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CONTENTS Main Topics On the Universal Use of Tao —A Modern Explanation of Traditional Management Wisdom Zhan Shichuang / 1 Discussion on the Sincerest Path of The Doctrine of the Mean Yang Yan / 31 Confucius and the Origins of Social Autonomy Yao Zhongqiu / 47 Articles Chinese Social Organizations from a Behavier Capacity Perspective: A Collective Case Study Yu Xiang,Li Wei and Li Na / 58 Policy Design and Social Construction Amid Mass Protests —Examination of the Response to the Wukan Protests Zhang Chao,Li Xiaofang,Zhang Xiaoying and Zhou Shulin / 90 A Discussion of Effective Approaches for Chinese Rural Women to Participate in Community Governance —A Case Study on Zhou Village in Dengfeng,Henan Wang Xiaoli,Du Fangqin and Li Huiying / 114 On the Universal Use of Tao —A Modern Explanation of Traditional Management Wisdom Zhan Shichuang Abstract: Taoist scholars in Chinese history had wide-ranging views on management,with rich experience in social management especially. They established distinctive management philosophies and administrative plans by summarizing experiences and observing various human behaviors. They developed their ow n models of ideal society,such as “the society of great virtue” in which the people are unsophisticated,and all classes,high and low ,are affectionate towards each other and living in unity,while man and nature coexist harmoniously. On the basis of this ideal,the Taoist school formulated the management spirit of wuwei erzhi (to govern without exertion) and the administrative strategy of youdao erfa (from Tao to law). In Taoism,wuwei does not mean to do nothing,but is the greatest action of following the w ay of nature and respecting the creativity of every individual. The Taoist approach to management is reflective of combined movement and rest,harmony and order. Keywords: Taoism; Wuwei; Strategy Discussion on the Sincerest Path of The Doctrine of the Mean Yang Yan Abstract: “Zhicheng Zhidao”,or The Sincerest Path,is one of the basic theories encompassed by The Doctrine of the Mean for character cultivation and for the government of a country. It has been valued and expounded upon by Chinese scholars for time immemorial. Yet there has so far been no agreement about its meaning due to differing stances and cultural backgrounds. This paper re-explains the work from a semantic perspective and claims that cheng (sincerity) in the phrase refers to “the way of nature” and chengzhi (to attain sincerity) is “the way of man”. To ordinary individuals,their inborn xing (nature) of utmost innocence is concealed by their acquired uneven qi (lifeforce) , so that they possess sincerity but not in its complete form. They must therefore “choose what is good,and firmly hold fast to it” while making unceasing efforts so that they may gradually attain the greatest sincerity. He who attains the greatest sincerity is certain to understand all things; he who understands all things is surely the most sincere. Sincerity is the essence, while intelligence is for practical use. He who is the most sincere affects things naturally. The nature of the most sincere is not simply manifested externally by the attainment of the same,but is at the same time characterized by prompting other individuals and things to attain success. By determining right from wrong,he who is most sincere fulfills himself and things alike. As the highest state of cultivation,full sincerity also has its true utility and form in real life. In other words,what the last chapters of The Doctrine of the Mean deal with “ceaselessness of complete sincerity”. Keywords: The Doctrine of the Mean; Sincerest; Character cultivation and government Chinese Social Organizations from a Behavior Capacity Perspective: A Collective Case Study Yu Xiang,Li Wei and Li Na Abstract: There are varying perspectives and conclusions on Chinese social organizations which are subject to multiple influencing factors such as comparatively short courses of development, significantly complex development environments,and an arduous mission towards innovation. A legal status-based analysis of their capacity for action in such dimensions as “obligation to act”,“capacity to act” and “failure to act” has found that Chinese social organizations now possess certain capacities for autonomy,for acting as spokespersons,and for public services,and that there is an imbalance in terms of their capacity development. In order to help Chinese social organizations healthily develop,it is necessary to have a thorough diagnosis of their capacity for action,strengthen legal guidance in relation to their capacity for action,and channel resources tow ard improvement of their capacity structures while encouraging them to play a larger role in social development and management. Keywords: Capacity for action; Autonomy; Acting as spokesperson; Service Policy Design and Social Construction Amid Mass Protests —Examination of the Response to the Wukan Protests Zhang Chao,Li Xiaofang,Zhang Xiaoying and Zhou Shulin Abstract: Existing studies on mass protests primarily examine the process,consequences and implications of protests from such angles as resource mobilization,political structure and opportunity, as well as policy frameworks,with little attention paid to the guiding role that related government policy documents have in dealing with a mass protest. This paper analyzes the basic characters of government policies on the basis of related policy texts for dealing with mass protests,and further explains the basic logic behind their creation in the context of the Wukan protests and corresponding confirmatory analysis. The study has found