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INTERFIELD THEORIES Lindley Darden and Nancy Maull Interfield Theories • When two fields share interest in explaining different aspects of the same phenomenon. • And when the background knowledge between the two fields already exists. 1 Purpose of an Interfield Theory? • May provide answers to questions which arise in one field, but cannot be answered within it alone. • May focus attention on domain items not previously considered important. • May predict new domain items for one or both fields. FieldsInterrelations between the area of science. • Cytology • Genetics • Biochemistry 2 Fields Consist of The Following Elements: 1. Central Problem– a domain consisting of items taken to be facts related to that problem 2. General Explanatory Factors and Goals– Provides expectations as to how the problem is solved. 3. Techniques, Methods, Concepts, Laws and Theories– Related to the problem and attempt to realize the explanatory goals. Elements are also historical • Any or all of the elements of the field may have existed separately in science • BUT, they must be brought together in a successful way for the field to emerge. 3 Search for the Interfield Theory • Questions arose in each field which could not be answered using the concepts and techniques of that field. Chromosome theory of Mendelian Heredity • Genetics was unable to answer the question Where are the genes located? 4 Relations between Chromosomes and Genes Chromosomes Genes • Pure individual (remain distinct, do not join) • Found in pairs (in diploid organisms prior to gametogenesis and after fertilization) • The reducing division results in one-half to gametes. • Pure individual (remain distinct, do not join) • Found in pairs (in diploid organisms prior to gametogenesis and after fertilization) • The reducing division results in one-half to gametes Chromosome Theory of Mendelian Heredity “The genes are in or on the chromosomes. The theory solves the theoretical problem as to the nature of the relations between genes and chromosomes by introducing the new idea that the chromosomes are the physical location of the Medelian genes.” 5 Chromosome Theory of Mendelian Heredity • Interfield Theory • Unify the knowledge of heredity • Explain similar properties of chromosomes and genes • Focused on previously neglected items • Predict new items for the domains of each field The Operon Theory and Theory of Allosteric regulation • Chromosome theory lead to question: How did the genetic material act as a carrier of information in biological systems? 6 Operon Theory and the Allosteric Regulation Both theories deal with the control of gene expression • Operon theory control of protein levels • Allosteric regulation control of protein activity. Operon Theory • Biochemist interested in one aspect of the control of protein levels (quantity of a protein in a cell), enzyme adaptation or (enzyme induction). • Genetic Effect 7 Allosteric Regulation • Biochemistry • Physical chemistry Operon theory and Allosteric regulation • Operon theory provide links between genetics and biochemistry • Allosteric regulation serve as a bridge between biochemistry and physical chemistry. 8 ALL three cases are examples of interfield theories: •Chromosome Theory •Operon Theory •Allosteric Regulation Conclusion Function of Interfield Theories: • To solve the theoretical problem which led to its generation, that is, to introduce a new idea as to the nature of the relation between fields. 9 Conclusion • To focus attention on previously neglected items of the domains of one or both fields • To predict new items for the domain of one or both fields • To generate new lines of research which may, in turn, lead to another interfield theory. Questions • Since interfield theories bridge together two fields, why is or why isn’t this important to the science community? • What is the importance of background knowledge in relation to interfield theories? 10