Download 1. Six other states

I.
THE SECESSION CRISES
A. The Withdrawal of the South/*Est. of the Confederacy​
(p. 368) 1. Six other states secede along w/ S.C~ S.C first (1860­1861) a) Repr. meet and form a new nation: ​
C.S.A b) Pres. Buchanan says that no state had right to secede c) States had power to seize federal property within it boundaries but no power to seize mil. installations (1) Fort Sumter​
; states want surrender of Sumter B. The Failure of Compromise 1. Crittenden Compromise​
: proposal to re­establish the MO Comp. Line in all present/future terr. of U.S 2. Lincoln’s ​
inauguration​
: No state could leave the Union a) Force or violence to support secession was insurrectionary b) Gov. could “hold, occupy, possess” fed. property in seceded states C. Fort Sumner 1. Lincoln believed surrendering Sumner would make his commitment to maintaining the Union no longer credible a) Relief expedition​
: no attempt to send troops/munitions unless the supply ships met with resistance 2. Conf. POV: accepting the relief expedition would be submission to federal authority a) Decision: attack 3. Conf. send a commander to take the island, by force if nec. a) Fort refuses to be surrendered and Conf. bombard it for two days until it surrenders: ​
Civil War​
begins D. The Opposing Sides (p. 370) 1. The North had all the important material advantages in the war a) Population twice as large as the South = bigger army b) Adv. ind. system: manuf. almost all own war materials 2. Adv. did not help much yet, as fighting happened in South 3. South. believed that Fr./Br. dependence on cotton required them to side with the Conf. II.
THE MOBILIZATION OF THE NORTH A. Economic Measures (p. 371) 1. South. forces gone from Cong. = Repb.­ unchallenged power a) Enacts a nationalistic program to promote econ. dev. focusing on the West 2. Republican Economic Policy a) Homestead Act of 1862​
: permit any citizen or prospective citizen to claim 160 acres of public land/purchase it for a small fee after living on it for five years b) Morrill Land Grant Act​
: transferred subst. public land to state gov.; to sell the land/use proceeds to finance public ed. c) Series of tariffs passed as well 3. Complete transcontinental railroad dream 4. National Bank Acts of 1863­1864​
(new nat. banking system) a) Existing or new banks with enough $ could join system and invested ⅓ of it in gov. securities (1) In return: issue U.S Treasury notes as currency (a) New uniform system of nat. bank notes 5. Gov. tries to finance war itself in three ways a) First income tax, but not very helpful b) Paper currency: “greenbacks”; value varied though c) Largest source: loans from the Am. people B. Raising the Union Armies (p. 374) 1. 2 million+ served in the Union armies a) Army as little as 16,000 at first/ many stationed in West to protect white settlers from Indians (1861) 2. Switched from voluntary enlistment (which declined) to Congress forced to pass a ​
national draft law ​
(1863) a) All young adult males eligible b) Escaped service if hired another man or pay fine to gov. 3. Widespread opposition to draft law, soon erupted into violence a) Riots in N.Y after first names selected ​
conscription b) Irish workers at center, blaming A­As for war C. Wartime Politics (p. 375) 1. Lincoln ignored inconvenient parts of the Const. a) Believed declaring war would constitute clear recognition of Conf. as an independent nation 2. Lincoln greatest political problem: widespread opp. to war a) Peace Democrats ​
fear Repb. nationalism eroding states rights (1) Linc. used crazy methods to suppress opp. (a) Mil. arrests of protesters/susp. habeas corpus (right of arr. person to speedy trial) 3. Lincoln defied all efforts to curb his authority to suppress opp. 4. Election of 1864:​
Union Party​
formed from Repb. and War Dem. a) Union Party nom. Lincoln (1) Union victories happening helped him win D. The Politics of Emancipation (p. 376) 1. Radical Repb.​
wanted to use the war to abolish slavery imm. 2. Confiscation Act (1861)​
: all slaves used for fighting for the Conf. would be considered freed 3. 2nd Confiscation Act (1862)​
: freedom for slaves of Conf. civ./off. 4. 1862­ Exec. order freeing all slaves in the Conf. except those already under Union control: ​
Emancipation Proclamation a) Applied only to slaves under Confederate control b) Est. that war was not only being fought to save the Union but also emancipate slavery 5. 1865​
­ Congress approved abolishing slavery as an inst. in all parts of U.S in the states ratified under the ​
13th Amendment E. African Americans and the Union Clause (p. 377) 1. Once Emanc. Procl. issued, black enlistment increased rapidly a) Org. into fighting units:​
Fifty­fourth Mass. infantry 2. Most black soldiers assigned to menial tasks a) Digging trenches/transporting water 3. Black mortality higher b/c of working in unsanitary conditions F. The War and Economic Development 1. War sped up economic dev. of the North a) Required expansion of certain sectors of economy (1) Coal, railroad facilities, adv. mechanization of agr. b) Diff. for American workers: increasing mechanization of production eliminated jobs G. Women, Nursing, and the War (p. 378) 1. Women took over positions vacated by men, esp. nursing 2. U.S Sanitary Commission​
: org. of civilian volunteers led by Dix and mobilized large numbers of female nurses 3. National Women’s Loyal League (1863)​
: First women’s pol. org. trying to abolish slavery and award suffrage to women III.
