “Soldier King” • Developed reputation of Prussian army as effective fighting machine • Improved military discipline • Army grew to 83,000 men “Potsdam Giant” 6 ft tall soldiers Frederick II (1712-1786) Frederick the Great • • • • • Enlightened absolutist ruler Supporter of the arts Modernized the Prussian bureaucracy Promoted religious toleration Tripled the size of the Prussian state Hohenzollern • Dynastic rulers of Prussia Prussian army under Frederick the Great Absolutism in Austria • Hapsburgs: dynastic ruling family of Austria House of Hapsburg • 1440-1806: supplied Holy Roman Emperor Growth of Habsburg Empire to 1635 Difficult to create an absolutist state in Austria • 1. Roman Catholic Church and nobility were opposed • 2. Austria’s neighbors seized their territory (France and Prussia) • 3. multi-ethnic empire Joseph II (1741-1790) Joseph II • Tried to curb the power of nobility and church through heavy taxation • Centralized the government Enlightened Absolutist 1. freed the peasants 2. pushed educational reforms 3. took over church lands 4. granted religious freedom to nonCatholics • 5. eliminated the death penalty • • • • Maria Theresa Maria Theresa • Co-Ruler of Austria with son Joseph II between 1765-1780 • Wielded the real power when her husband, Francis I, was alive Absolutism in Russia Ivan IV The Terrible (1530-1584) • Became the first czar of Russia in 1547 • Greatly expanded the Russian Empire • Had St. Basil’s Cathedral built in Moscow • Over time, grew more mentally unstable St. Basil’s Cathedral Ivan killed his son by striking him in the head with a staff Romanov Dynastic Family 1613-1917 Peter the Great (1672-1725) Peter the Great • Modernized Russia by forcing western European ways on country • Traveled extensively throughout Europe • Returned with experts to help speed up modernization a. Improved the economy b. Constructed a navy c. Built St. Petersburg d. Outlawed older Russian traditions (beards and long oriental robes) St. Petersburg Peter the Great • Introduced the Western Calendar • Expanded Russian Territory, especially warm water ports on the Baltic • Defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War (1700-1721) dispute over Baltic Sea supremacy • Took over control of Russian Orthodox Church through the Holy Synod (Board of Directors controlled by Peter) Catherine the Great (17291796) • Encouraged education • Transferred church property to the government • Completed westernization started by Peter the Great • Expanded Russia by taking territory on the Black Sea England: no absolutist state • English kings had to deal with Parliament (representative assembly) • Parliament held “the power of the purse.” Right to tax and raise revenue Tudor house died out • Elizabeth I left no heirs to the throne of England. Power passed to House of Stuart. • James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England James I (1566-1625) • 3 issues faced James I • A. war with Spain: he ended it • B. Puritan demand to rid church of Roman Catholic trappings (rituals) Authorized a new English translation of the bible: King James version • C. Parliament’s demand for a greater voice in state and church matters James I • Sought conformity to the Anglican church • Those that did not conform could leave (Separatists), or Pilgrims. • James I believed in the “divine right of kings” • Continued to dismiss Parliament James I Charles I (1600-1649) • Continued policies of James I • Alienated Parliament by dismissing them Petition of Right (1628) • Document drafted by Parliament • 1. King did not have the right to make people pay taxes without Parliamentary consent • 2. Parliament would not tolerate arbitrary imprisonment of any subject • 3.No martial law could be declared during times of peace • 4. No quartering of troops in private homes without owner’s consent • Charles signed the document, but he dismissed them Parliament. No Parliament from 1629-1640 • Called Parliament after the Bishop Wars (1639-1640) • Scotland forced to come under Anglican Church, its liturgy and prayer book Charles needed money • 1. “Received” loans from rich merchants on fear of imprisonment and fines. • 2. “Ship” money. Tax on ports for the maintenance of a navy was extended to non-ports. 