Download Review Session #4 - History by Mills

UNIT VII
Ch. 24 & 25
Metternich Restores Stability
• Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
– Participants:
• King Frederick William III of Prussia, Czar Alexander I of
Russia, Emperor Francis I of Austria, Prime ministers from
France and Britain, and Prince Klemens von Metternich of
Austria
• 3 goals of Metternich
– 1) prevent future French aggression (contain France)
– 2) restore balance of power
» Didn’t want to do too much to France for fear they’d
retaliate
» Returned to its boundaries from 1790
– 3) restore Europe’s ruling families that had been displaced by
Napoleon
» Legitimacy
» Ex: Louis XVIII back on the throne
Concert of Europe
• A system of alliances to bound the nations
of Europe together
– Devised by Metternich to ward off
revolutionary ideas set in motion by the
French Rev.
• “Liberty, equality, and fraternity”
• Democracy/constitutional monarchies
• The Holy Alliance
– Russia, Austria, and Prussia join forces to
fight against any future revolutions
Philosophers of Industrialization
• Laissez-faire
economics
– Businesses have little
interference from the
government
• Enlightenment idea
• Adam Smith
– The Wealth of Nations,
1776
– Laissez-faire economics
led to progress
Capitalism
• Economic system in which money is invested
with the goal of making a profit
• Thomas Malthus
–
–
–
–
An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798
Population increased faster than food supply
Would lead to poverty
David Ricardo
• Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817
• Permanent, poor “underclass”
Utilitarianism
• Jeremy Bentham
– Judge things based
on their utility, or
usefulness
– “the greatest good
for the greatest
number of people”
Socialism
• Factors of production are owned by the
public and operate for the welfare of all
• Government should own key industries
• Karl Marx and Frederick Engels
– Communist Manifesto, 1848
– Eventually the working class (proletariat)
would revolt against the middle class
(bourgeoisie)
Engels
Marx
• Believed Capitalism would destroy itself
Life in the Emerging Urban Society
• New Ideas in Medicine and Science
– Germ theory of disease
• Developed by Louis Pasteur in the mid 1800s
• First to call microscopic disease-causing organisms bacteria
– Led to pasteurization
– Darwin’s theory of evolution
• 1859 The Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection
• Challenged the traditional view that God created everything on
earth
• Idea of natural selection: populations grow faster than the food
supply so people must compete for food
– The members that survive are the “fittest”
» Came to be known as the theory of evolution
–Advances in chemistry and physics
• John Dalton
–Discovered all matter is made up of
atoms (1803)
• Dmitri Mendeleev
–Developed the Periodic Table (1869)
• Marie and Pierre Curie
–Discovered radioactivity (1898) and the
elements radium and polonium
–Won the Nobel Prize in 1903 and Marie
won in 1911
Development of Realism
• In literature and the visual arts
– Showed life as it is not as it should be
• Differed from Romanticism
• Reflected the importance of the working class
– Artists/authors observed and reported as precisely and
objectively as possible
• 1850s
• New invention, the camera, also recorded
objective and precise images
• Romanticism:
– 19th century
– Idealized nature
– Emphasized harmony between humans and nature
• Realism:
– Reaction to romanticism
– Portray things as they really were
– Records events, does not give a glorified view
• Impressionism:
– Aimed at capturing their immediate “impression” of a
brief moment
– Bright colors used, loose brushwork
– Monet, Renoir, Degas
Romanticism
Realism
Impressionism
Social Structure
• Wealth distributed unevenly
– 20% of the population was middle class or wealthy
• Middle class
– Mostly successful industrialists, bankers, merchants; began to
merge with the aristocracy
– shared a common lifestyle and culture
• Working classes
– Skilled workers very different lives from the semiskilled and
unskilled
– Domestic servants = large portion of the population
– Leisure included:
• Drinking, watching sports (racing and soccer), attending music
performances
• Working-class church attendance declined in the 19th century
The Changing Family
• Premarital sex and marriage
– economic considerations contributed to choosing
marriage partners
– Increasing economic well-being allowed members of
the working class to select marriage partners based
more on romance
– Gender roles
• Division of labor became defined by gender
• Women gained control over household finances and the
education of children
• Child Rearing
– Attitudes toward children changed
– Emotional ties between mothers and infants
deepened
The Age of Nationalism
1850-1914
• By the 1830s, the return to the old order
was breaking down
– Liberals and nationalists throughout Europe
were openly revolting against conservative
gov’t
– Liberal middle class led the struggle for
constitutional governments and the formation
of nation-states
– Multiple revolutions
