Download final review: Spring 2012

final review: Spring 2012
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1. Which of the following monarchs is history’s best example of an absolute monarch?
A) Louis XIV
C) Henry IV
B) Charles II
D) Philip II
2. What caused the growth in leisure time activities in the late 1800s?
A) private funding of concert halls and theaters
B) automobiles
C) higher incomes and more free time
D) the move from cities to suburbs
3. Which of the following was one effect of the factory system?
A) The price of products increased.
C) Workers dealt directly with merchants.
B) Workers became more skilled.
D) More people joined the middle class.
4. Which of the following authors defined poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings from emotions recollected in
tranquility”?
A) Ludwig van Beethoven
C) William Wordsworth
B) Charles Dickens
D) Leo Tolstoy
5. Which series of events led to World War I?
A) Austria took over Bosnia, Serbia declared war on Austria, and Germany declared war on Serbia.
B) Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, Russia moved to support Serbia, and Germany declared war on
Russia.
C) An Austrian-Hungarian nobleman was assassinated, Germany moved to support Austria, and Great Britain
declared war on Germany.
D) Germany declared war on Serbia, Russia moved to support Serbia, and Great Britain declared war on Russia.
6. During Qing rule, the emperor Kangxi
A) reduced taxes, expanded the empire, and supported the arts and sciences.
B) granted equal citizenship to all Chinese, initiated communism, and conquered Taiwan.
C) raised taxes, isolated the empire from European influence, and threw out the Jesuits.
D) increased commerce with Europeans, restored the Great Wall, and built an opulent palace.
7. Which best describes political motives driving the new European imperialism in Africa?
A) Europeans believed they had much to learn from Africans.
B) European leaders believed that controlling colonies would gain them more respect from other leaders.
C) European leaders wanted to develop industry in Africa and reap their profits.
D) Population decline led European countries to look to Africa for workers to fuel industrialization in home
countries.
8. The Ninety-five Theses were written in Latin because
A) Luther could not write in any other language.
B) they were intended for church leaders.
C) Luther intended them for a mass audience.
D) Latin was the vernacular.
9. Charles Darwin’s book, On the Origin of Species, was controversial because it
A) stated that all human diseases could be cured.
B) justified withholding welfare from the poor.
C) suggested there were patterns among elements in the periodic table.
D) differed from the creation story in the Bible.
10. Which of the following is a social science?
A) law
C) biology
B) psychology
D) chemistry
11. Which of the following Mexican revolutionaries gathered support from the lowest classes and forced Porfirio Díaz to resign as
president?
A) Emiliano Zapata and Francisco Madero
B) Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata
C) Francisco Madero and Francisco “Pancho” Villa
D) Benito Juarez and Francisco “Pancho” Villa
12. Why did the French and Indian War lead to increased taxes on Britain’s American colonies?
A) The British feared that the colonists were planning a revolution and wanted to weaken them economically.
B) Because removing the French benefited the colonists, Britain decided to make the colonies pay part of the cost.
C) The colonists now had access to the French gold and silver mines in the Americas.
D) The French won the war and wanted to punish the colonists.
13. During the rise of capitalism, European investors willingly took the risk of investing in overseas trade because
A) their governments rewarded them with political appointments overseas.
B) they were committed to spreading Christianity around the globe.
C) the rising demand for goods drove prices higher.
D) they objected to new food products being introduced in their home countries.
14. What areas did Suleyman I take for the Ottoman Empire?
A) Greece, northern Syria, and northern Egypt
B) Eastern Persia, Jerusalem, and Constantinople
C) the eastern coast of Italy, southern Austria, and eastern France
D) Hungary, the eastern Mediterranean, and the North African coast
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15. Which of the following realistic writers revealed the unfair treatment of women within families?
A) Leo Tolstoy
C) Mary Wollstonecraft
B) William Wordsworth
D) Henrik Ibsen
16. What led Hitler to believe that European powers would not interfere in his plans for Anschluss?
A) England and France’s lack of support for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War
B) the lack of direct action to stop his militarization of the Rhineland
C) the Allies’ refusal to help Poland
D) the nonaggression pact he negotiated with them
17. What caused Napoleon to pull his troops from Spain?
A) Portugal’s neutrality
B) the harsh winter of 1808
C) the guerrilla war raged by Spanish people
D) the British navy’s support of the Spanish revolt
18. Which of the following was one result of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
A) The Spanish Empire was larger than the Portuguese Empire.
B) Spain took control of Brazil.
C) The Portuguese Empire was larger than the Spanish Empire.
D) The British Empire was larger than the Portuguese Empire.
19. The increasingly educated population, explosion of newspapers, and the telegraph made a career in which of the following possible in
the late 1880s?
A) teaching
C) carpentry
B) art
D) journalism
20. What was the immediate cause of the Sepoy Mutiny?
A) the requirement that Indian soldiers bite off the end of an ammunition cartridge greased with animal fat
B) the refusal of Hindu priests of Delhi to support Christian rule in India
C) the requirement that the sepoys practice sati
D) widespread political imprisonment and random executions
21. Austria-Hungary opposed the formation of a “greater Serbia” because
A) its leaders strongly supported the principle that all people should choose their own government.
B) the Serbs had pledged to join the Triple Entente once they achieved independence.
C) any Serbian expansion might encourage other ethnic groups to rebel.
D) the government’s policy forbade negotiating with terrorists.
22. Roosevelt and Churchill’s joint declaration proclaiming what they viewed as the purpose of going to war is called the
A) Treaty of Versailles.
C) Atlantic Charter.
