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Study Guide: Organization & Homeostasis Body Organization 1. In the flow chart below, list the five levels of organization in the human body in order from simplest to most complex: organism, organ, tissue, cell, organ system. cell tissue organ organ system organism 2. Write the correct label for each description below: simple, complex, organism, organ, tissue, cell, organ system. Description Label Something that is made of many different parts or units. A group of cells that work together and have a similar job to do (perform the same function). A group of tissues that have a specialized job (the heart is one of these). Single living thing made of many systems (a human being is an example of this). Something that is not complicated or complex. A group of organs that function together to perform a certain role in the body (the stomach, small intestines, and large intestines working together to digest food is an example of this). The basic unit of structure and function of an organism. 3. Sort the following items into 2 groups: simple and complex. multicellular organism human cell unicellular organism amoeba protist Simple unicellular organism amoeba cell protist complex tissue organ organism simple organ system cell system organ Complex multicellular organism organ system human 4. Sort the following items into the correct level of organization: lungs, kidney, pancreas, skin, heart, connective, muscle, liver, stomach, digestive, excretory, red blood cell, human, neuron (nerve cell). Add at least one of your own answers to EACH category. Cell 1. red blood cell 2. neuron Your Ex: bone cell muscle cell epithelial cell white blood cell Tissue 1. connective 2. muscle Your Ex: nervous epithelial Organ 1. lungs 2. kidney 3. pancreas 4. skin 5. heart 6. liver 7. stomach Your Ex: brain eye Organ System 1. digestive 2. excretory Your Ex: circulatory nervous skeletal respiratory muscular endocrine immune Organism 1. human Your Ex: any animal any plant any fungus Homeostasis 5. Write a definition AND give an example for the following words: Definition: The body’s tendency to keep an internal balance, despite changes in the external environment. Definition: The body’s reaction to potentially challenging, threatening, or disturbing events. Homeostasis Stress Your body sweats to try to cool itself off. When the temperature is too hot out, your body sends a signal to your brain to sweat. Example: Example: 6. Read the following passage about homeostasis and body temperature regulation, then answer the questions that follow. In biology, homeostasis is the regulation of the internal environment by the body. The human body temperature is about 37 degrees Celsius. Homeostasis includes the maintenance of this temperature, whether you’re at the South Pole or the equator. Homeostasis works through feedback—the body reacts to, say, levels of hormones and adjusts them as necessary. There are a few mechanisms the body uses to maintain a constant temperature. Shivering is used to produce heat if the body temperature is too low, while sweating cools the body through evaporation. As far as chemicals in the body, the pancreas produces insulin and glucagon to control levels of blood sugar. The lungs take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide and you breathe harder when you exercise. The kidneys remove urea and adjust the concentrations of water and certain ions, while waste is excreted when you go to the bathroom. Most of this is controlled by hormones (chemical messengers) secreted by the pituitary gland, which is directed by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus! Shivering is your body's natural reaction to being cold! When you feel cold, a part of your brain called the hypothalamus receives a message from your skin and spinal cord. The hypothalamus then triggers the shivering reflex. When you shiver, the muscles around your vital organs shake and expend energy (in the form of heat) in order to keep the organs warm. Hypothermia is a condition in which the body temperature drops to dangerously low levels—too low to maintain normal metabolism or other body functions. A person who is exposed to cold temperatures for too long will start to shiver. That's the beginning stage of hypothermia and the body's way of staying warm by expending energy. If a person doesn't warm up soon, their shivering will get much worse. They may start to experience mild confusion and lose muscle coordination. During this stage, blood vessels near the surface of the skin as well as those in fingers and toes will begin to constrict in an effort to keep warmth in the core of the body, around the vital organs. In the third stage of hypothermia, a person will stop shivering and have difficulty speaking, thinking, and moving. The pulse and respiration slow and can eventually stop, causing organ failure. Normally when the body begins overheating, nerves and hormones send a signal to the brain and you begin sweating. However, hyperthermia is a condition in which a person's body temperature is dangerously elevated and the body is unable to cool itself. A person can develop a form of hyperthermia known as heatstroke or sunstroke from being in an environment that's too hot. Hyperthermia can also be a negative reaction to different drugs, or as a result of certain medical conditions. A. In the first paragraph, highlight 3 examples of how the body maintains homeostasis. B. In the fourth paragraph describe how your body normally responds to overheating. 1. Body begins overheating 2. Nerves and hormones send signals to the brain 3. You begin sweating C. Describe the two conditions that could occur if your body couldn’t regulate its internal temperature (paragraphs 3 & 4): Hypothermia – body temperature is too low; person will shiver, experience mild confusion and lose muscle coordination; as it progresses, the person will have difficulty speaking, thinking, and moving; you could die. Hyperthermia – body temperature is too high; can be a result of an environment that is too hot, or because of a reaction to certain drugs or the result of some medical conditions. 7. Complete the attached worksheets about Cells and Tissues. After you have completed the worksheets, answer the following question: Why aren’t all cells identical? Different cells have different shapes and sizes because they have to do different jobs. The cells work together to make different kinds of tissues such as: connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous Connective tissue supports things and holds them together. You can find connective tissue under your skin and in your tendons. Connective tissue also keeps your organs in place. Epithelial tissue protects you by enclosing and covering other parts of the body. These tissues make up your skin and the insides of your mouth, throat, and digestive tract. Muscle tissue is made up of muscle fibers. The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles move the bones and are voluntary. Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles and move many of your internal organs. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and is also involuntary. Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves. It consists of cells called neurons. List the 4 types of tissues: 1. connective 2. epithelial 3. muscle 4. nervous