THE MOBILIZATION OF THE SOUTH A. The Confederate Government (p. 379) 1. Conf. const. similar to U.S Const. w/ significant exceptions a) Explicitly ack. sovereignty of the individual states b) Made abolition of slavery nearly impossible 2. No formal parties 3. Some Southerners (mostly poor) opposed secession and war 4. Most South. supported war but not the new gov./military B. Money and Manpower 1. Financing the Conf. war effort was nearly impossible a) Involved creating a national revenue system in a society unaccustomed to significant tax burdens b) Small and unstable banking system c) Liquid assets scarce b/c most $ spent on slaves/land 2. Taxation, bonds, borrowing in Eur. using cotton: not much $ 3. Conf. had to pay for war through least stable/most destructive form of financing: ​
paper currency a) Chaos: Conf. had not est. uniform currency system (1) Disastrous inflation (prices rose 9,000 %) 4. Conf. cong. enact the ​
Conscription Act (1862)​
: all white males b/w 18­35 to military service for 3 ys. a) Repealed b/c of opp. from poorer whites who couldn’t afford higher fine for avoiding service b) More contr.: white man on each plant. w/ 20+ slaves were exempt from fighting (opp. from smaller farmers) c) “Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight” 5. Conscr. gave additional ​
white manpower​
for fighting when A­As took cooking, laundry, manual labor roles 6. 1864­ Gov. faces critical manpower shortage as Union seizes large area of Conf. and Conf. sufferring C. States Rights v. Centralization (p. 382) 1. Greatest source of division in South: ​
doctrine of states’ rights a) Obstructed conscr., restricted Davis’s ability to impose martial law 2. Conf. gov. makes substantial efforts in centralizing power in S. a) Impressed slaves to work for military/imposed regulations on industry and profits D. Economic and Social Effects of the War 1. War devastating effect on econ. of the South a) Cut off planters/producers from market in the North b) Overseas cotton sales more diff. c) Industries w/out large slave pop. were hurt 2. Massive short. of almost everything when N. naval blockade becomes effective a) Not enough food since mostly focused on cotton b) Not enough doctors (who were conscr.) in comm. 3. Res. to conscr., food impressment (food riots), & taxes incr. 4. War transformed society of the Conf. (sign. for S. women) a) New roles for women: overseeing, farming, nursing 5. Thousands more women than men in the South after the war 6. Conf. leaders more scared of slave revolts during war a) Enforced slave codes and severe regulations b) Still easier for slaves to escape b/c at time masters were at war IV.
STRATEGY AND DIPLOMACY A. The Commanders (p. 3854) 1. Linc. had good strategy as the most imp. Un. mil. commander a) Goal: to destruct Conf. armies/not occupy territory 2. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant​
: Linc. new chief of staff­ 1864 3. S. command centered on Pres. Davis a) Didn’t have an effective command system but names Gen. Robert E. Lee​
as principal mil. adviser (while Davis still planned strategy alone) b) Conf. cong. creates formal position of general in chief B. The Role of Sea Power (p. 386) 1. Union with overwhelming naval advantage with two roles a) Enforcing a ​
blockade ​
of the South. coast b) Assisting Union armies in field operations 2. Blockade kept ships out of the Southern ports a) Conf. attempts to break the blockade w/ new weapons (1) Merrimack (then ‘Virginia’)​
: ironclad warship attacks blockading wooden ships and Union’s ironclad ​
Monitor​
stopped it C. Europe and the Disunited States (p. 387) 1. Fr./Br. sympathetic to South b/c of cotton and comp. w/ U.S 2. Fr. unwilling to take sides unless Br. did so first a) Br. reluctant to join b/c of pop. support for Union 3. South. leaders hope to counter strength of Br. antislavery forces by arguing access to South. cotton vital to Fr./Br. a) “King Cotton diplomacy”​
= failure (1) No Eur. nation helped unless it looked like Conf. would win 4. Union furious that in first days of the war Br. declared neutral 5. Trent Affair (1861)​
: Two Conf. diplomats slipped through the Union blockade to Cuba and boarded an Eng. vessel, ‘Trent’ a) Am. commander Charles Wilkes stopped ‘Trent’ and arrested the diplomats b) Br. gov. demands release of the prisoners 6. Conf. buys ships from Br. and U.S protests that sale of military equip. to belligerent violated neutrality laws D. The American West and the War (p. 388) 1. Most states and terr. (not TX) of the W. remain loyal to Union 2. Southerners and South. sympathizers active in the West a) Combat b/w Union and secessionists (MO & KS) b) William C. ​
Quantrill​
, an Ohio native, led a band of guerilla fighters (KS­MO border) c) Killed almost everyone in path; murdered 150 civilians 3. Union sympathizers in KS (Jayhawkers) organize together a) Less savage and exacted reprisals for Quantrill’s/Conf. guerilla actions V.
