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Transcript
Honors Geometry KEY Review Exercises for the January Exam Here is a miscellany of exercises to help you prepare for the semester examination. You should also use your class notes, homework, quizzes, and tests for more exercises. Write one of the words SOMETIMES, ALWAYS, or NEVER to complete each statement. You need to think of all possibilities to decide which word is correct. 1. The exterior angles of a hexagon _____always____ sum to 3600. 2. Three points are ____sometimes____collinear. 3. Three points are ______always_____ coplanar. 4. Parallel lines are ________ always ___ coplanar. 5. Through two points, there is ______ always ____ exactly one line. 6. If two rays share a common endpoint, they are ___sometimes____ opposite rays. 7. A right triangle ____always__ has a pair of complementary interior angles. 8. If two angles of a quadrilateral have measure 1000 and 800, then the other two interior angles are ____never___ complementary. (Note: The other two angles, in this case, are always supplementary.) TRUE or FALSE? 9. If two lines are perpendicular to the same line, then they are parallel to each other. (FALSE: If they are non-coplanar, they are not necessarily parallel. If all lines are coplanar, this is a true statement.) 10. In an orthographic drawing of a solid made of cubes, the right view and the left view are identical. (FALSE. Ignore this question!) 11. If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then alternate interior angles could be complementary. (TRUE: The importance of the word “could” is that it is not as “strong” as IS. This does not make the statement false.) 12. The supplements of congruent angles are congruent. (TRUE) 13. Perpendicular is a symmetric relation. (TRUE: This says that if a b, then b a) 14. “Greater than” is transitive. (TRUE) 15. Supplementary angles must be adjacent. (FALSE) Honors Geometry Exam Review Questions 16. page 2 Each interior angle of a regular hexagon has a measure of 1200. (TRUE, using (n 2)180 with n = 6.) n Complete the following. 17. An __angle__ is the union of two rays with a common endpoint. 18. Perpendicular lines form _____right angles__________. 19. If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then ___same side interior angles______ are supplementary. (Another answer is “same side exterior angles”) 20. In a conditional statement, if you reverse the hypothesis and conclusion, you get the _______converse______ of the original statement. 21. If an original conditional statement is false, then the ____contrapositive____ of the original statement must also be false. 22. Examine the diagram. F P A Q B D C E 23. Name the following: f) The intersection of planes P and Q BD g) A pair of skew lines BD and FC h) The intersection of plane Q and FC C Refer to the diagram below. a) If mPXR = 42,find the measure of these angles: mRXT mQXS mSXP 480 420 1380 P R T X S True or False a) A, B, D, and E are coplanar true b) B and C are collinear true c) A, F, and C are collinear true d) F lies in plane P false e) FC intersects plane P at point A and plane Q at point C true Q b) If mSPX = 22 and PX = SX, find mPXS. = 1800 – 440 = 1360 c) If RPX SQX , then what lines must be parallel? Give the reason. SQ || PR b/c AIC P d) If SXQ TQX, then what lines must be parallel? Give the reason. SX || TQ b/c AIC P Honors Geometry Exam Review Questions 24. 25. page 3 Write three postulates. Some samples are provided. There are others. a. Through two points, there is one line. b. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then corresponding angles are congruent. c. If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line. Write three theorems. a. In a triangle, the sum of the interior angles is 180 degrees. b. If two lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate interior angles are congruent. c. Vertical angles are congruent. Solve for any variable in the drawings. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Honors Geometry Exam Review Questions 32. 28-gon page 4 33. each interior angle = ________ 34. M is the midpoint of CD . The coordinates are: C (6 , x) M (1 , x – 4) D (-4 , 11) 35. Find the length of CD if C (6 , -3) and ( 0 , 8). 36. Where is the midpoint of AQ if A(9 , 4) and Q(-1, 11) ? 37. A line passes through the points A( -4, 5) and B(2, -7). (5 7) 2 (4 2) 2 144 36 180 6 5 a) Find AB = b) 5 7 12 Find the slope of AB = 2 4 2 6 c) Find an equation of AB . Write your answer in point-slope form. y + 7 = -2(x – 2) OR y – 5 = -2(x + 4) d) 4 2 5 7 Find the coordinate of the midpoint of AB M , = (-1,-1) 2 2 Honors Geometry Exam Review Questions page 5 Construct these with compass and straightedge. These are done approximately, since I do not have compass and straightedge that works on the tablet. 38. an isosceles right triangle with sides (non-hypotenuse) given. 39. a line perpendicular to AB through C. 40. a square with side EF. 41. a 450 angle 42. the complement of < A Honors Geometry Exam Review Questions page 6 Draw each of these. 43. This isometric drawing has a volume of 9 cubes. Make a drawing with cubes whose volume is 13 cubes. \ 44. Calculate x. 45. x + 73 + 73 = 180 x = 34 46. Calculate x. x + x + 26 = 180 2x = 154 x = 77 Write “Pizza is served if and only if today is Tuesday” as two “if …then …” statements. If pizza is served, then today is Tuesday. served. and If today is Tuesday, then pizza is Write the “only if” half as an “if …then …” statement. If pizza is served, then today is Tuesday Honors Geometry Exam Review Questions 47. page 7 Consider a set on n noncollinear points. Connect each point with all other points. Count the number of line segments. # of segments = 3 # of segments = 6 # of segments = 10 If there are n noncollinear points, what is an expression for the total number of segments which can be drawn? f(n) = n + n(n 3) 2 The is the number of sides of the polygon (n) plus the number of diagonals drawn from each vertex times the number of vertices. The number of diagonals is divided by two, since they were all counted twice. 48. How many sides and diagonals (total) does a decagon have? a 27-gon? an n-gon? From above, a decagon has 10 + An n-gon has n + 1 1 (10)(7) = 45. A 27-gon has 27+ (27)(24) = 351 2 2 n(n 3) sides and diagonals total. 2 How is this related to the handshake problem? It is the same question as the handshake problem. 49. Given: A rolling stone gathers no moss. a) Rewrite the statement as a conditional. If a stone is rolling, then it gathers no moss. b) Write the converse. If a stone gathers no moss, then it is rolling. c) Write a biconditional combining the statement and its converse. Honors Geometry Exam Review Questions page 8 A stone is rolling if and only if it gathers no moss. d) This big gray stone is not rolling, therefore it is gathering moss. (This is using the inverse, whose truth is not known from the truth of the original.) That red stone is gathering moss, therefore it is not rolling. TRUE (This is using the contrapositive, which is TRUE if the original is true.) That green stone is not gathering moss, therefore it is rolling. (This is using the converse, so we do not know whether it is true or false.) Make a truth table for this logic statement: ( P Q) (Q ~ P) 