• Brussels, Italy, Austria, Poland, Budapest, Prague,
the German States, France
France Accepts a Strong Ruler
• December 1848, Louis-Napoleon
Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon
Bonaparte) won the presidential election
– 1852: took the title of Emperor Napoleon III
– French were weary of instability and
welcomed a strong ruler to bring peace to
France
– Napoleon III’s policies
• Built railroads, encouraged industrialization,
promoted public works programs
– Unemployment gradually decreased
– France experienced prosperity
Nation Building in Italy and
Germany
• After the Congress of Vienna, Austria
ruled northern Italian provinces and Spain
ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
– Italians wanted their independence
• Movement for Unity begins
– 1832: Giuseppe Mazzini organized a nationalist group
called Young Italy
» 1848 revolts failed in Italy as in other areas of
Europe
» Giuseppe exiled
Sardinia Leads Italian Unification
• 1852: Sardina’s King Victor Emmanuel II
named Count Camillo di Cavour as his
prime minister
– Wealthy aristocrat
– Worked to expand Emmanuel’s power
• Led to the unification of Italy
– Mazzini distrusted Cavour
» Believed he wanted to increase Emmanuel’s power,
not unify Italy
• Cavour united northern Italy and began to
look to control the south
– Helped nationalists rebel in the south
– 1860: Giuseppe Garibaldi and his nationalist
troops captured Sicily
• Led a patriotic expedition to the kingdom of the
Two Sicilies, overthrew the gov’t, and presented
southern Italy and Sicily to Sardinia
• King Victor Emmanuel II rules over all of Italy
Germany Before Bismarck
• Since 1815, 39 German states formed a
loose grouping called the German
Confederation
– The two largest states, the Austro-Hungarian
Empire and Prussia, dominated the
confederation
• Prussia was mainly Germanic and they had a
powerful army
• They also industrialized before other German
states
Prussia Leads German Unification
• 1861: King William I moved to reform the army,
yet the Parliament would not grant him the
money to do so
– Saw this as a challenge to his authority
– Supported by the Junkers (remember them?)
• Conservatives, Prussian nobility
• 1862: chose Otto von Bismarck as his Prime Minister
– Became the master of “realpolitik” or “the politics of reality;” no
room for idealism
– With the king’s approval, Bismarck declared he would rule w/o
the consent of parliament and w/o a legal budget
» Direct violation of the consitution
Seven Weeks’ War
1866
• Bismarck stirred up border conflicts with
Austria
– Austria declared war on Prussia
– Prussians used their superior training and
equipment to defeat the Austrians quickly
• Humiliated Austria
– Lost land to Prussia
» Led to German unification
» Bismarck used war to promote nationalism
The Franco-Prussian War
1870-1871
• South remained independent
• Bismarck believed he could win the support of
the southerners if they faced an outside threat
• Under the pretense of a false insult, the French
declared war on Prussia (war=nationalism)
– Prussians poured into northern France
– Sept. 1870, Sedan surrounded (Napoleon III taken
prisoner)
– On January 18, 1871 King William I of Prussia was
crowned Kaiser, or emperor (at the palace of
Versailles)
• Unification was complete (the south joined the north)
• Germans called their empire the Second Reich
– The Holy Roman Empire was the first
– Hitler strives to create a Third Reich in the 1930s and 1940s
– Prussia now becomes Germany
Russia
• 1856 loss to the Ottoman Empire in the
Crimean War proved Russia needed to
industrialize
– Czar Alexander II moved toward
modernization
– March 3, 1861 Czar Alexander II issued the
Edict of Emancipation, freeing 20 million serfs
– Terrorists assassinate Alexander II in 1881
• Political and social reforms halted
• His successor, Alexander III, tightened czarist
control
UNIT VIII
Ch. 26 & 27
Imperialism
What is it?
• Imperialism is when a stronger nation
takes over a weaker nation or territory.
• Often the stronger nation sought to
dominate the political, social and
economic life of the weaker nation.
• The weaker nation would become colonies
of the stronger nation.
• The Industrial Revolution encouraged
Imperialism.
Colonized vs. Colonizers
• The Europeans colonized much of the
world between 1850-1914
• Africa, Asia and South America were
mainly colonized by the Europeans
• The Europeans thought they were helping,
but really they were taking advantage
• The Europeans were looking for natural
resources and labor
Reasons Behind Imperialism
• The Europeans believed they were superiorRacism!
• Social Darwinism- Survival of the Fittest
• Wanted Natural resources (diamonds)
– Gold
• Free slave labor
• Europeans had the maxim machine gun
• Wanted to “Westernize” & “Christianize”
– God
Case Study: Africa
• Africa before Imperialism
– Divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic
groups
– Ranged from large empires that united many
ethnic groups to independent villages
Berlin Conference
1884-1885
• Competition over territory in Africa was fierce.
