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A Brief History of the Grape and Its Uses Dr. S. Kaan Kurtural N 308D Dept. Horticulture University of Kentucky [email protected] I. Introduction 1. History and Importance Definitions Definition Viticulture: of Latin origin Vitis: Grapevine Oenology: of Greek origin Oenos: wine 1.a. History Cultivation began during Neolithic era (6000-6500 BC). 4000 BC viticulture extends from Transcaucasia to Asia Minor, through Fertile Crescent to the Nile Delta By 1700 BC King Hammurabi of Babylon establishes rules of wine trade Figure 1. Origins of cultivation The Grapevine in Europe ca. 3000 BC Hittites migrate from Anatolia to Crete, Bosporus to Thrace. Greeks and Phoenicians extend grapevine culture to Carthage, Sicily, southern Italy, Spain and France Figure 2. Migration of the grapevine Figure 3. Migration of the grapevine westward Figure 5. Migration of the grapevine from Greece onward Grapevine in Europe Under the influence of the Roman Empire viticulture spread throughout Europe through the valley of Rhine and into Germany Grapevine in the Middle Ages and on… AD 500-1500 fall of the Roman Empire Viticulture and wine making in monasteries Drinking wine outgrew religious associations and entrenched in culture as a social custom Viticulture grew steadily from 16th to 19th century. 1.b. Importance Integral part of human society Most important fruit crop grown in the world Table 1. World Statistics 1999 Country Acres(x1000) Rank Wine (Million gallons) Rank France 2258 2 1591 1 Italy 2246 3 1534 2 Spain 2916 1 863 3 USA 905 5 534 4 Argentina 514 10 420 5 Germany 262 20 325 6 Australia 304 16 225 7 South Africa 210 18 210 8 Portugal 647 7 206 9 Turkey 1488 4 534 40 Figure 6. Grape Acreage in 2002, USDA Figure 7. Grape Production in 2002, USDA 2. Uses Many uses Fresh fruit Dried fruit Fresh grape juice Concentrated grape juice Wine Distilled liquors Grapeseed oils Anthocyanin pigments Ethanol production Focus on uses 1) Table grapes Account for <12% of total production Ten largest producing countries Italy (17%), Russia (14%), Turkey (12%), Spain (6%), USA (5%), Bulgaria (5%), Japan (5%), Greece (4%), Brazil (3%) and France (3%). Mainly consumed in countries grown Fruit highly perishable, transportation costs are high therefore only 14% exported. Per capita consumption 10kg In Europe and N. America fresh grape consumption represents 5% of the annual fresh fruit consumption Focus on uses 2) Dried fruit Raisin Seedless cultivars of ‘Thompson seedless’ and ‘Black Corinth’ (currants). World-wide production 700,000 metric tonnes. 4 tonnes of fresh grapes yield 1 tonne of raisins. Limited to latitudes 30N and 39N in northern hemisphere and 28S and 36S in the southern hemisphere…. Varities require high temperatures for inflorescence formation and high yields. Also, hot dry weather require for drying. Focus on uses 3) Wine World production 27500 megaliters Little change in area devoted to wine grape production in last 20 years A decline in viticulture in France, Spain and Algeria has been balanced by an increase in Russia, China and Australasia. World wine production increased 35% since 1951. Europe (Italy, France, Spain and Russia) accounts for 80% of total world production. Main consumers of wine are the producing countries. About 14% of wine is exported. In some countries large quantities are distilled to produce spirits (cognac, armagnac, brandy, ouzo, raki, arak) to control the market. 3. Classification Family: Vitaceae 11 genera, about 600 species Genus: Vitis Only food bearing genus in the family Habit: Woody liana (climbing vine) Genus: Vitis Woody, perennial deciduous vines that have tendrils many opposite leaves Flowers are pentamerous flowers and parts thereof. Leaves are simple and palmately lobed. Figure 7. Grape flower Grape flower/infructescence Figure 8. Grape leaf Genus Vitis and its subgenera Vitis Euvitis 2n=38 Muscadinia 2n=40 Differences between Euvitis and Muscadinia Euvitis Muscadinia Lenticels Absent Present Tendrils Forked Simple Seeds Ovoid-shaped Oblong-shaped Pith Discontinuous Continuous Tangential Radial Specific gravity of the wood <1 >1 Number of species identified 60 3 Even ripening Extended maturation Elongated clusters w/ wings Small clusters Phloem fibers Ripening Cluster architecture Pith differences Euvitis Diaphragm Muscadinia Major species 1) Native American species Characteristics Cold hardy Disease resistant Fruits have lower sugars, higher acids and berries are slip-skin About 30 species have been identified V. labrusca, V. aestivalis, V. riparia, V.berlandieri 2) European species Characteristics Cold tender Longer growing season w/ dry summers and low relative humidity, free of rain Susceptible to many of the diseases About 5000 species have been identified Limited between 20N and 51N in the northern hemisphere. 70% of production in Europe European species ‘Cabernet Franc’ ‘Viognier’ 3) French-American hybrids Characteristics Selected for tolerance to phylloxera Tolerance to many of the fungal diseases of N. American origin Cold hardy Overbearers Interspecific crosses between many native American species and V. vinifera French-American hybrids ‘Chambourcin’ ‘Chardonel’ French-American hybrids cont. French-American hybrids from France Chambourcin Seyval Vidal Blanc Chancellor Vignoles Villard Blanc American – French hybrids from the US Chardonnel Cayuga White Traminette 4. Muscadine grapes Characteristics Musky flavour Disease and insect ‘immune’ Long flowering period (May to June) Small clusters, large seeds Berries tend to shatter due to uneven ripening 200 day growing season Three species identified Requires a moderate climate FL, MS, LA, NC Kentucky Viticulture Industry http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Horticulture/comfruit.html#grapes