1640-1648: Long Parliament • Charles I forced to sign agreements: • 1. Parliament to meet every 3 years (Dissolution Act) • 2. Parliament could not meet without royal consent • 3. no taxes were legal except those passed by Parliament • 4. Royal courts of Charles were abolished Parliament Steps taken against the king • Puritans demanded an end to hierarchy of church • Parliament took over military • Result: Charles I took action • January 1642: Charles arrests members of Parliament. • Led to Civil War • Roundheads: Puritans, lower gentry, merchants, and Parliament • Cavaliers: members of nobility and supporters of the king Puritan Roundhead Cavaliers New Model Army • Led by Oliver Cromwell • Defeated Cavaliers at Naseby (1645) • Charles I surrendered almost a year later. English Civil War Reenactments Parliament attempted to dissolve the army • Army refused to disband • Occupied London and expelled conservatives from Parliament • Mini-revolution in 1648. • Charles was recaptured • 140 conservatives expelled from Parliament • “Rump Parliament”: remaining members of Parliament Charles I executed (January 30, 1649) Oliver Cromwell (1649-1658) • Leaders of the New Model Army • Established a Commonwealth based on a written Constitution • Took the title “Lord Protectorate” • England wanted a return to the monarchy after he died (his son ruled for one year, but was forced to resign) Charles II (1660-1685) • Son of Charles I • “Restoration”: reestablishment of Stuart monarchy • Parliament retained much of its power • Habeas Corpus: prisoners could not be arbitrarily be placed in jail: must have a trial. James II (1685-1688) • Roman Catholic brother of Charles II • Believer in absolutism William and Mary • Mary: daughter of James II and her husband, William of Orange were invited to take over the throne of England • “Glorious Revolution”: allegedly no blood (small conflicts did break out) was shed during transfer of power to the new Protestant rulers. Parliament limited William and Mary • Bill of Rights: 1688. limited royal power, civil liberties were established, and no future kings or queens could be Roman Catholic • Act of Settlement: 1701. Parliament established its right to grant throne to whomever it wished. • England was a modern constitutional monarchy. Queen Anne (1701-1714) • Sister of Mary • 1. 1707: Formation of Great Britain with Scotland. • 2. England grew into an empire with the acquisition of parts of Canada • 3. Political parties became an important force in the English government House of Hanover • George I (1714-1727) Spoke no English Robert Walpole: first prime minister of England George II (1727-1760) Development of cabinet system in England Balance of Power in Europe • Assurance that no one power would become dominant in Europe • 1. Prussia vs. Austria • 2. England vs. France War of the Spanish Succession • No direct heir to the Spanish throne in 1700 • Left to grandnephew Philip (grandson of Louis XIV) • Not accepted by other European powers (Grand Alliance) • 1713: Treaty of Utrecht • 1. Philip could keep throne, but Spain and France could not unite • 2. Spain surrendered Netherlands an in the Mediterranean area to Austria • 3. Britain won concession in Canada and Gibraltar • 4. England and Scotland became Great Britain in 1707. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) • • • • • • • War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Frederick the Great invaded Silesia. The event was precipitated when King Charles VI of Austria died in October 1740 leaving no son to succeed him. Charles had gone to great lengths to assure that his throne would go to Maria Theresa, his daughter. But Bavaria disagreed. During the internal conflict which followed, Frederick took Silesia. Frederick allied himself with Bavaria and invited France and Spain to take what ever they wanted from Austria. England allied with Austria because they, traditionally, did not like France. Peace was finally made in 1745 with the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 1. Maria was recognized as ruler of Austria 2. Austria ceded Silesia to Frederick 3. Parma was ceded to Spain (from Austria) 4. Lombardy was ceded to Sardinia 5. all other conquered lands were restored to their pre-1740 condition Seven Years War (1756-1763) • The French and Indian War (17541763) • • • • • • • • • • • • On the American continent, the French fort, Duquesne, on the Upper Ohio River near modern Pittsburgh, was attacked by George Washington. Meanwhile in Europe the conflict revolved around an attempt to take as much of Prussia from Frederick as possible. The confliict ended with the Peace of Paris 1763 and the Treaty of Hubertsburg 1. Frederick was allowed to keep Silesia This in spite of the fact that he had to fight against Austria, Russia and England 2. although thousands had died not a hamlet had changed hands in terms of territory. 3. This war determined the future of Prussia. Instead of being destroyed as it could have been it was allowed to become one of the great powers of Europe. Peace of Paris allowed: 1. France gave England all territories in New World east of the Mississippi but not New Orleans 2. West Indies islands were also given to England 3. France gave Spain as a compensation for Florida New Orleans and all French territory west of the Mississippi 4. In India the French east India company was permitted to keep 5 trading posts but was to keep out of native Partition of Poland between 1772-1795 • Divided between Austria, Prussia, and Russia