B) Yalta Charter.
D) Declaration of the Three Powers.
23. What event led to a decisive shift away from isolationism in the United States?
A) the sinking of American ships by German submarines
B) the attack on Pearl Harbor
C) the Battle of Britain
D) the discovery of Auschwitz
24. Before the rise of the Ottoman Empire, Anatolia was a
A) region consisting of a number of small, independent Turkish states.
B) part of the Christian Byzantine Empire.
C) country ruled by a Mongolian king.
D) part of western Persia.
25. When Charles became Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V
A) he became known as Charlemagne.
B) his territory grew to include parts of Italy, Austria, and various German states.
C) he lost all of Spain’s holdings in the Americas.
D) he fought to convert all of Europe to Protestantism.
26. The Congress of Vienna
A) strengthened nations surrounding France.
B) outlawed monarchies.
C) rewarded Napoleon’s supporters with large tracts of land.
D) made France a colony of Great Britain.
27. The Kansas-Nebraska Act
A) set off a bitter debate between proslavery and antislavery Americans.
B) forced Native Americans to move to Indian Territory.
C) finalized the Louisiana Purchase.
D) created the Confederate States of America.
28. What did Otto von Bismarck mean by the phrase “blood and iron”?
A) He would continue to fight until he was named emperor.
B) Germany needed railroads to unite the country.
C) Prussia would fight to obtain iron.
D) He would use the Prussian military as a force for German unification.
29. Who became known as the Sun King?
A) Louis XIII
C) Louis XIV
B) Cardinal Richelieu
D) Henry IV
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30. Henry IV was able to claim the throne of France because he
A) fought a successful civil war.
B) converted to Catholicism.
C) ordered the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.
D) converted to Protestantism.
31. Which of the following best describes the food exchange between Europe and the Americas?
A) Europeans brought coffee, corn, and potatoes to the Americas, and took rice, wheat, and oranges to Europe.
B) Europeans brought squash, peanuts, and tobacco to the Americas, and took sheep, turkeys, and pigs to Europe.
C) Europeans brought wheat, sugar, and sheep to the Americas, and took corn, potatoes, and turkeys to Europe.
D) Europeans brought tomatoes, potatoes, and wheat to the Americas, and took horses, beans, and rubber to
Europe.
32. Which of the following was a significant factor in the expansion of the railroad system in the 1800s?
A) the discovery of electricity
B) the invention of the Bessemer process
C) preparation for the Paris Exhibition of 1900
D) production of the Model T
33. Who argued that women had the right to an education?
A) Queen Mary I
C) Juana Ines de la Cruz
B) Miguel de Cervantes
D) Domenicos Theotocopoulos
34. The Reign of Terror resulted in
A) peace throughout France.
B) a strengthened National Assembly.
C) increased foreign opposition to the French Revolution.
D) the election of Robespierre to the presidency.
35. Giuseppe Garibaldi’s actions show that he was most committed to
A) a republican government.
B) the return of Italy to the glory of the Roman Empire.
C) achieving political power.
D) the unification of Italy.
36. What led the British government to take control of India from the British East India Company?
A) the spice trade
C) missionary impulses
B) the Sepoy Mutiny
D) the Mughal Revolt
37. Which of the following countries achieved independence with the least violence and bloodshed?
A) Bolivia
C) Brazil
B) Venezuela
D) Mexico
38. Nationalism remained a problem under the Dual Monarchy because
A) Marxists spread discontent.
B) Franz Joseph I was not a strong leader.
C) ethnic minorities continued to seek self-government.
D) Magyars felt they should have special privileges.
39. The French people welcomed Napoleon because
A) he completely disavowed the ideals of the Revolution.
B) they hoped he would help the collapsing French economy.
C) he was the grandson of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
D) he promised order after the chaos of the Revolution.
40. How did the radio differ from the telegraph?
A) The telegraph required wires; the radio did not.
B) The radio became wildly popular by 1900; the telegraph did not.
C) Radio operators used Morse code; telegraph operators did not.
D) The radio was used primarily in the United States, while the telegraph was used mostly in Europe.
41. King Philip decided to invade England in order to
A) rob its treasury of gold and silver.
B) convert it to Anglicanism.
C) satisfy his suspicions about spies based in England.
D) stop the seadogs and return England to the Catholic Church.
42. The Spanish colonial economy was based largely on
A) tobacco farming.
B) the mining of gold and silver.
C) fur and fish trading.
D) exports of Native American weaving and pottery.
43. What slogan best expresses the outrage of colonial leaders in response to the Stamp Act?
A) Governance by the mob must stop!
B) No taxation without representation!
C) Freedom of conscience for all!
D) Civil government should defend the rich against the poor!
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44. What goal did Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo di Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi all have in common?
A) a democratic republic in Italy
B) the unification of Germany
C) the return of Italy to the glory of the Roman Empire
D) the unification of Italy
45. Before entering World War II, the United States
A) attacked German submarines.
B) provided monetary aid to the Axis Powers.
C) remained strictly neutral.
D) provided military aid to Great Britain.
46. One effect of the expansion of the railroads was that
A) the population of the East declined.
B) consumers had a greater choice of low-cost products.
C) the price of steel rose.
D) horse-drawn carriages were no longer used.
47. Which of the following groups of people in Latin America were most likely to be revolutionaries?
A) Indians
C) Africans
B) peninsulares
D) creoles
48. What was an effect of the Columbian Exchange?
A) The exchange of foods and animals had a dramatic impact on later societies.
B) Native American diseases destroyed European populations.
C) Llamas began to be used as beasts of burden.
