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Unit #6 – Early 20th Century
(The World Wars)
Lesson #604
Russian Revolution
Essential Questions
13.
The war ended strangely
• Armistice began on Nov 11 at 11am
• Germans desperate for an end to the madness
Paris Peace Conference
• Started January, 1919 in Paris
• 27 nations sent representatives
– Germany and Austria not allowed to attend
– Russia was not invited
– (Lenin’s government not seen as legitimate)
• Negotiations lasted five months
• Run by “the Big Four”
– Britain
– France
– Italy
– United States
Goal of each nation was different
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United States:
Peace without victors; self determination
France:
Punish Germany and weaken them
Britain:
Protect their empire (mostly colonies)
Italy:
Get land from Austria
Wilson’s “Fourteen Points”
• Eliminate the cause of war
• Promote free trade and freedom of seas
• disarmament for everyone
• Why would France have a problem with this?
• self-determination of colonies and empires
• Why would David Lloyd George have problem with
this?
• a League of Nations
France
Punish Germany
• Take some of their land
• Force them to pay damages
Weaken them
• Be sure they had no ability to attack again
• Keep France strong to defend, just in case
How will this clash with Wilson’s plan?
Britain
• Protect their empire
• How will this clash with Wilson’s plan?
The compromise:
• Wilson was willing to concede on all his
principles, as long as…
• There would be a LEAGUE OF NATIONS
• Which would constantly monitor the rise of
one power, and talk through conflicts
• All nations would join
• All nations would have to agree to agree with
the findings of the League of Nations
• Of course, USA never joined…
What was the agreement?
1. Germany was to be reduced in size
– Surrender the Alsace and Lorraine
– Allow for the Danzig Corridor
2. German military was to be shrunk to almost nonexistent
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100,000 men total
Modern equipment forbidden (plans, subs, tanks, artillery)
Rhineland demilitarized
3. Germany was to pay reparations
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Damages for war
France and Britain had HUGE debts to USA from loans
$5 billion/ year – re-evaluated in 1921
Number set in 1921 to $30 billion
Finally paid off in 1915
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“war guilt clause”
Germans were to accept full responsibility
for starting and perpetuating war
Germans were not allowed to negotiate
4. Germany was to accept full blame – total
humiliation
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Nobody liked it
• Why would the French hate it?
• Why would the British not really plan to
support France?
• Why would USA grow disinterested?
• Why would Russia complain?
• Ottoman Empire broken into “mandates”
• Austrian Empire broken into new nations
based on nationalities
• Russia lost most of land signed away in Treaty
of Brest-Litovsk
Next tragedy…
Spanish Flu (1918-1920)
• 1 in four American soldiers had the influenza,
carried to Europe
• Spread FAST
• 500 million people infected world wide (about
1/3)
• Estimates are as low as 20 million
• As high as 50 – 100,000,000 killed by the flu
• (5% of world’s population dead)
• About 10-20% mortality rate
• (normal flu killed .1%)
Oddities to Spanish Flu
killed mostly healthy adults
• (not children and elderly, like normal flu)
• majority 20-40 years old
• only 1% over 65
• The best guess: focused on immune system – ravaged
the healthy –
• healthy immune system spread disease faster
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• 25-75% pregnant women infected
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25% lost their babies
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Hit in summer and autumn months