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Where the Wild Things Are: Designing for Pollinators Dan Jaffe, Propagator and Stock Bed Grower So what are we doing here today? • An undisturbed landscape is often toted as the ultimate in wildlife value, but what can we actually do? • Designed landscapes can be altered to make them more wildlife friendly • In the past the message was… • Remove the lawn • Remove all non-natives • Plant only native species So what are we doing here today? So what can we really do? • SCALE means everything • The Blackpoll warbler is a site specific species that lives in stunted northern spruce fir forests • It is considered of special concern in Massachusetts • It needs a spruce/fir forest So what are we doing here today? So what can we really do? • SCALE means everything Changes in management • Talk to your neighbors, connect habitats, • Recognize the value of mature trees • Identify weeds and their importance • Avoid chemicals • Plant in masses • Plant selection So what are we doing here today? So what can we really do? • SCALE means everything There is great power in large numbers of people making small changes What is a Weed? • Oxford dictionary: A wild plant growing where it is not wanted and in competition with cultivated plants • Webster’s dictionary: a plant that is not valued where it is growing and is usually of vigorous growth Weeds? Lets grow some weeds! Weeds? Viola spp. Viola pedata • Bird’s-foot violet • The regal fritillary makes its home in meadows where an abundance of violet’s can be found What can you do? • Viola riviniana var. purpurea versus Viola labradorica • Viola walteri and ‘silver gem’ Weeds? Rubus spp. • The mourning warbler makes its • R. allegheniensis home in forests with a thick understory of Rubus species (blackberry) • The early hairstreak adults feed on • R. (creeping thehispidus flowers of Rubus • dewberry) Ring-neck pheasants, ruffled and sharp-tailed grouse, wild turkey, • R. idaeus (red woodcocks, northern bobwhites, blue jays, tufted titmice, veeries, raspberry) wood thrush, robins, catbirds, thrashers, cedar waxwings, yellow• R. occidentalis (black breasted chats, scarlet tanagers, raspberry) cardinals, grosbeaks, rufous-sided towhees, sparrows,(flowering orioles, grackles • R. odoratus finches, chipmunks, raccoons, raspberry) squirrels and so forth… Rubus odoratus Shelter in the Landscape • • Evergreens and most thickly branched deciduous species will do just fine • Leucothoe fontanesiana • Physocarpus opulifolium • Philadelphus inodorus • Itea virginica Tree cavities, old stumps, piles of rocks and logs are all shelter spots • Think twice before “cleaning” up your woodlands Weeds? Prunus serotina Black cherry • Fruit’s are great for passing birds and humans alike • Promethea moth, small-eyed sphinx, wild cherry sphinx (and P. americana), banded tussock moth, black-etched prominent, spotted apatelodes, yellow-necked caterpillar, tiger swallowtail, cecropia moth, saddleback caterpillar moth (Prunus spp.), io moth (and P. americana), striped hairstreak (Prunus spp.), redspotted purple (Prunus spp.)… Weeds? Parthenocissus quinquefolia Abbott’s sphinx Virginia creeper, creeping woodbine • Summer berries are an important food source for many bird species • Host plant for Abbott's sphinx, Pandora sphinx, Virginia creeper sphinx, White-lined sphinx Pandora sphinx White lined sphinx Weeds? Parthenocissus quinquefolia Weeds? • Makes a great bonsai/potted specimen I want pretty!!! How to build your own wildlife meadow • Set up habitats based on desired plant species • Meadow • Lupinus perennis • Sassafras albidum • Ceanothus americanus • Monarda fistulosa • Pipevine swallowtail • Hummingbird and snowberry clearwings • Asclepias tuberosa • Wetlands • Lindera benzoin Plants worth growing Agastache foeniculum • • • • Anise hyssop Sun to part sun Dry to average soils Edible leaves make a great tea • Can be grown from seed or divisions • Supports a myriad of bees, flies, butterflies and birds Plants worth growing Pycnanthemum muticum • Broad-leaved mountain mint • Sun to part sun • Average to moist soils • Bee magnet • Edible leaves are great as a tea or as seasoning • Can be grown from seed or via divisions Plants worth growing The Eupatorium group Ageratina altissima • Sun to part shade • Average to moist Eutrochium fistulosum, maculatum, purpureum • Sun to part shade • Average to wet • All three species closely related and can be treated in a similar fashion • All are great for bees and butterflies • Best grown from seed Grasslands and meadows Monarda spp. (Bee balm) • Great for birds, bees, and humans Monarda fistulosa (wild bergamot) • The star for herbal/edible uses as well as wildlife • Floral feeders: Bumblebees, pipevine swallowtail, hummingbird clearwing, snowberry clearwing, ruby throated hummingbird • Foliage feeders: hermit sphinx, gray marvel, pyralid moth, Coleophora monardae. • Seed feeders: American finch, field sparrow, dark-eyed juncos Monarda punctata (spotted bee balm) Grasslands