D) Triangular trade became less profitable.
49. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels argued that capitalism would inevitably lead to
A) an energy crisis.
C) enslavement of most of the population.
B) poverty and a workers’ revolution.
D) an extensive welfare state.
50. The Nazi campaign to imprison inferior people included which of the following targets?
A) Jews and Aryans
B) only Jews
C) Jews, homosexuals, disabled people, Poles, Slavs, and Gypsies
D) all residents of Allied countries
51. Before World War II, Hitler’s Nazi government
A) outlawed emigration.
B) passed restrictive laws severely limiting the rights of Jews.
C) did not limit the rights of any German citizens.
D) sent Einsatzgruppen into the Soviet Union.
52. The goal of Peter I was to
A) introduce democratic reforms to Russia.
B) transform Russia into a modern state.
C) end the Thirty Years’ War.
D) kill the son of Ivan the Terrible to prevent his ascension to the throne.
53. The Dreyfus affair had a lasting impact because it
A) inspired the Zionist movement.
B) kept women from voting for another sixty years.
C) barred Jews from holding military commissions for almost a century.
D) led to the Revolution of 1848.
54. What was the Zimmermann Note?
A) the German policy of attacking all ships entering or leaving Great Britain
B) a proposal by a German official that Mexico attack the United States in return for territory
C) Wilson’s speech detailing reasons why the United States should remain neutral
D) a note left behind by a suicide bomber in Serbia
55. Why did the British occupy Egypt in 1882?
A) to maintain access to the Suez Canal when the Egyptian government appeared unstable
B) to rebuild the Suez Canal to accommodate larger ships
C) to set up trading posts along the coast
D) to secure the Congo River to aid Leopold of Belgium
56. Janissaries contributed to the success of the Ottoman Empire because they
A) were part of a highly organized and effective bureaucracy that ran the empire.
B) converted people to Islam, giving Ottomans a shared religious background.
C) were elite soldiers loyal only to the sultan.
D) spied on the Byzantine army and passed on important strategic information.
57. What caused the War of the Spanish Succession?
A) the ascension of a Huguenot to the French throne
B) the bankruptcy of France
C) Louis XIV’s desire to have the Spanish throne for his son
D) Elizabeth I’s death with no heir
58. By the 1400s, the Ottomans controlled much of
A) Algeria.
C) the Arabian Peninsula.
B) Hungary.
D) the Balkan Peninsula.
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59. Some Native Americans helped Cortés because
A) the Aztecs were unpopular with those they had conquered.
B) they resented paying tribute to Emperor Atahualpa.
C) they had intermarried with Spanish explorers.
D) they had been converted to Christianity.
60. The Edict of Nantes was a remarkable document because
A) people were no longer forced to follow the monarch’s religion.
B) it contained the signature of Cardinal Richelieu.
C) it set into motion the events that led to the Court of Blood.
D) for the first time France was a Protestant nation.
61. Bolshevik opponents came to be called
A) Soviets.
C) the Red Army.
B) Marxists.
D) the White Army.
62. Which of the following natural resources was most important for the early development of industry in Great Britain?
A) iron ore
C) water
B) timber
D) coal
63. The Luddite movement emerged in order to
A) oppose industrial changes that were putting weavers out of work.
B) direct strikes breaking out all over Great Britain.
C) agitate for the ten-hour day.
D) abolish child labor.
64. Who wrote that without government, people’s lives were “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”?
A) Voltaire
C) Montesquieu
B) Locke
D) Hobbes
65. The idea of separate spheres implied that
A) women and men should work side by side in industry.
B) boys and girls should be educated separately.
C) men provided moral guidance in the business world.
D) women stayed home while men supported the family.
66. After Prussian king Frederick Wilhelm IV promised a constitution and reforms
A) he gave up his throne.
C) war ended his plans.
B) he worked hard to promote democracy.
D) he went back on many of his promises.
67. Which best describes conditions in Russia on the eve of World War I?
A) Russian nobles wanted to overthrow the czar and claim Russia for themselves.
B) Russia was a troubled country, with a worsening economy and an ineffective ruler.
C) Russia had a strong economy, and a recent revolution had put an effective leadership into government.
D) The provisional government that was put into place after the revolution resisted entering the war.
68. Bolsheviks planned that which of the following groups would lead a revolution and rule Russia?
A) the military
C) socialists
B) the Whites
D) nobles
69. How did Hobbes and Rousseau differ?
A) Hobbes believed people needed protection from government; Rousseau did not.
B) Rousseau believed in the idea of a social contract; Hobbes did not.
C) Rousseau believed an absolute monarchy was essential; Hobbes did not.
D) Rousseau believed people were naturally good; Hobbes did not.
70. Why did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States?
A) His failure to take back Saint Domingue led him to abandon his dream of empire in the Americas.
B) He wanted to keep the territory out of the hands of the British.
C) He needed money to fund the Napoleonic Wars.
D) His expedition east of the Mississippi River had failed miserably to incite rebellion.
71. After Charles X abdicated, French leaders formed what kind of government?
A) a democratic republic
C) an empire
B) a constitutional monarchy
D) an absolute monarchy
72. Despite Queen Victoria’s views,
A) Disraeli supported women’s voting rights.
B) Gladstone insisted on independence for Ireland.
C) Pankhurst did not want women’s suffrage.
D) Disraeli voted against extending the vote to women.
73. Industrialization had which of the following effects on middle-class people?
A) Their standard of living decreased.
B) They became active in the labor movement.
C) They worked harder than ever before.
D) They now had time and money to spend on leisure.
