Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
EIT : 27 June – 03 July, 2005 Our star, the Sun: Mass: 1.99 x 1030 kg (3.33 x 105 Earth masses) Our star, the Sun: Mass: 1.99 x 1030 kg (3.33 x 105 Earth masses) Diameter: 1.39 x 106 km (109 Earth diameters) Our star, the Sun: Mass: 1.99 x 1030 kg (3.33 x 105 Earth masses) Diameter: 1.39 x 106 km (109 Earth diameters) Temperature: 5800 K (at photosphere) Temperature: 1.5 x 106 K (in core) Our star, the Sun: Mass: 1.99 x 1030 kg (3.33 x 105 Earth masses) Diameter: 1.39 x 106 km (109 Earth diameters) Temperature: 5800 K (at photosphere) Temperature: 1.5 x 106 K (in core) Density: 1.4 grams/cm3 (average; water is 1.0 g/cm3) Density: 150 grams/cm3 (in core ; gold is 20 g/cm3) Our star, the Sun: Mass: 1.99 x 1030 kg (3.33 x 105 Earth masses) Diameter: 1.39 x 106 km (109 Earth diameters) Temperature: 5800 K (at photosphere) Temperature: 1.5 x 106 K (in core) Density: 1.4 grams/cm3 (average; water is 1.0 g/cm3) Density: 150 grams/cm3 (in core ; gold is 20 g/cm3) Rotation: 25 days (equatorial) Rotation: 34 days (polar) Flare + Solar quake : 27 May 1998 Helioseismology: the study of vibrations and oscillations on the Sun Swedish Solar Telescope (SST) : 22 August 2003 Granules in the Photosphere Photosphere through Hα filter Chromosphere during a total eclipse Corona and Flare Corona in ultraviolet: 17.1 nm ~ 1.0x106 K 19.5 nm ~ 1.5x106 K 28.4 nm ~ 2.0x106 K Deeper layers experience more gravitational compression, so they have greater outward pressure to compensate Pressure Gravity 1. Two protons fuse into a single nuclear entity Nuclear Fusion 2. One of the protons instantaneously decays into a neutron and a positron, which is ejected from the nucleus Nuclear Fusion 3. The positron encounters an electron and the pair annihilate, creating a photon Nuclear Fusion 4. In order to balance the momentum of the system, physicists predicted the existence of a “ghost particle,” called a neutrino Nuclear Fusion 5. Two 2H nuclei fuse to form a single nucleus of 4He, producing another photon Nuclear Fusion Helium nucleus: 4 protons: 4.003 AMU 1.008 AMU x4 4.032 AMU 0.029 AMU converted to energy: E = mc2 Nuclear Fusion BE per nucleon = Δ(nuclear mass) x c2 total (# 1p + # 0n) BE per nucleon = Δ(nuclear mass) x c2 total (# 1p + # 0n) BE per nucleon = Δ(nuclear mass) x c2 total (# 1p + # 0n) BE per nucleon = Δ(nuclear mass) x c2 total (# 1p + # 0n) BE per nucleon = Δ(nuclear mass) x c2 total (# 1p + # 0n) BE per nucleon = Δ(nuclear mass) x c2 total (# 1p + # 0n) energy from fusion energy from fission Neutrino detector experiment located in Homestake Mine, SD Neutrino detector experiment located in Homestake Mine, SD 1.5 km beneath Earth’s surface Neutrino detector experiment located in Homestake Mine, SD 1.5 km beneath Earth’s surface 100,000 gallons of dry-cleaning fluid (perchloroethylene) Neutrino detector experiment located in Homestake Mine, SD 1.5 km beneath Earth’s surface 100,000 gallons of dry-cleaning fluid (perchloroethylene) Neutrino collision converts chlorine atom into argon IceCube detector, Antarctica neutrino velocity > velocity of light in ice Cherenkov radiation Comparison of solar maximum (left) with solar minimum (right) NASA/SOHO UV (19.5 nm) images Sunspot: cooler zone on the photosphere (only about 4000K) umbra penumbra Cooler zone represents localized suppression of convection by a strong localized magnetic anomaly Regions surrounding sunspots should be (and are) more energetic Zeeman Effect: a strong magnetic field around the sunspot distorts and splits lines in the absorption spectrum Outside the sunspot Region within the sunspot Outside the sunspot 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Sunspots occur in cycles with peaks every ~11 years 3 Wolf cycle # 8 2 4 1 7 5 6 19 21 9 11 18 22 17 23 15 20 13 10 16 12 14 Butterfly Diagram: plot of sunspot number, by latitude, versus time Magnetic Field: • Magnetic north poles attracted to south poles • Moving electric charges travel parallel to field lines • Charged particles rotate around field lines “permanent” magnet Dynamo effect requires: • a continuous fluid layer that is… Dynamo effect requires: • a continuous fluid layer that is… • an excellent electrical conductor, and is… Dynamo effect requires: • a continuous fluid layer that is… • an excellent electrical conductor, and is… • moving rapidly CME encounters comet : 04 April 2007