• 14 Europeans nations met in Berlin to figure out
rules for dividing up Africa
Rules:
• 1.You had to notify other nations that you were
controlling that territory
• 2. You had to be able to control the territory
**No African leader was invited to participate in
the meeting**
WWI: M.A.I.N. Causes
•
•
•
•
M: Militarism
A: Alliances
I: Imperialism
N: Nationalism
Background information
• 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed the region
of Bosnia-Herzegovina from the Ottoman
Empire.
• Bosnia was populated primarily with Slavic
Muslims, Serbs and Croats. The Serbs
especially had a strong desire for
Independence. Serbia wanted to join the
Slavic Bosnians to its own nation
War breaks out
• June 28, 1914- Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand
assassinated (grandson of Emperor Francis Joseph)
• Planned to Tour the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo on June 28,
1914. The archduke planned a parade for his 14th wedding
anniversary to his wife Sophie.
• Secret nationalist society known as “the Black Hand” planned
to assassinate the Archduke during the parade.
• 7 young Serbs were hired to carry out the plot.
• After a few unsuccessful attempts, the final assassin Gavrilo
Princip shot him and his wife at point blank range
Changes in the Alliance system
• Triple Alliance
– Germany
– Austria-Hungary
– Italy
“Central Powers”
(1914)
-Germany
-Austria-Hungary
• Triple Entente
– France
– Great Britain
– Russia
“Allies”
(1914)
-Great Britain
-France
-Russia
-Japan
-Italy (9 months into the war)
The First Battle of the Marne
• Early on, the Schlieffen
plan worked brilliantly.
• As the Germans
approached Paris though,
the French learned where
they would attack next.
• On September 5, 1914,
the French threw every
available soldier at the
Germans in the Marne
River Valley outside of
Paris.
The First Battle of the Marne
• The First Battle of the Marne was the most
important battle of WWI for several
reasons:
– France stopped the German advance.
– The Schlieffen Plan fell apart.
– Both sides found out that a quick victory
would not be possible.
The Western Front
• Western front was basically Northern
France
• Dominated by modern weaponry
• Trench warfare
No Man’s Land
• War field where poisonous gases were let
loose
• Many soldiers encountered death from the
poisonous gas
• Strewn with shell craters, cadavers and
body parts
New Weapons lead to a stalemate
• Technological developments that favored
defensive tactics
• Barbed wire halted advancement of
soldiers
• Machine guns were one of the most
important weapons
• Mustard gas rotted the body
• Tanks & airplanes were other novel
weapons
The Eastern Front
• In the Balkans and throughout Eastern Europe,
battles moved better than in Western Europe.
Mobile warfare.
• After defending their own land, Austrians and
Germans overran Siberia, Albania, and Romania.
• Russia invaded Prussia in 1914-large numbers of
casualties
• The Central Powers recovered from this attack and
by 1915 had driven Russians out of East Prussia
and Poland. They then formed a defensive line from
Riga, Latvia to Chernovtsky, Ukraine.
• Russia counterattacked this, but failed in 19161917
• These defeats started to create unpopularity for the
tsar.
A Flawed Peace: The Treaty of
Versailles
• Allies win WWI, November 11, 1918
• Jan. 18, 1919
– Big Four meet at Versailles
•
•
•
•
Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)
George Clemenceau (France)
David Lloyd George (Great Britain)
Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
• Wilson brought his Fourteen Points
– Outlined a plan for lasting peace
– 14th point: the creation of a League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles: Major
Provisions
League of
Nations
-international
Territorial
Losses
-Germany
peace
organization
-Germany and
Russia excluded
**U.S. does not
join the League
of Nations**
returns AlsaceLorraine to
France
-Germany
surrenders its
overseas
colonies
Military
War Guilt
Restrictions
-sole
responsibility for
of the German
the war placed
army
on Germany’s
-Germany
forbidden to buy shoulders
military weapons -Germany
forced to pay
$33 billion in
reparations
-limits the size
Russian Revolution
• Fall of Imperial Russia
– Political system, with its weak Duma and
powerful Csar, was not conducive to the total
war of WWI
– 1915 Csar Nicholas II left his wife and took
direct command of his armies at the front
• Rasputin
– March 1917: troops mutinied and women
rioted
• Csar abdicated
Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution
• Germans bring Lenin out of exile
• Make peace with Germany, March 1918
– Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Surrendered territory to Germany
• Humiliating; led to widespread anger among those who
objected the Bolsheviks
– Out of the war
• Trotsky and the militant Bolsheviks seize power
– Russian Civil War: 1918-1920
• Costly (15 million dead; 3 years of famine that followed)
Lenin Restores Order
• New Economic Policy (NEP)
– March 1921
– Restored small-scale version of capitalism
– Allowed peasants to sell their surplus crops instead of
giving them to the gov’t
– Also encouraged foreign investment
• Political Reforms
– Organized Russia into self-governing republics
– 1922: country named Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR); new capital—Moscow
– Bolsheviks renamed their party---Communist Party