50. P T T F Q T F T F F 51. Assume the given statement is true. Which of these statements must be true? Make a conclusion (if possible) and name the pattern of reasoning. P R ~ R W ( S R) W a) R P modus tollens (law of contrapositive) 52. b) R __ W __ law of disjunction c) ( S R ) __ W __ modus ponens (law of detachment) PR d) R Q __ P Q __ law of syllogism Assuming A and B are both true, P and Q are both false, and X and Y are of unknown truth value. Determine (if possible) the truth value of each statement. a) A ( B X ) Since B is true, then B X is true (regardless of the truth value of X). So with A being true, A ( B X ) is true AND true, so the entire statement is TRUE. b) B ( P A) Honors Geometry Exam Review Questions page 9 Starting with P A , this conjoins a FALSE and TRUE, which is TRUE. Then the if…then gives TRUE TRUE, so the entire statement is TRUE. c) ( A X ) ( B Q) A X is TRUE because A is TRUE. B Q is FALSE because Q is FALSE. The conditional is FALSE because TRUE FALSE leads to a false statement. 53. Write a logical expression which is logically equivalent to ( P Q) Q . P Q PQ Q ( P Q ) Q ________________________________________ T T T F F T F T T T F T T F F F F F T T This is logically equivalent to Q 54. Give an example of a syllogism. If A B and B C, then A C 55. Give an example of the law of disjunction. If (A or B) and not B , then we can conclude A. 56. Which lines (if any) must be parallel? a) 1 2 a||b b) 6 7 c|| d c) 9 4 a|| b d) 10 11 a || b e) 11 8 none f) 5 and 11 are supp a|| b g) 4 and 12 are supp c||d h) 5 and 10 are supp none 1 a Assume that a || b and c ||d 9 5 10 b 2 12 c 57. d 6 11 3 8 4 7 Honors Geometry Exam Review Questions page 10 d 6 m< 1 = 960 1 a m < 6 = 400 9 5 10 Calculate all of the other numbered angles. b 2 12 4 Draw each of these triangles (if possible). a) right triangle c) b) 59. 8 7 c 58. 11 3 isosceles acute triangle scalene obtuse triangle Draw two horizontal planes, A and B, a vertical plane, C, and a line DE so that D lies in C, and E lies in A 60. Give the reason for each conclusion. a) Conclusion: 4 5 Reason: ___Vert. angles are congruent__ b) Assume AC AD Conclusion: __triangle ACD is isosceles_ Reason: ___def of isos. triangle______ A B X C (Other answers possible) D c) Assume 5 6 Conclusion: _triangle XCD is isosceles ______ Reason: _If base angles of a triangle are congruent, then the triangle is isosceles____________ d) Assume 3 6 Conclusion: _____AB || CD_______________ Reason: _____AIC P___________________ e) Conclusion: AXC and 5 are supplementary. Reason: ___Linear pairs are supp________________ f) Assume AB AC Conclusion: 2 and 3 are complementary Reason: ___Perpendicular pairs are comp___________ 61. Find the measure of each interior angle of a regular octagon. (n 2)180 (8 2)180 1350 8 n 62. How many sides does a regular polygon have if each exterior angle measures 200? 360 20 n 63. 20n = 360 n = 18 sides An interior angle and an exterior angle of a regular polygon differ by 1000. How large is the interior angle? Geometry Exam Review Exercises page 12 (n 2)180 360 100 180n-360 – 360 = 100n n n 180n – 100n = 720 80 n = 720 n = 9 sides 0 So the interior angles are 1400 (Supp of the 40 exterior angles). 64. Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a dodecagon. (n – 2)180 65. (12 – 2) 180 18000 Discuss whether 2 regular triangles, one regular pentagon, and a square will tessellate. The interior angles measure 60, 60, 108 and 90. The sum of These angles is 3180, and it needs to be 3600 is it will tessellate. So, these shapes will not form a tessellation. 66. How many sides does a regular polygon have if the interior angles are 200 more than 3 times the exterior angles? 