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Name _____________________________________________ Period ______ Date _______________________ Anatomy Study Guide Chapter 5 – “The Integumentary System” The Skin: Epidermis The Integumentary System is composed of two main parts: the _________ and _______ ________________ (such as ________ glands, ______ glands, ________, & ________). Interestingly, the skin is one of the ____________ & _____________ organs in the human body weighing between ____-____ pounds, and completely laid out, it would cover approximately ____&____ sq ft. The skin accounts for as much as _________ of your body __________ in the average adult and its thickness __________ (____-____ mm) depending upon the location of the body. For example, the skin of the _______ of your hands & ________ of your feet is much _____________ than the skin of your eyelids. The skin is composed of 3 different layers. The _______________ is the outermost _______________ _________ of the body, & the _________, the middle layer, makes up the ________ of the skin. The third layer, the _______________, isn’t technically ________ of the skin & is mostly ____________ tissue. It ___________ the skin to the underlying _____________. The epidermis is composed of several different cells. _________________ produce ____________ (which _____________ or ______________ the skin). They help to give the epidermis its _______________ properties. _____________ cells are ___________ receptors. ________________ are made in the _____________ layer of the epidermis, & they produce _____________. This protein provides us with our skin _________. The amount produced depends on our _____________ & the amount of _______ exposure we receive. It provides protection against ______ _________. The epidermis is broken down into 5 smaller layers. From the most _______________ layer to the most _________, they are the stratum ____________, stratum ____________, stratum _______________, stratum ____________, & stratum __________. The stratum _____________ is composed of _____-_____ rows of _________, keratinized cells. It makes up about ______ of the epidermal ______________. One of its functions is to protect from ___________. It also _______________ & provides a barrier against _______________, chemical, & ____________ assaults. The stratum _____________ is ONLY found in the ______________ skin…usually only the palms & soles of the feet. It looks like a thin, ______________ band of cells. The stratum ________________ is made of cells that fill with _____________. The keratin appears as ____________ which is where this layer gets its name. The cells in this layer become ________________. The stratum ______________ has cells that appear to be _____________, & its cells are filled with ____________. Finally, the stratum ___________ is the ____________ layer of the epidermis & is firmly attached to the __________. It is a __________ row of cells that constantly undergo _________ ____________. On average, it takes _____-_____ days for cells to make it from this layer up to the surface of the epidermis. The Skin: Dermis The dermis is considered to be “________ ________” and is found _______ ________ the epidermis. This layer contains all of the _______ receptors, _________ receptors, blood vessels, & ______/________ glands. The dermis is made of __________, ______________ connective tissue is the same tissue as in animal __________ that are used to make ______________. It is divided into two layers. The ______________ (top layer) is composed of ____________ connective tissue & has both collagen & ___________ fibers. There are many ______________ loops the come up from the blood vessels in the ______________ layer. In the papillary layer, there are _____________ corpuscles (_____ touch receptors) & free ________ endings (______ receptors). The _____________ layer (bottom layer) makes up about _______ of the total thickness of the dermis. Its ___________ fibers provide __________ & ____________ while its _________ fibers provide strength & __________ properties. The reticular layer includes the cleavage (__________) lines. The dermis is the location of 2 important skin “markings”. ___________ ridges are located at the top of the ____________ layer & are primarily found on the _________ of the hands & the ________ of the feet. They increase ___________ & enhance the ___________ ability of the __________ & _______. Their patterns are ____________ determined & are ___________ from person to person. They form our ______________. _____________ lines are groups of ____________ fibers that are arranged in ____________. They give the skin ____________ & ______________ which prevents _________ & ___________ from ______________ the dermis. They are externally ______________ and are taken advantage of by _____________. During surgery, they will make their incisions ______________ to the lines in order to make them _________ more ____________ & make the wound ________ ________. The Skin: Skin Color Skin color is determined by several factors. _____________ is responsible for giving us a ____________ to reddish-__________ to __________ range of colors. It is produced by _______________ & then migrates to the epidermal cells. This “___________ __________” protects the __________ of epidermal cells. ____________ are the result of localized ___________________ of melanin. _____________ is a yellow to ___________ pigment that is found in some _____________. This pigment is most obvious in the ________ & the _________ of the feet. The protein ________________ is responsible for red coloring. It is found in blood cells in the ______________ near the skin’s ______________. The ___________ content of our body affects the degree of that “____________”. Hemoglobin is responsible for the ____________ hue of skin. You can learn a lot about the overall health of a person simply by looking at their skin color. If you have _____________ then your skin appears _________. It means your blood is poorly _______________ & can be a sign of ___________ ____________ or ________________ trouble. ______________ is when the skin has the ______________ appearance. It can be a sign of __________, __________________, hypertension, or some sort of inflammation. __________ is when the skin becomes _______ or ashen. It signals _______, _________, emotional ___________, ___________, or low ______. _____________ is when the skin has a _____________ tint & generally means you have some sort of __________ disorder. _____________ is when the skin has a __________, or slightly ___________ tint to it. It signals ______________ disease in which the adrenal glands are making too little ____________ hormone. Finally, _________ & _________ marks form when __________ escapes general circulation & then _________ under the skin. It is known as a “________________” or more commonly as a ___________. Appendages of the Skin The skin is also composed of several “derivatives” or “products” of the cells that make up the skin. Examples include _________, _________, tooth __________, & ___________. ________ glands are more formally known as ______________ glands, & there are two main types. ______ sweat glands are abundant on the ________, ________, & _____________. Your sweat is 99% _________, with NaCl, Vitamin C, _____________, dermicidin (anti-bacterial), & metabolic __________ mixed in. The function of your eccrine glands is ___________________...__________ of your body. ____________ sweat glands are mostly only found in the ___________ (__________) region. Their secretions are composed of __________, ________, & various ___________. They are ____________ secretions; however, when ___________ on the skin break down its organic molecules, they create unpleasant “_________ ________”. Your apocrine glands are functional from ___________ onward. You have several __________________ glands, which are specialized apocrine glands that secrete a bitter, _________ product in your _______ _________. It is believed that this product is designed to deter ___________ from entering your ears. _______ glands are formally known as ________________ glands. They are widely _____________ around the body; however, they are not found on the _________ or the _________. They become active at _______ (and are often associated with ____________) & are stimulated by _____________. They secrete an oily substance called __________ whose function is to ___________ & ____________ the skin. Most of these glands develop from _________ ____________. Your ________ has a couple of functions. First, it _________ the body to the presence of ____________ on the skin. Second, it guards the scalp against physical ___________, ________ loss, & ____________. Hair consists of _______ keratinized cells, & _________ gives hair its ________...just like your skin is. ______/ __________ hair is the result of decreased ___________ production as well as increased _____ __________ in the hair. The hair ____________ is attached to special muscles called ___________ ________. These muscles are responsible for the development of __________ ________. Oil glands __________ the hair, keeping it from becoming _____________. Hair _____________ & _____________ occur in most cases because hair follicles have a ____________ number of cycles. Your hair grows ___________ from your _______ years until you reach your _______ when growth slows substantially. ____________ is hair _____________ that occurs in both males & females after they turn ______. True _____________ is ______________ determined & much more common in _______. The ________ are an extension of the epidermis at the ends of the _________ & ________. They are made strong with lots of extra __________ and are completely colorless due to a lack of _____________. Functions of the Integumentary System The Integumentary System has several functions… 1) It provides _________________ for the deeper tissues using a couple of different kinds of barriers. It acts as a _____________________ barrier that is created by the __________________ of the skin & the _______________ of the keratinized cells. These barriers prevent ___________ ____________ from moving in or out of the body. It also prevents _____________ & _________________ agents from entering the body. _____________ barriers provide low _____ secretions that create what is known as a “_________ _____________” which slows the _________________ of ___________ on the skin. ____________ provides another chemical barrier that prevents _____ _________. 2) It allows for _______________ of body temperature. As long as the _____________ temperature remains ____________ than the body temperature, the skin surface _________ _________ to the air & other _____________ objects. At ____________ body temperature, the body loses around _________ of water per day. This is called _________________ perspiration. It is considered a routine function & goes __________________. On _______ days, the body can lose up to ________ (or ____ gallons) of water per day. This is called _______________ perspiration, & the _________________ of that sweat _________ the body down. On ________ days, the blood vessels in the dermis ____________ which causes the blood to ____________ the upper dermis. This function ___________ temperature loss. 3) It gives us our _________________ sensations. The ________________ corpuscles are the ________ touch receptors, while the _______________ corpuscles are the _________ pressure receptors. The skin’s _______ nerve endings are the _________ receptors. 