Download 3.33 x 105 Earth masses

EIT : 27 June – 03 July, 2005
Our star, the Sun:
Mass:
1.99 x 1030 kg
(3.33 x 105 Earth masses)
Our star, the Sun:
Mass:
1.99 x 1030 kg
(3.33 x 105 Earth masses)
Diameter:
1.39 x 106 km
(109 Earth diameters)
Our star, the Sun:
Mass:
1.99 x 1030 kg
(3.33 x 105 Earth masses)
Diameter:
1.39 x 106 km
(109 Earth diameters)
Temperature:
5800 K
(at photosphere)
Temperature:
1.5 x 106 K
(in core)
Our star, the Sun:
Mass:
1.99 x 1030 kg
(3.33 x 105 Earth masses)
Diameter:
1.39 x 106 km
(109 Earth diameters)
Temperature:
5800 K
(at photosphere)
Temperature:
1.5 x 106 K
(in core)
Density:
1.4 grams/cm3
(average; water is 1.0 g/cm3)
Density:
150 grams/cm3
(in core ; gold is 20 g/cm3)
Our star, the Sun:
Mass:
1.99 x 1030 kg
(3.33 x 105 Earth masses)
Diameter:
1.39 x 106 km
(109 Earth diameters)
Temperature:
5800 K
(at photosphere)
Temperature:
1.5 x 106 K
(in core)
Density:
1.4 grams/cm3
(average; water is 1.0 g/cm3)
Density:
150 grams/cm3
(in core ; gold is 20 g/cm3)
Rotation:
25 days
(equatorial)
Rotation:
34 days
(polar)
Flare + Solar quake : 27 May 1998
Helioseismology:
the study of vibrations and oscillations on the Sun
Swedish Solar Telescope (SST) : 22 August 2003
Granules in the Photosphere
Photosphere through Hα filter
Chromosphere during a total eclipse
Corona and Flare
Corona in ultraviolet:
17.1 nm ~ 1.0x106 K
19.5 nm ~ 1.5x106 K
28.4 nm ~ 2.0x106 K
Deeper layers experience more gravitational compression,
so they have greater outward pressure to compensate
Pressure
Gravity
1. Two protons fuse into a single nuclear entity
Nuclear Fusion
2. One of the protons instantaneously decays
into a neutron and a positron, which is
ejected from the nucleus
Nuclear Fusion
3. The positron encounters an electron and
the pair annihilate, creating a photon
Nuclear Fusion
4. In order to balance the momentum of the
system, physicists predicted the existence
of a “ghost particle,” called a neutrino
Nuclear Fusion
5. Two 2H nuclei fuse to form a single nucleus
of 4He, producing another photon
Nuclear Fusion
Helium nucleus:
4 protons:
4.003 AMU
1.008 AMU
x4
4.032 AMU
0.029 AMU converted to energy: E = mc2
Nuclear Fusion
BE per nucleon =
Δ(nuclear mass) x c2
total (# 1p + # 0n)
BE per nucleon =
Δ(nuclear mass) x c2
total (# 1p + # 0n)
BE per nucleon =
Δ(nuclear mass) x c2
total (# 1p + # 0n)
BE per nucleon =
Δ(nuclear mass) x c2
total (# 1p + # 0n)
BE per nucleon =
Δ(nuclear mass) x c2
total (# 1p + # 0n)
BE per nucleon =
Δ(nuclear mass) x c2
total (# 1p + # 0n)
energy from
fusion
energy from fission
Neutrino detector experiment located in Homestake Mine, SD
Neutrino detector experiment located in Homestake Mine, SD
1.5 km beneath
Earth’s surface
Neutrino detector experiment located in Homestake Mine, SD
1.5 km beneath
Earth’s surface
100,000 gallons of
dry-cleaning fluid
(perchloroethylene)
Neutrino detector experiment located in Homestake Mine, SD
1.5 km beneath
Earth’s surface
100,000 gallons of
dry-cleaning fluid
(perchloroethylene)
Neutrino collision
converts chlorine
atom into argon
IceCube detector, Antarctica
neutrino velocity > velocity of light in ice
Cherenkov radiation
Comparison of solar maximum (left) with solar minimum (right)
NASA/SOHO UV (19.5 nm) images
Sunspot: cooler zone on the photosphere
(only about 4000K)
umbra
penumbra
Cooler zone represents
localized suppression of
convection by a strong
localized magnetic
anomaly
Regions surrounding
sunspots should be (and
are) more energetic
Zeeman Effect: a strong magnetic field around the
sunspot distorts and splits lines in
the absorption spectrum
Outside the
sunspot
Region within
the sunspot
Outside the
sunspot
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Sunspots occur in cycles with peaks every ~11 years
3
Wolf cycle #
8
2
4
1
7
5
6
19 21
9 11
18
22
17
23
15
20
13
10
16
12 14
Butterfly Diagram:
plot of sunspot
number, by latitude,
versus time
Magnetic Field:
• Magnetic north poles attracted
to south poles
• Moving electric charges travel
parallel to field lines
• Charged particles rotate around
field lines
“permanent” magnet
Dynamo effect requires:
• a continuous fluid layer
that is…
Dynamo effect requires:
• a continuous fluid layer
that is…
• an excellent electrical
conductor, and is…
Dynamo effect requires:
• a continuous fluid layer
that is…
• an excellent electrical
conductor, and is…
• moving rapidly
CME encounters comet : 04 April 2007