74. The October Manifesto was issued in response to
A) the Russian Revolution of 1905.
C) the assassination of Alexander II.
B) the Franco-Prussian War.
D) Bloody Sunday.
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75. An increase in business activity due to colonization caused which of the following?
A) Banks in Europe closed as more Europeans settled in colonies.
B) A new class of wealthier merchants emerged in Europe.
C) The development of capitalism in Europe was delayed.
D) Opportunities for investing decreased.
76. Which of the following leaders most helped to defuse the liberal ideals of the French Revolution?
A) Prince Klemens von Metternich
C) Frederick William III
B) Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
D) Lord Castlereagh
77. Which of the following occurred as a result of Martin Luther’s stand against indulgences?
A) Henry VIII started a new religion in England called Anabaptism.
B) The Protestant Reformation began.
C) Lutheranism spread first to England and Scotland, then to France and Italy.
D) Germany rejected Lutheranism and remained Roman Catholic.
78. How did the politics of General Antonio López de Santa Anna change during his years in power?
A) He used the Catholic Church to gain power but then limited the Church’s power.
B) He first allied with liberal reformers but later became conservative.
C) He first courted the United States and then rebelled against it.
D) He seized power in a conservative military coup, but became a liberal reformer.
79. What did Benjamin Disraeli, Emmeline Pankhurst, and the Chartists have in common?
A) All opposed child labor.
B) All worked to limit immigration.
C) All donated large sums of money to orphanages.
D) All sought to extend the voting rights.
80. Decisions made by the Congress of Berlin in 1878 resulted in
A) the collapse of Austria-Hungary.
B) many years of ethnic conflicts in the Balkans.
C) the end of the Crimean War.
D) the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
81. Which of the following writers described life in nature as “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”?
A) John Locke
C) William and Mary
B) Samuel Pepys
D) Thomas Hobbes
82. Which of the following military alliances became known as the Axis Powers?
A) Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Rhineland
B) England and France
C) Germany, Italy, and Japan
D) Germany and the Soviet Union
83. Christian missionary activity in Japan resulted in
A) the adoption of Christianity as the official state religion.
B) few conversions and little interest from Japanese people or the government.
C) a new era of religious tolerance.
D) the conversion of many Japanese and later government persecution of Christians and missionaries.
84. How did Hitler respond to the successful invasion of France by the Allies?
A) He invaded the Soviet Union.
B) He reconquered the beaches of Normandy.
C) He personally surrendered to Soviet troops in Berlin.
D) He ordered a counterattack in Belgium.
85. The Reform Act of 1832 was passed to address which of the following issues?
A) women’s lack of suffrage
C) unequal representation in Parliament
B) widespread alcoholism in Britain
D) harmful conditions for child workers
86. Desiderius Erasmus’s works were censored in Paris and condemned by the Church because
A) his works advocated a return to the ideals of ancient Greece and Rome.
B) he had become a Protestant.
C) his works fanned the flames of discontent with the Church.
D) he was convicted of witchcraft.
87. What caused the English Civil War?
A) Parliament’s vote to bring back the monarchy
B) Charles I’s decision to arrest Puritan leaders in Parliament for treason
C) Elizabeth I’s death with no heir
D) division over the Act of Supremacy
88. Why was the Revolutionary Tribunal created?
A) to eliminate people who threatened the Revolution from within
B) to manage the country’s military defense against foreign forces
C) to write a democratic constitution
D) to write and approve laws
89. Which of the following czars oversaw rapid industrial development in Russia?
A) Nicholas II
C) Nicholas I
B) Alexander II
D) Alexander III
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90. Both Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos were
A) opposed to Iturbide’s proposal.
C) executed by Portuguese authorities.
B) executed by Spanish authorities.
D) peninsulares.
91. Why did Britain begin exporting opium to China?
A) to prevent opium from going to British subjects
B) to make colonization of China easier
C) to improve the health of Chinese citizens
D) to change the balance of trade in favor of Britain
92. Charles V gave up his thrones in 1556 because he
A) no longer enjoyed the support of the pope.
B) was terminally ill.
C) was frustrated by failure in Europe.
D) feared his sons would assassinate him.
93. Control of Constantinople was important to Russia because
A) it provided access to the Red Sea.
B) most of the world’s amber was mined there.
C) it provided access to the Mediterranean Sea.
D) Russians considered it a holy city.
94. Akbar created unity through much of India by
A) promoting religious tolerance and abolishing taxes on non-Muslims.
B) forcing conquered people to convert to Islam.
C) stationing military units at strategic points throughout the empire.
D) allowing local governors complete autonomy in governing diverse regions.
95. The Bolsheviks took over the Russian government after
A) the Red Guards attacked the provisional government.
B) the Russian army successfully resisted the Central Powers along the Eastern front.
C) the Black Guard’s military coup.
D) farmers refused to produce crops to sell to the provisional government.
96. Which people accepted China’s terms and began a growing trade in Chinese goods with the Qing dynasty?
A) the Dutch
C) the Spanish
B) the French
D) the Germans
97. During its golden age, which of the following helped establish the Safavid Empire as a major Muslim civilization?
A) a religious revival in which all Muslims accepted the Sunni faith
B) the manufacture and export of traditional products such as hand-woven Persian carpets
C) a tourist economy spurred by the growing European middle-classes’s interest in architecture
D) a strong naval military, which annexed the eastern coast of Arabia
98. The mercantile system in Britain was replaced by
A) entrepreneurship.
C) laissez-faire economics.
B) socialism.
D) department stores.