180(n 2) 360 3 20 180(n-2) = 3*360 + 20n n n 180n – 360 = 3*360 + 20n 160n = 1440 n = 9 67. What is the difference between a 3-3-3-4-4 tessellation and a 3-4-3-4-3 tessellation? Both combinations have angle measures that sum to 360 ( because 60 + 60 + 60 + 90 + 90 = 360). The tessellations have different configurations surrounding each vertex. Proofs. 68. Given: BA BC , < 1 < 3 Prove: <2 is comp to < 3 Geometry Exam Review Exercises Proof: 69. page 13 1. BA BC 1. given 2. 2. Perpendicular pairs are comp. given < 1 is comp to < 2 3. <1 <3 3. 4. < 2 is comp to < 3 4. If an angle is comp to one of two congruent angles, then it is comp to the other angle also. Given: a || b , < 1 < 3 Prove: c || d Proof: 70. 1. a ||b 1. given 2. < 2 < 3 2. PAEC 3. < 1 < 3 3. given 4. <1 <2 4. Transitive for 5. c || d 5. AIC P Given: < 1 < 4 Prove: < 2 < 3 Proof: 1. < 1 is supp to < 2 1. Linear pairs are supp Geometry Exam Review Exercises 71. page 14 2. < 3 is supp to < 4 2. Linear pairs are supp 3. <1 <4 3. Given 4. <2 <3 4. Congruent supps thm (If two <’s are supp to the same < or <’s, then the <’s are ) Given: < DAB < DBA <2 <3 Prove: < 1 < 4 Proof: 1. < DAB < DBA 1. Given 2. m< DAB = m< DBA 2. Defn of <’s 3. m < 1 + m < 2 = m < DAB 3. Angle addition post. 4. m < 3 + m < 4 = m < DBA 4. Angle addition post 5. m < 1 + m < 2 = m < 3 + m < 4 5. Substitution 6. <2 <3 6. given 7. m<2=m<3 7. Defn of <’s 8. m<1=m<4 8. Subtraction prop of = 9. <1 <4 9. Defn of <’s Geometry Exam Review Exercises page 15 Calculate the areas and volumes. 72. 73. Area = 1 1 bh (8)(5) = 20 2 2 area = bh. By the Pythagorean Theorem, the base is 12. So area = (12)(5) = 60 74. 75. Are -= bh = (12)6)_ = 72 area =(8)(6) – (14+8+1.5 + 6) =18.5 76. Area = (6)(6) + 77. 1 (6)(9) = 2 63 A figure is drawn on lattice paper (dot paper) with 4 interior points and 11 points on its boundary. What is its area? Pick’s Theorem says that the area 1 equals (boundary points) + 2 interior points – 1, so the area is .5(11)+ 4 - 1 = 8.5 Geometry Exam Review Exercises page 16 78. 79. V= 160 80. TA = 112 1 h(b1 b2 ) 2 Show why this formulas should be true. (i.e., drive the formula) The area of a trapezoid is A = Area = = 81. LA = 80 1 1 xh + b1H + h(b2 – x – b1) 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 xh + (2b1h) + hb2 - xh - b1h 2 2 2 2 2 = 1 h(x + 2b1h + hb2 – xh – b1h) 2 = 1 (b1 + b2) 2 V = Bh = (45)(4) = 180 LA = ph = (28)(4) = 112 TA = ph + 2B = 112 + 2(45) = 202 (Assume that the prism’s base is the 5 x 9 rectangle) V = 288 TA = 144 Geometry Exam Review Exercises 82. V= page 17 1 1 Bh = 42(6) = 32 3 3 LA = rl = (4)(2 13 ) =8 13 r=4 h=6 TA = rl + B = 8 13 +16 83. 1 Bh = 3 1 (16 )(4 3 ) 3 V= = TA = 84. rl + B =32 +16 = 48 r=4 slant height = l = 8 A square pyramid has base edges of 8 inches and a slant height of 10 inches. What is its volume? What is its total area? V= 1 1 Bh = (64)(2 21 ) 3 3 128 21 = 3 TA = 1 1 pl+ B = (32)(10) + 64 = 224 2 2 Geometry Exam Review Exercises 85. 86. page 18 A square pyramid has base edges of 10 cm and a height of 12 cm. 1 1 Bh = (100)(12) = 400 cm3 3 3 a) What is its volume? V = b) What is its slant height? Slant height = l = 13 cm c) What is its LA? d) What is its TA? TA = LA = 1 1 pl = (40)(13) = 260 cm2 2 2 1 pl + B = 260 + 100 = 360 cm2 2 If you double all of the dimensions (all edge lengths) of a cylinder, what happens to the TA? To the volume? If you double all of the edges and then any area (LA, TA, B) will be multiplied by 4. This is because all doubling is squared for area. For volume, the doubling cubed means that the volume is multipled by 8.