and meadows Monarda punctata Grasslands and meadows • Asclepias spp. (Milkweeds) • Host and nectar sources for both the Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) and the Queen butterfly (Danus gilippus) • Full sun and dry sites is the general thought (A. syriaca) • There are exceptions • “Our” species • A. incarnata (Swamp milkweed) • A. purpurascens (Purple milkweed) • A. syriaca (Common milkweed) • A. tuberosa (Butterfly Weed) Meadows: Asclepias spp. Asclepias syriaca (common milkweed) • Immature flowers are edible and very tasty • Monarch, milkweed tussock moth, tiger swallowtail and black swallowtail Asclepias purpurascens (purple milkweed) Asclepias tuberosa (butterfly Weed) Asclepias incarnata (swamp milkweed) Asclepias variegata (white milkweed) Milkweed tussock moth Black swallowtail Native Meadow Plants Which Support Butterfly, Moth and Other Insect Species Dry Meadow Perennials Agastache foeniculum Allium cernuum Antennaria spp. Aquilegia canadensis Aruncus dioicus Asclepias spp. Ionactis linariifolia Baptisia tinctoria Callirhoe spp. Campanula rotundifolia Chrysopsis villosa Coreopsis verticillata Dicentra spp. Echinacea spp. Eryngium yuccifolium Geranium maculatum Helianthus mollis Heliopsis helianthoides Lupinus perennis Monarda punctata Opuntia humifusa Penstemon digitalis Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Ratibida spp. Rudbeckia spp. Solidago spp. Vernonia letermannii Viola pedata Moist Meadow Perennials Amsonia spp. Boltonia asteroides Chelone glabra Conradina verticillata Eutrochium spp. Filipendula rubra Gentiana clausa Liatris novae-angliae Liatris spicata Lobelia spp. Marshallia grandiflora Monarda didyma Monarda fistulosa Phlox paniculata Physostegia virginiana Polemonium spp. Pycnanthemum muticum Scutellaria spp. Symphyotrichum spp. Vernonia noveborense This list available upon request Woodland species Plants worth growing Spicebush swallowtail Lindera benzoin • Young leaves and twigs can be used to make tea, • During the revolutionary war Americans used the berries in place of allspice and the leaves and twigs in place of tea • Though many birds will eat the fruits of Lindera, veery and wood thrush appear to search them out • Host for the Promethea moth and the spicebush swallowtail Plants worth growing Corylus americana • American hazelnut • Sun to part shade • Seeds are great raw or cooked and feed numerous wildlife species (especially grouse, turkeys, woodpeckers) Corylus cornuta • Beaked hazelnut • Forest edges, part shade to shade, moist to dry soils • This is the secondary host for the early hairstreak Corylus americana Other Great Understory Woodies Alnus spp. (Alder) Aronia spp. (Chokeberry) Gaylussacia brachycera (Box huckleberry) Rhododendron spp. Rhus spp. (Sumac) Salix spp. (Willow) Swida spp. (Dogwood) Ulmus spp. (Elm) Viburnum spp. Campsis radicans (Trumpet creeper) Isotrema macrophyllus (Dutchmen’s pipe) Vitis spp. (Grape) Viburnum nudum Gaylussacia Huckleberry brachycera sphinx The Simple Message • Planting for wildlife can be complicated but there are a number of simple steps that anyone can take to make improvements in their garden • Plant more natives • Remove invasives • Ensure sources of water • Provide shelter/nesting sights Isotrema Viburnum nudum macrophyllus Gaylussacia brachycera Pipevine Hummingbird clearwing swallowtail Huckleberry sphinx “Burning bush” Aronia spp., Amelanchier spp. and Vaccinium spp. • Let’s kill two birds with one stone by both removing invasive species and planting pollinator friendly native species • All three above species are edible to humans and pollinators alike • They all bloom in the spring, fruit in the summer, and flame in the fall • They all act as host species for important wildlife • They are all easy to grow and… • They all look fabulous in the fall (and other times as well)! Amelanchier canadensis Aronia melanocarpa Questions? Photo credits • Massachusetts Butterfly Club: A Chapter of the North American Butterfly Association • Wikipedia • Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program • Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center (Wildflower.org) Dan Jaffe [email protected] Additional Reading • Attracting Native Pollinators. The Xerces Society Guide • The Book of Field & Roadside: Open-Country Weeds, Trees, and Wildflowers of Eastern North America. John Eastman. • The Book of Forest and Thicket: Trees, Shrubs, and Wildflowers of Eastern North America. John Eastman. • The Book of Swamp & Bog: Trees, Shrubs, and Wildflowers of Eastern Freshwater Wetlands. John Eastman. • Bringing Nature Home: How You Can Sustain Wildlife with Native Plants. Douglas W. Tallamy. • Growing and Propagating Wildflowers. William Cullina. • Massachusetts List of Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species. Mass.gov • Native Ferns, Mosses, and Grasses. William Cullina. • Native Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. William Cullina. • The Natural Habitat Garden. Ken Druse. • The Wild Garden: Expanded Edition. Rick Darke.
