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Back Print Name Class Date The Jefferson Era Section 1 HSS 8.4 MAIN IDEAS 1. The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transition in power from one political party to another. Students analyze the aspirations and ideals of the people of the new nation. 2. President Jefferson’s beliefs about the federal government were reflected in his policies. 3. Marbury v. Madison increased the power of the judicial branch of government. Key Terms and People John Adams Federalist president first elected in 1796 who lost the 1800 presidential election Republican who defeated John Adams in the presidential election of 1800 John Marshall a Federalist appointed by Adams to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Marbury v. Madison a case that established the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review judicial review the Supreme Court’s power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional Thomas Jefferson Academic Vocabulary functions uses or purposes Section Summary THE ELECTION OF 1800 Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams and became president in 1800. In campaigning, both sides had made their cases in newspaper editorials and letters. Both sides believed that if the other gained power, the nation would be destroyed. The campaigning was intense. Federalists said if Jefferson gained power, revolution and chaos would follow. Republicans claimed that Adams would crown himself king. Jefferson and Aaron Burr, his vice presidential running mate, each won 73 votes. After the thirty-sixth ballot in the House of Representatives, Jefferson was elected President. How did the presidential candidates wage the campaign of 1800? Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 56 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Back Print Name Class Date Section 1, continued JEFFERSON’S POLICIES Jefferson gave his first speech in the new capitol. He said he supported the will of the majority. He emphasized his belief in a limited government and the protection of civil liberties. Jefferson convinced Congress to let the Alien and Sedition Acts expire. He cut military spending to free money to pay the national debt. The Republican-led Congress passed laws to end the unpopular whiskey tax and other domestic taxes. In 1801 the national government was made up of only several hundred people. Jefferson liked it that way. He thought that safeguarding the nation against foreign threats, delivering the mail, and collecting custom duties were the most important functions of the federal government. Jefferson had fought Alexander Hamilton over the creation of the Bank of the United States, but he did not close it. MARBURY V. MADISON Adams filled 16 new federal judgeships with Federalists before leaving office. Republicans in Congress soon repealed the Judiciary Act upon which Adams’s appointments were based. A controversy arose when Adams appointed William Marbury as a justice of the peace. The documents supporting Marbury’s appointment were never delivered. When Jefferson took office, Secretary of State James Madison would not deliver them. Marbury sued and asked the Supreme Court to order Madison to give him the documents. John Marshall wrote the Court’s opinion in Marbury v. Madison. He ruled that the law which Marbury’s case depended upon was unconstitutional. The case established the Court’s power of judicial review. Name one action Jefferson took based on his principles. Why might Jefferson have left the national bank alone? Why did Marbury sue Madison? CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Making Inferences What if the 1800 campaign were waged as campaigns are waged now. Write a speech that you think Thomas Jefferson would give. Deliver his speech. HSS Analysis Skills HI 5 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 57 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Back Print Answer Key Chapter 6 Launching the Nation CHAPTER SUMMARY 1. Federalist Party, Democratic-Republican Party 2. The Alien Act allowed the president to remove foreign residents he believed were involved in secret plots against the government. The Sedition Act forbid U.S. citizens to write, say, or publish anything that criticized the government. 3. Answers will vary. SECTION 1 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Accept any responses that incorporate details from Washington’s inauguration and that correctly use the letter format. SECTION 2 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Students’ speeches should show an understanding of Hamilton’s and Jefferson’s views of people. The speeches should be persuasive and they should incorporate details from the text. SECTION 3 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY 1790 Little Turtle leads Native American forces over U.S. forces 1791 Whiskey Rebellion breaks out when Congress passes a tax on American-made whiskey 1793 George Washington issues the Neutrality Proclamation 1793 Secretary of State Jefferson resigns 1794 United States and Great Britain sign Jay’s Treaty 1794 American Indians defeated in the Battle of Fallen Timbers 1795 United States and Spain agree to Pinckney’s Treaty 1795 Treaty of Greenville gives the United States entry to American Indian lands in the Northwest Territory SECTION 4 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Essays should state that in 1798, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions declared it was the right of the states to declare federal laws illegal. Essays should demonstrate an understanding of the arguments for and against granting these powers to the states. Chapter 7 The Jefferson Era CHAPTER SUMMARY 1. War Hawks in Congress wanted to go to war with Britain because they resented British restraints on U.S. trade. They also were concerned with British influence on Native Americans. 2. Answers will vary. Responses should show an understanding of the War of 1812. 3. Answers will vary but may say that the size of the United States nearly doubled, opening more western lands for settlers. SECTION 1 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Speeches should show that students understand the issues of the 1800 campaign and how campaigns are waged today. SECTION 2 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Students’ diary entries should incorporate details from the text about the Lewis and Clark expedition. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 169 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Back Print Answer Key SECTION 3 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Answers will vary. Sample correct responses: powerful British navy, Americans opposed to the war, Native Americans collaborating with the British, British blockade of U.S. trade. SECTION 4 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Letters should demonstrate an understanding of how difficult trade in the seas was for the United States before and during the War of 1812. Chapter 8 A New National Identity CHAPTER SUMMARY 1. The Monroe Doctrine gave the United States the identity of protector in foreign policy. 2. Henry Clay’s American System sought to strengthen the economy, make the United States economically self-sufficient, and reduce regional conflicts. 3. Answers will vary. Students may say that pride in creativity and ideals from U.S. culture increased the sense of national identity. SECTION 1 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Cause Effect United States and Great Britain want to retain their navies and freedom to fish on the Great Lakes. Rush-Bagot Agreement and Convention of 1818 resolve the issues. Jackson captures most of Spain’s key military posts. Adams-Onís Treaty settles all border disputes between the United States and Spain. European countries interfere with the new Latin American nations. Monroe issues the Monroe Doctrine to establish the relationship between European nations and the United States in the Western Hemisphere. SECTION 2 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Answers and conclusions will vary. Students should show that they understand the controversy caused by Adams and Clay in the election of 1824. SECTION 3 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Responses will vary and should incorporate elements from the western American landscape in the 1800s. Chapter 9 The Age of Jackson CHAPTER SUMMARY 1. Sample correct responses: More people received the right to vote, parties began to hold nomi- nating conventions, the North and South were divided over trade issues. 2. Sample correct responses: Northerners supported tariffs because tariffs helped them compete with British manufacturers; southerners opposed tariffs because tariffs resulted in higher prices for items that southerners needed. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 170 Interactive Reader and Study Guide