99. What was the goal of the Yalta Conference?
A) to reach an agreement on what to do with postwar Europe
B) to compensate victims of the Holocaust
C) to agree on a schedule for the invasion of France
D) to divide Europe into communist and capitalist sections
100. Why did King Louis XVI call a meeting of the Estates General to be held in spring 1789?
A) to press for reform in the legislative process
B) to get approval to rescind tax exemptions for the First Estate
C) to begin the process of writing a new constitution for France
D) to get approval for new taxes on the Third Estate
101. Czar Nicholas II welcomed World War I because he
A) believed that all ethnic groups should have the right to rule themselves.
B) was a brilliant military commander and led most effectively on the battlefield.
C) hated the United States and wanted to defeat them.
D) hoped a surge of patriotism would overcome domestic problems and unite the country around his leadership.
102. Which of the following disciplines do you think benefited from Charles Darwin’s work?
A) cultural archaeology
C) medicine
B) physical anthropology
D) psychology
103. Which of the following was one factor that allowed European nations to extend their control over Asia and Africa after 1800?
A) European democratic traditions
B) the superiority of European trading networks
C) the rise of great empires in Asia and North Africa
D) military advantages such as superior weapons
104. Hongwu expanded his power as emperor by
A) getting rid of high-level positions in the government, and killing his rivals.
B) relaxing religious restrictions, creating rituals around his leadership, and moving the capital to Beijing.
C) destroying Beijing, the seat of Mongol power.
D) building the Forbidden City and adding high-level officials.
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105. Which European campaign was a disaster for Napoleon?
A) the Saint Domingue Expedition
C) the Peninsular War
B) the Continental System
D) the Russian Campaign
106. Portugal refused to comply with the Continental System because
A) it depended on its trade with France.
B) it did not have enough young men to spare for the draft.
C) it depended on its trade with Great Britain.
D) its people resented having a foreign ruler.
107. During the Tokugawa period the role of the samurai changed because
A) the emperor gained power.
C) Confucianism gained in popularity.
B) feudalism disappeared.
D) peace put the samurai out of work.
108. One outcome of the Council of Trent was that
A) the distinction between Catholicism and Protestantism blurred.
B) Charles Borromeo helped return most of Germany to the Catholic Church.
C) Austria and Poland returned to the Catholic Church.
D) Lutherans rebelled against Church decrees in Sweden and established a theocracy.
109. Before 1858, British imperialism in India was carried out by the
A) Indian Civil Service.
C) British East India Company.
B) British government.
D) British National Congress.
110. Manifest destiny affected Native Americans by
A) forcing them westward and into reservations.
B) introducing them to manufactured products.
C) forcing them to convert to Christianity.
D) separating them into distinct tribes.
111. According to Sigmund Freud, mental illness could be caused by
A) a chemical imbalance in the brain.
B) a concussion.
C) an inherited trait.
D) repressed thoughts in the unconscious mind.
112. Why did both sides in World War I turn to new weapons?
A) because trench warfare had led to a stalemate
B) because both sides wanted to avoid the deaths of too many soldiers
C) because advances in radar technology made bombers almost useless
D) because there were not enough weapons to arm the millions of soldiers
113. The Siege of Leningrad resulted in
A) a Germany victory.
B) a British victory.
C) the starvation of one million Russian civilians.
D) the starvation of one million German troops.
114. Who controlled the spice trade in Southeast Asia starting in the 1600s and 1700s?
A) the Dutch
C) the French
B) the British
D) the Germans
115. Why was the Soviet Union unprepared for Hitler’s attack in June 1941?
A) because German troops were also pushing towards Paris
B) because the Soviets had previously signed a nonaggression pact with Germany
C) because the Soviets were a member of the Axis alliance
D) because Hitler had already surrendered
116. On which two fronts did Germany fight during World War I?
A) Switzerland to the south and Russia to the east.
B) France to the west and Belgium to the north.
C) Russia to the east and Italy to the south.
D) Russia to the east and France to the west.
117. The Ming dynasty declined because
A) Zheng He depleted the government’s treasury and was unable to provide for the people.
B) competition among heirs to the throne led to a divided dynasty.
C) Europeans began to colonize China.
D) a combination of high taxes and crop failures led to rebellions.
118. How did industrialization hurt skilled craft workers working in cottage industry?
A) by undercutting prices for their products
B) by leading to a labor movement that raised wages
C) by shifting populations from countryside to city
D) by leading to a shortage of raw materials
119. Mass production, which created an increase in the quantity of goods produced, led to
A) an increase in the cost of factory-made goods.
B) an increase in the number of workers factories needed.
C) more consumer goods available to more people.
D) higher wages and shorter hours.
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120. Britain’s colonial empire fueled the development of industry in that country because
A) the war machine required quick and efficient production of goods.
B) workers in the colonies earned far less than workers in Britain.
C) the nation had access to vast amounts of raw materials.
D) colonies provided slave labor for growing industries.
121. Why did the British government create the Canadian dominion?
A) to keep the colonies from rebelling against British rule
B) to exploit the territory’s vast natural resources
C) to create a buffer zone between Canadian colonies and the United States
D) to provide a market for British goods
122. The Meiji Restoration refers to the
A) Japanese emperor’s return to power.
B) peace process between China and Japan in the late 1800s.
C) rebuilding of Japan’s imperial cities.
D) period of unrest in China that preceded the 1911 revolution.
123. The only Southeast Asian country to retain its independence in the 1800s was
A) Malacca.
C) Cambodia.
B) Malaysia.
D) Siam.
