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KINGDOM FUNGI Characteristics of Fungi All fungi… Are eukaryotic Are heterotrophic (saprotrophic) Have cell walls of chitin Contain hyphae Most fungi are… multicellular Yeasts are single celled Honey Mushrooms Fungi Structures Cell Walls Made of chitin (same as arthropod exoskeletons!) Hyphae Threadlike filaments which make up the “body” of a fungus Mycelium Netlike hyphae mass of branching Fungi Structures Fruiting Body The reproductive structures of a fungus seen above ground Nutrition in Fungi All fungi are heterotrophs… do they? Digest Digest Ingest Ingest Digest and then ingest! Fungi produce enzymes which break down organic matter, allowing it to be absorbed. Nutrition in Fungi There are three ways in which fungi obtain nutrition: 1. Saprophytic fungi: feeds on dead organisms or organic wastes. 2. Parasitic fungi: absorb nutrients from living cells. 3. Mutualistic fungi: live in a close relationship with another species (such as a plant or algae) Example: Mycelium cover the roots of a soybean plant – the fungus gets sugar from the plant and increases the plant’s water intake and mineral absorption. Nutrition in Fungi Saprophytic Fungi Fairy Rings Reproduction in Fungi Fungi are classified by their structure and patterns of reproduction Some fungi reproduce asexually, some sexually, and some are capable of both! Asexual reproduction of fungi Budding, Fragmentation, Spore Production Sexual reproduction of fungi Spore production from meiosis Reproduction in Fungi Asexual Reproduction Budding Yeast cells. New cell develops and pinches off from parent cell. Fragmentation Mycelium is physically broken apart (fragmented), lands and begins to grow. Reproduction in Fungi Spore Production Spores are used in both the asexual and sexual life cycles of most fungi Asexual: Reproductive haploid cell that develops without fertilization Sexual: The diploid reproductive structures of the fungus produce haploid spores through meiosis Reproduction in Fungi Spores are fungal adaptations for survival Many spores are produced Spores are small and lightweight Protected by a tough, waterproof cell wall Some spores produced in a sporangium (sac or case) The fruiting body of the fungus is the sporophore, the structure which produces the spores. The classification of fungi is based on the type of sporophore it produces. Diversity of Fungi Four major phyla of fungi 1. Chytridiomycota (Chytrids) 2. Zygomycota (Common Molds) 3. Ascomycota (Sac Fungi) 4. Basidiomycota (Club Fungi) Diversity of Fungi Phylum Chytridiomycota (Chytrids) Some are saprophytes, some are parasitic Most are aquatic Unique characteristic: flagellated spores Thought to be the first true fungi Perhaps the link between fungus-like protists and other fungi Diversity of Fungi Phylum Zygomycota (Common Molds) Multicellular Most are terrestrial Many form mutualistic relationships with plants Reproduce both asexually and sexually Bread molds! Diversity of Fungi Phylum Zygomycota (Common Molds) Molds form different types of hyphae Stolons: spread across the surface of food Rhizoids: penetrates the food and absorbs nutrients Diversity of Fungi Phylum Ascomycota (Sac Fungi) Most are multicellular, few are unicellular (yeasts) Live in a variety of habitats Saprophytic, parasitic or mututalistic Reproduce both asexually and sexually Diversity of Fungi Phylum Ascomycota Very complicated life cycle Diversity of Fungi Phylum Basidiomycota (Club Fungi) Mushrooms! Most are multicellular Saprophytic, parasitic or mutualistic Major decomposers of wood Diversity of Fungi Phylum Basidiomycota Rarely produce asexually Produce Basidiocarp (fruiting body) Underside of cap has basidia (gills on which spores form) Diversity of Fungi Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi) Imperfect because they do NOT have a sexual stage Very diverse True phylum? Penicillin, athletes foot and yeast infection fungi Ecology of Fungi Fungi and Photosynthesizers Lichens Symbiotic relationship between fungus and algae Mychorrhizae Symbiotic relationship between fungus and plant roots Ecology of Fungi Lichens Fungi provide a dense web for the algae to grow Algae produce usable sugars Very resilient Bioindicators (sensitive to environmental changes) Ecology of Fungi Mycorrhizae Fungus absorbs and concentrates minerals for the plant Hyphae also increase the surface area of the plant’s root system Fungus receives sugars and proteins from the plant Results in healthier and more vigorous plants Fungi and Humans Benefits of Fungi Bioremediation Recycling of nutrients to “clean” an environment Medicines Pennicillium notatum Claviceps purpurea Tolypocladium inflatum Foods Mushrooms, yeast, alcohol, cheese Fungi and Humans Harmful fungi Destruction of plants and crops American Elm Trees & American Chestnut Trees Parasitic Infect Fungi insects Athlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast infections, oral thrush