that all policy elements such as policy purpose,target groups,framework of rules,policy instruments,and executive bodies have remarkable underlying assumptions about effectiveness. As soon as some of these assumed conditions fail to occur,policy failure is likely,as illustrated by the government response to the Wukan incident. Finally,the paper recommends that policy design discriminate such factors as protester scheme completeness and level of organization,conflict and information accessibility,as well as attitudes and reactions of objects of protest,and process-based dynamic management of stressors. Meanwhile,in face of varying circumstances,it is recommended that the policy design attach importance to policy design elements in relation to social construction,and adopt as appropriate an open,interactive policy design model which involves protesters in policy design and gives the public the right to know and to participate in decision-making. Keywords: M ass protest; Policy design; Social construction; Wukan protests A Discussion of Effective Approaches for Chinese Rural Women to Participate in Community Governance ———Case Study on Zhou Village in Dengfeng,Henan Wang Xiaoli,Du Fangqin and Li Huiying Abstract: The participation in community governance of rural women not only requires increases to the proportion of rural w omen participating in politics and improving competence in governance,but also involves the question of how they participate in community governance and how to ensure their true participation. The recently introduced quota policy for political participation of rural w omen provides a great boost to the proportion of women in politics,but in a rural social structure in which patriarchy remains dominant,women participating in politics are often unable to represent their interests and gender needs due to inadequate subjective consciousness and capabilities,with their participation virtually nothing more than a formality. With an analysis of Zhou Village's experience in successfully promoting the empowerment of rural w omen so that they may truly participate in community governance and then proceed to promote the structural reform in the community,this paper examines the effective approaches taken over the past decade for rural women's participation in community governance,and the far-reaching effects that their participation has had on individual status, economy, society and culture. The experience of Zhou Village,which has been a result of interaction, is global and local,original and contextual. Recognized,accepted and co-created by local women and other villagers,it will offer a special contribution to the ongoing social governance transformation in rural China. Keywords: Rural areas; Community governance; Women's participation “Cooperative Defense of Rights” and Interactive Mechanism of Parent Groups That Have Lost Their Only Child —A Virtual Ethnographical Study of the Online Community “Home of Parent Groups That Have Lost Their Only Child” Dong Yang,Chen Xiaoxu Abstract: As a product of the one-child policy,the group of parents in China who have lost their only child (know n in Chinese as“shidu”) ,are becoming an increasingly important social group,with their internal social relations and interactive mechanisms as w ell as external environments becoming an issue worth exploration. This paper is a case study involving virtual ethnography of the online community “Home of Parent Groups That Have Lost Their Only Child”,which,with a description of such interactions of shidu parents as their integration with the group,“cluster together for warmth”, cooperative defense of rights,divisions within the group,and renewed defense of rights,analyzing the characters and internal mechanisms of the group with the intention of having a better understanding of their circumstances of survival as w ell as appeals for help. Keywords: Shidu group; Virtual ethnography; Social relations; Interactive mechanism Lump Sum Grant: An Institutional Innovation of the Hong Kong Government for NGO Funding Lan Yuxin, Wang Chunting Abstract: The "Lump Sum Grant" system which the Hong Kong government has enacted for funding NGOs which provides public services is a product of combined political, economic, social structure action. The N GO development ecology is a new model in which public services are provided based on collaboration. This institutional innovation gives prominence to “Lump Sum Grants”,and is supplemented by other forms of funding and supported by effective supervision, risk control and performance assessment mechanisms. Hong Kong's NGO funding system is of important reference value to the Chinese government purchasing public services in current stages. Keywords: Hong Kong Government; Lump Sum Grant; NGO s; Public service Social Construction and the Mission of Sociology —A Review of On Social Construction by Lu Xueyi Chen Peng Abstract: Social construction studies are an important part of the academic legacy of renowned contemporary sociologist Lu Xueyi. An important work which Lu completed late in life,On Social Construction,is a systematic explanation and presentation of major thoughts and theories of the “social structure school” in Chinese social construction studies,representing the dedication of a generation of Chinese sociologists to public welfare and social progress. As China faces its “social legacies” amid its transformation,it is an unshirkable duty and mission for Chinese sociologists to actively build public consensus about social construction and to have the courage to serve as “the propeller of society”. Keywords: Social structure; Social legacy; Mission of sociology; On Social Construction