THE COURSE OF BATTLE A. The Technology of Battle 1. Intro. of repeating weapons for mil. purposes: repeating rifle 2. New arms/artillery changed the way soldiers fight in the fields a) Armies spend time building trenches/forts for protection 3. Railroad transported mill. of soldiers to the front 4. Telegraph helped field comm. stay in close cont. w/ eachother VI.
THE PROBLEMS OF PEACEMAKING A. Competing Notions of Freedom (p. 403) 1. Freed blacks in the S. begin building own comm. 2. Freedom for white S.= preserving regional autonomy and white supremacy 3. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)​
: est. by Cong., made efforts to settle blacks on lands of their own B. Issues of Reconstruction (p. 404) 1. Leaders of Dem./Repb. believed that readmitting the S. into the Union would reunite the Dem. and weaken the Repb. 2. Conserv. Repb. insisted that the S. accept abolition of slavery 3. Radicals​
urged civil/mil. leaders of the Conf. be punished
a) Legal rights of blacks be protected b) Prop. of wealthy white S. who aided Conf. be confiscated and distr. among the freedmen C. Plans for Reconstruction 1. Lincoln sided with Cons./Mod. of his party 2. Lincoln's Reconstruction plan: ​
10% Plan a) Pardon white south. (not high officials of Conf.) (1) Pledge loyalty to gov. and accept elim. of slavery b) Every 10% of voters that took oath could set up a state gov. 3. Wade­Davis Bill (1864)​
: (Radicals) authorized the pres. to appoint a provisional gov. for each conquered state a) State could be readmitted to Union once req. met b) Lincoln vetoes it D. The Death of Lincoln (p. 405) 1. Died in 1865 (was shot) E. Johnson and “Restoration” 1. Andrew Johnson​
(ex­ Dem.) becomes president 2. Johnson preferred to call Reconstruction “​
Restoration​
” a) To win adm. to Union, state would have to: abolish slavery, no secession, ratify 13th Amend., pay war debts b) Individual pardons for wealthy Southerners CRASH COURSE 20 ● American Civil War: 1861­1865 ○ Union (North) v. Confederates (South) ○ War about slavery (but not completely) ■ Linc. tried arguing that it was only about preserving the Union ○ Northerners: Religion + Ending Slavery + Union = Fight in war ● Union wins due to massive advantages ○ More people ○ Manufactured more than 90% of goods in America ○ More textile so more supplies for war ○ Longer railroad to move army faster ● Conf. created built nation from scratch and built nat. unity among people who were committed to autonomy of their ind. home states ● Ulysses S. Grant the most successful Union general CRASH COURSE 22 ● Johnson’s Reconstruction ○ Appointed provisional governors and ordered them to call state conv. to establish new all white gov. ● Freedman’s Bureau power to ○ Divide up confiscated land and abandoned conf. land for former slaves ○ For most slaves: land ownership key to freedom ● Johnson ordered all land returned to former owners ○ Result is sharecropping ● Sharecropping replaced slavery in many places throughout the South ○ Land owners provided housing to sharecroppers ○ Freed blacks got to control work ○ Tied workers to land they didn’t own ● Civil Rights Bill ○ Defined persons born in U.S as citizens and est. nationwide equality ○ before the law regardless of race ○ Johnson immediately vetoed the law ■ Claimed protecting rights of A­As was discriminating whites ○ Cong. overrode pres. veto w/ ⅔ majority= infuriated Repb. ■ Amended the const. with the 14th Amen. which defines citiz., guar. equal prot., and extends the rights in the B of R. to all the states ● The Reconstruction Act (1867) ○ Divided the South into five military districts ○ Req. each state to create a new gov., one that included part. of black men ○ New gov. had to ratify the 14th Amend. if they wanted to get back into the Union ● Congressional Republicans pushed through the 15th Amendment ○ prohibited states from denying men the right to vote based on race, but not based on gender, or literacy, or whether your grandfather could vote ● Most A­As were Repb. at the time ○ B/c they could vote and were a large part of the pop.= the Republican party came to dominate politics in the South