124. Which art form or style does the phrase “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings from emotions recollected in tranquility”
represent?
A) realism
C) rationalism
B) Enlightenment thought
D) romanticism
125. Who disproved the long-held belief that an atom is a solid piece of matter?
A) Dmitri Mendeleyev
C) Ernest Rutherford
B) Marie Curie
D) Albert Einstein
126. American colonists objected to the Stamp Act because
A) contrary to British belief, Americans thought stamps were necessary.
B) they resented forced conscription in the British military to fight the Seven Years’ War.
C) the Act restricted the colonists’ trade.
D) they objected to taxes levied by the British Parliament without representation.
127. The partnership formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the late 1800s was called the
A) Eastern Block.
C) Triple Alliance.
B) Triple Entente.
D) Central Powers.
128. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of French rulers?
A) Charles X, Louis XVIII, Louis Napoleon, Louis Philippe
B) Napoleon I, Napoleon II, Napoleon III, Louis XVIII
C) Charles X, Louis Philippe, Louis Napoleon
D) Louis Philippe, Charles X, Napoleon III
129. Control of North Africa was vital for the Allies because
A) large numbers of terrorist attacks against Allied ships were being launched from the area.
B) they needed to control the Panama Canal in order to obtain oil from the Middle East.
C) they needed to control the Suez Canal in order to obtain oil from the Middle East.
D) North African countries provided the best area from which to launch air attacks against Italy.
130. Which of the following countries declared war on Germany in 1914 as part of a military agreement with Great Britain?
A) Belgium
C) the Netherlands
B) New Zealand
D) Japan
131. Until the Scientific Revolution, the traditional authorities were
A) the Church and ancient scholars.
C) navigators and explorers.
B) Plato and Aristotle.
D) Aquinas and his followers.
132. What was the immediate result of trench warfare?
A) an easy victory for the Allied Powers
C) fewer casualties on both sides
B) massive deadlock
D) an easy victory for the Central Powers
133. Which of the following is the correct sequence of legislative bodies that governed France during the Revolution, from first to last?
A) Legislative Assembly, National Assembly, National Convention, Directory
B) National Convention, Legislative Assembly, National Assembly, Directory
C) Directory, National Convention, Legislative Assembly, National Assembly
D) National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, National Convention, Directory
134. Which of the following leaders began a program of reforms in Russia?
A) Alexander II
C) Karl Marx
B) Alexander III
D) Nicholas I
135. What recent invention allowed the British to more effectively defend against German air attacks?
A) the sitzkrieg
C) the submarine
B) radar
D) trench warfare
136. Tycho Brahe believed that
A) all planets revolved around the sun.
B) the sun revolved around the earth but the other known planets revolved around the sun.
C) there was only one planet in the solar system.
D) the sun, planets, and moon all revolved around the earth.
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137. How did Teresa of Avila impact the Catholic Church?
A) She opened up the priesthood to women for a short time.
B) She inspired many Catholics to convert to Lutheranism.
C) She inspired many would-be Protestants to remain in the Church.
D) She successfully fought the Catholic Church’s practice of killing suspected witches.
138. William Shakespeare’s works are known for
A) a deep understanding of human nature.
B) subtle symbolism.
C) their complicated language that did not appeal to the uneducated.
D) teaching ideal behavior.
139. Sailors could calculate their location based on the position of the sun and stars in relation to the horizon with the
A) astrolabe.
C) caravel.
B) nautical map.
D) compass.
140. What led to the growth of the middle class?
A) industry’s need for managers and other mid-level employees
B) the increase in prices of manufactured goods
C) the growth of universities
D) the increasing profit earned from small, family-owned farms
141. Which of the following was the emperor of Ethiopia who modernized his army and defeated the Italians at the Battle of Adwa?
A) Maji Maji
C) Samory Touré
B) Menelik II
D) Shaka
142. What development was essential to the expansion of cities to the suburbs?
A) the growth of sports
B) the emergence of public transportation systems
C) the professionalization of nursing
D) the invention of the telegraph
143. Allied treaties with the defeated Central Powers accomplished which of the following?
A) They consolidated Russian ethnic groups into the Soviet Union.
B) They broke apart Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.
C) They forced every nation to pay retribution into a world fund for maintaining peace.
D) They allowed each nation to rebuild its military forces.
144. In addition to personal communication the telegraph was used to
A) conduct business and transmit news from far away places quickly.
B) speak with loved ones who lived far away.
C) help hearing-impaired students learn to speak.
D) advance the study of aerodynamics.
145. What led scientists to study the natural world more closely in the mid-1500s?
A) exploration
C) the death of Aristotle
B) a series of natural disasters
D) Thomas Paine’s pamphlet
146. How did the Zimmermann Note affect American neutrality?
A) It led to strong public support for U.S. entry into the war.
B) It led the United States to attack Mexico.
C) It led the Allies to beg the United States to support their war effort.
D) It made American leaders more resolved to safeguard their neutral rights.
147. Which of the following was a social change influenced by the war?
A) Universal public education was implemented.
B) Public views of what women could do were transformed.
C) The government took permanent control of heavy industry.
D) All men won the right to vote, regardless of race or class.
148. Hitler’s declaration that “Surrender is forbidden” to his commanders at the Battle of Stalingrad led to
A) the starvation of over a million civilians.
B) a decisive German victory over the Soviets.
C) the capture of 90,000 Axis survivors and a crushing defeat for Hitler.
D) a two-year stalemate.