4) The skin helps us with a couple of important ________________ functions. It is responsible for the synthesis of ________________. It also breaks down several ______________-causing chemicals that may penetrate the _________________. By breaking them down, the chemicals become safer. 5) The Integumentary System is home to a large ___________ reservoir. There is a very extensive network of _________ __________ in the ____________, & they hold up to ______ of the body’s blood volume. 6) Skin plays a big role in _______________. Sweat contains _______________-containing wastes. It is also an important avenue for ____________ & ___________ loss. Homeostatic Imbalances Cancer Approximately ____ in ____ Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime. ___________ is simply an abnormal _________ of cells & it has two forms. ___________ cancers usually don’t ____________. _____________ cancers can _______________ (move) to other ________ _______ & cause problems all over the body. The main cause of skin cancer is ______ ________ because they damage ______ bases. The damage to the DNA appears to ___________ the ________ gene which is a tumor _______________ gene. Interestingly, ________________ skin accelerates the production of ________ (a protein that causes the genetically ________________ cells to _____________ ____________. Fas causes the cells to ________ before they have the chance to _______________. There is also a newly developed ___________ that claims to ________ damaged DNA before cells can develop into _____________. There are three main kinds of skin cancer: 1) __________ cell carcinoma is the __________ malignant form and is considered to be the most common of the three. It affects the stratum ___________ cells & is cured by the surgical ______________ of the affected area in _______ of all cases. 2) _______________ ________ carcinoma involves the keratinocytes In the stratum ________________. It is most commonly found on the ___________, ________, lower ________, & _________. It has the ability to metastasize to the _________ __________; however, the early removal & _______________ therapy gives you a good chance of __________. 3) Malignant _______________ is the most ____________ form and is a cancer of the _________________. This form usually metastasizes ________ ___________ to the lymph nodes & resistant to ________________. It is treated by the wide surgical excision of the area & ________________. The “__________” Rule is used to detect possible cancerous __________. “A” refers to ____________... the two sides of the pigmented area do not ___________. “B” refers to __________...moles with jagged or indented ___________. “C” refers to ___________...moles with multiple __________ in the pigmented area. “D” refers to ____________... moles larger than ________ in diameter should be checked. Burns _________ involve tissue damage that is caused by _______, chemicals, UV rays, or ____________. Some of the associated dangers include ________________ & electrolyte ______________ (the biggest concern initially). Additionally, because the damaged area is a very good growth medium for bacteria, __________ can ultimately lead to death. The severity of burns can be categorized into 3 levels: 1) ___________ ___________ burns only affect the _______________ & usually cause localized ___________, _____________, & pain. 2) ___________ ____________ burns affect the epidermis as well as the upper layer of dermis and cause the skin to turn ____ with _____________. 3) ___________ ____________ burns cause the _______________ of all skin layers and cause the skin to turn _________-________ or ____________ in color. Immediately following the burn, there is no _________ because all of the __________ endings have been destroyed. Doctors use the Rule of __________ to help them to _____________ the ____________ of burns as well as the volume of ___________ ________ from the burns. They divide the burn patient’s body into _______ equal segments, each of which represents approximately ______ of their entire body surface area. Other Skin Conditions 1) Contact ______________ can be caused by exposure to certain chemicals and can result in an ______________ _____________. 2) A decubitus ulcer (______ _________) is caused by a lack of __________ _________ to the skin. 3) ______________ is a condition whose cause is unknown & is a possible _______________ disorder. It is often triggered by some form of ____________, ______________, or ___________. 4) Infections a. __________ __________ are caused by the __________ ___________ virus. b. ____________ _________ is caused by a ____________ infection. c. _____________ is highly infectious & is caused by a ______________ infection. d. _________ & ______________ are painful & are also caused by a _____________ infection. Developmental Aspects of the Integumentary System During the early adolescent years to adulthood, _______________ (oil) gland activity ________________. Also, the ____________ of cumulative skin ___________ (sun damage, etc.) begin to _________ after the age of _______. Finally, _____________ & ______________ become much more common. As you reach old age, the epidermal _______________ slows, & the skin becomes ________, _______, & ________. The _____________ & overall skin _____________ decreases leading to ________ intolerance & ___________. There is also an increased risk of ______________ due to decreased _____________ production.