149. What enabled the Ottomans to expand beyond Anatolia?
A) the assistance of Serbs in the Balkans
B) a powerful military and gunpowder weapons
C) their tolerance of other cultures and religions
D) Christianity’s decline in the Byzantine Empire
150. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the economy of Italy in the years after unification?
A) The unification of industrial, agricultural, and banking states led to a strong national economy.
B) Plentiful land and a well-developed transportation network resulted in a nation of small, prosperous farmers.
C) Widespread poverty and unemployment led to violence and emigration.
D) Rising industry led to rapid urbanization and a modern economy.
151. The territory gained by the United States in 1848 was a result of the
A) Oregon Compromise.
C) Trail of Tears.
B) Mexican-American War.
D) Louisiana Purchase.
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152. Which of the following statements best describes the rule of Shah Jahan?
A) His chief concern was to expand India’s borders, and the empire reached its greatest size during his reign.
B) He imposed heavy taxes on the people of India to pay for costly monuments, palaces, and wars.
C) He renounced Islam and made Hinduism the official religion of India.
D) He continued the agricultural reform legacy of his father, increasing the amount of land farmers were allowed
to hold.
153. What caused the War of Austrian Succession?
A) the launch of the Spanish Armada
B) the death of Frederick the Great without a male heir
C) the rivalry between the Hapsburgs and the Hohenzollerns
D) the Holy Roman Emperor’s attempt to combat Protestantism
154. Which of the following was a negative result of the growth of the textile industry in Great Britain?
A) the expansion of agriculture in India
B) the spread of slavery in the United States
C) fewer cotton farms in Great Britain
D) the huge population growth in the country
155. How did Agustín de Iturbide become emperor of Mexico?
A) by marrying the daughter of the king of Spain
B) by cultivating the favor of the Roman Catholic Church and receiving the title from the pope
C) by overthrowing the democratically-elected government in a bloodless coup d’etat
D) by bringing together creoles, peninsulares, royalists, and revolutionaries
156. How did the work of the Flemish School differ from Italian Renaissance painting?
A) Flemish painters used watercolors, while Italian painters used oils.
B) Italian painters focused on the details of everyday life, while Flemish painters tackled grand themes.
C) Flemish painters focused on the details of everyday life, while Italian painters often showed mythological
scenes.
D) Flemish painters focused on religious symbolism, while Italian painters focused on secular themes.
157. After Napoleon’s exile, France became a(n)
A) monarchy.
C) republic.
B) empire.
D) democracy.
158. Following World War I,
A) the economy of the United States took several years to recover.
B) France’s economy flourished.
C) Europe lost its role as the dominant economic region of the world.
D) European colonies became more loyal to their mother countries.
159. Louis XIV’s greatest ambition was to
A) convert England to Catholicism.
B) unite the German states under his rule.
C) end the rivalry with the English.
D) build up the military and expand French territory.
160. Which of the following statements best describes the importance of Italian city-states to the Renaissance?
A) As agricultural centers, city-states produced an abundance of crops, and sold them to foreign markets.
B) Knowledge of arts increased as nobles and merchants sought to display their new wealth.
C) Italian shipbuilders brought paintings and sculpture back from China and India.
D) The Catholic Church, dominant in the city-states, published the first Bible.
161. Which of the following was a solution to scarce living and working space in cities?
A) the construction of subways
C) the mechanization of industry
B) the expansion of public education
D) the construction of skyscrapers
162. Following Islamic law, the Ottomans
A) forced all their subjects to convert to Islam.
B) required all non-Muslims to join the military.
C) allowed religious freedom.
D) killed all people who were not Muslim.
163. Why did American and British forces plan a massive invasion of Western Europe?
A) to help the Soviets, who were battling German forces in Stalingrad and Leningrad
B) to avenge Pearl Harbor
C) to maintain control of Atlantic shipping routes
D) to open a second front and put the Axis forces on the defensive
164. Which legislative body was in place when Napoleon seized power?
A) the National Assembly
C) the Legislative Assembly
B) the National Convention
D) the Directory
165. The Treaty of Kanagawa contributed to
A) the prestige of the Tokugawas.
C) Japanese wealth through high tariffs.
B) a rise in nationalism.
D) the shogun’s power.
166. What was the result of the Russo-Japanese war of 1904–1905?
A) Russia retained control of railway lines in southern Manchuria but Japan gained influence over Korea.
B) Japan’s victory over Russia was celebrated all over Asia.
C) Russia retained its control over two Manchurian ports and influence over Korea.
D) Japan gained control over two Manchurian ports but lost influence over Korea.
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167. Which of the following battles signified a turning point in the Allied Powers’ favor in the war?
A) the Battle of Verdun
C) the Battle of Caporetto
B) the Battle of the Frontiers
D) the Second Battle of the Marne
168. According to the concept of natural selection, which of the following birds would be most likely to produce offspring?
A) one with a bright color and a sweet song
B) on who was too sickly to migrate
C) one who had been swept hundreds of miles off course to the Galapagos Islands
D) one with a beak well-adapted to catching insects or picking up seeds
169. The work of Joseph Lister with an antiseptic would have been impossible without the discoveries of
A) Louis Pasteur.
C) Albert Einstein.
B) Isaac Newton.
D) Marie Curie.
170. What was the significance of the Battle of Coral Sea?
A) The Americans sunk four Japanese carriers and lost only one of their own.
B) It repelled the Axis Powers from Northern Africa.
C) It resulted in Allied control of the entire Atlantic.
D) It was the first time the Allies had stopped the relentless Japanese advance.
171. When Hitler attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941, he
A) felt invincible because of his victory in Great Britain.
B) threatened the alliance between the Axis Powers.
C) was breaking the Soviet-German nonaggression pact.
D) hoped to draw the United States into war.
172. Which of the following is a cause of the Thirty Years’ War?
A) agitation by Pugachev
B) Catherine’s refusal to marry or name a chancellor
C) throwing the Holy Roman Emperor’s representatives out of a window
D) Prussia’s drive for empire
173. Which of the following began World War II?
A) the Anschluss
C) the defeat of Franco’s Nationalists
B) Hitler’s attack on Czechoslovakia
D) Hitler’s attack on Poland
174. Part of the legacy of the French Revolution is that
A) citizens’ rights in Europe were never again restricted.
B) all European monarchies became democracies.
C) it has inspired people to fight for their rights in other parts of the world.
D) it has discouraged revolutions worldwide for 200 years.
175. Indian nationalism became more radical when the British announced plans to partition
A) the Northwest Provinces.
C) Kashmir.
B) Calcutta.
D) Bengal.
176. Revolts in the Austrian Empire were set off by
A) the Russian invasion.
B) Ferdinand’s abdication.
C) Metternich’s resignation.
D) revolutions in France, Italy, and the German states.
177. Which of the following individuals developed vaccines for anthrax and rabies?
A) Charles Darwin
C) Crawford Long
B) Louis Pasteur
D) Albert Einstein
178. What did the Edict of Worms decree about Martin Luther?
A) It named him leader of the Catholic Church.
B) It excommunicated him.
C) It made him an outlaw and condemned his writings.
D) It named him king of Germany.
179. Which of the following was one of the first acts of the National Convention?
A) a declaration of war against Austria
B) a declaration of war against England
C) convening of a Constitutional Convention
D) the declaration that France was a republic
180. The Treaty of Nanjing
A) allowed the Chinese to try British citizens in Chinese courts.
B) strengthened the Qing dynasty.
C) returned Shanghai to the Chinese.
D) benefited European countries at the expense of China.
181. Planters in the Americas began to use African slaves for labor because
A) African slaves were less expensive than Native American slaves.
B) they believed Native Americans were not human.
C) Aztecs refused to work on plantations.
D) disease had killed millions of Native Americans.
182. The D-Day invasion of Normandy was launched from
A) Berlin.
C) the Soviet Union.
B) the United Kingdom.
D) Belgium.
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183. Germany attempted to “bleed France white” in the
A) Battle of Somme.
C) Second Battle of the Marne.
B) First Battle of Ypres.
D) Battle of Verdun.
184. Russian Marxists wanted to create what form of government in Russia?
A) a Communist dictatorship
C) a socialist republic
B) an autocracy
D) a capitalist democracy
185. Johannes Gutenberg’s invention has been described as revolutionary because
A) until guilds were created, craftspeople were unable to control the goods they produced.
B) with oil paints, Renaissance artists could paint much more detail than they could with watercolors.
C) coupled with a large pool of unemployed workers, it led to early industrialization in parts of Central Europe.
D) with easier access to books, more people learned to read and more books were printed.
186. What were the Young Turks fighting against in 1908?
A) the absolute power of the sultan
C) independence from the Ottoman Empire
B) reforms and a representative government
D) religious freedom
187. Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter, a document
A) which established the United Nations.
B) which asserted their right to territorial gains.
C) which affirmed that nations should choose their governments.
D) that negotiated shipping lanes in the Atlantic.
188. The Crimean War began because of a dispute over
A) Britain’s borders.
C) the crown of Hungary.
B) Greek independence.
D) the Holy Land.
189. How did electric power impact industry?
A) It allowed factories to move away from water sources.
B) By increasing efficiency, it shortened the work day.
C) It increased safety hazards in manufacturing plants.
D) It reduced the cost of powering heavy machinery.
190. The revolutionary group later referred to as the Decembrists included many military officers
A) who became pacifists and refused to stay in the army.
B) who defected to Germany.
C) who overthrew the czar in a military coup.
D) who refused to declare allegiance to the new czar.
191. How did the Model T differ from earlier automobile models?
A) It was luxurious.
C) It used electric power.
B) It was affordable.
D) It came in many bright colors.
192. The Congress of Vienna did which of the following?
A) supported democratic reforms in areas conquered by Napoleon
B) formed democratic republics across Europe
C) fulfilled hopes of ethnic groups who wanted to govern themselves
D) restored Louis XVIII to the French throne
193. Why did delegates meet at a Constitutional Convention in 1787?
A) to draft a Bill of Rights
C) to revise the Articles of Confederation
B) to choose members of the Supreme Court
D) to declare war on Britain
194. Which of the following resulted from the October Revolution in Russia?
A) Russia became a communist country.
B) Russia negotiated for peace with the Allies.
C) The Soviet Union was formed.
D) A provisional government was formed.
195. German liberals who revolted in 1848 all wanted
A) a republic.
B) the Zollverein.
C) a constitutional monarchy.
D) reforms that would promote individual rights.
196. Following the Civil War in the United States, Britain relied on India for which raw material?
A) indigo
C) cotton
B) jute
D) tea
197. The Russian economy differed from the rest of Europe’s because it
A) was strong.
B) was primarily agricultural.
C) rested on diverse industries, including manufacturing, mining, and agriculture.
D) was primarily industrial.
198. In which country were the Enlightenment reforms of Emperor Joseph II opposed by the church and the nobility?
A) Russia
C) Austria
B) Japan
D) Prussia
199. Which of the following was a conquistador?
A) Henry Hudson
C) Prince Henry
B) Francisco Pizarro
D) Malinche